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RAND.M'-NALLY^C0'S 




UUSTRATING 

EXHIBITS ^^^ 

*V0RLD*8 COLIMBIAN EXPOSITION 

WITh MAPS AND DIAGRAMS 



GEORGE M. BOGUE. HAMILTON B. BOGUE. HARRY W. CHRISTIAN. 



Boghe & Company 

Real Estate Age ngy 

Rooms: 203 to 209 Real Estate Board Building, 

ESTABLISHED 1867. 59 bEARBORN STREET, CHICAGO. 



BUY AND SELL REAL ESTATE ON COMMISSION, 

PROPERTY MANAGED, 

INTERESTS OF NON-RESIDENTS CAREFULLY ATTENDED TO, 

RENTS COLLECTED, LOANS NEGOTIATED. 

A LARGE LIST ALWAYS ON HAND OF 

INVESTMENT PROPERTIES, 

RESIDENCES, VACANT FOR IMPROViNG, 

ACRES RIPE FOR SUBDIVIDING. 



AGENTS FOR THE WORLD RENOWNED 

Grant Locomotive Works' Addition to Chicago, 

The only Locomotive Works west of Pittsburg. 600 men now employed. 



MANY HOUSES HAVE BEEN BUILT-MORE ARE NEEDED. 
NOW IS THE TIME TO BUY A LOT. 

IT IS THE BEST INVESTMENT AROUND CHICAGO^ 



Send for Plat and Get Free Tickets, 



LOTS, $500 AND UPWARDS. 



ifnerican Straw Board Co. 



MANUFACTURERS OF 




Straw Boards and 
Binders' Boards 



OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. 



GENERAL OFFICES: 



agencies: 
a6 federal street, boston, mass. 

102 TO 106 WOOSTER STREET, NEW YORK N Y. 
121 TO 127 NORTH ATH STREET, PH r LADE LPH I A, PA. 
101 TO 103 WALNUT STREET, CINCINNATI OHIO. 
152 TO 153 MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, ILL. 



PULLMAN BUILDING 

Chicago, Illinois. 




THE 



lEi.W.WOLF CO. 

MANUFACTURERS OF THE 



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ICi: MACHINI 



560JM.'H/\^l5TEDSt. 







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"^- >hmnn^<$iB 









^^L,>-:Fo-R' Rr EWERS «c Maltsters' ■ 

' " . I 1 1 . ti^ GFFiet: S60 N I^ALSTEO ST. CHICA<50, I Lul 



The Edward P. Allis Compak 



. . PROPRIETORS 

. . RELIHNCE MORKS 



MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN 



SOLE BUILDERS OF 



Peynolds' Improved Qorliss Engines 

OF ALL TYPES FOR ANY KIND OF SERVICE. 




EXHIBIT m MACHINERY BUILDING, 

GopbraGbors ^017 Gomplebe plou^ ^ills, equipped 
Wibh maGhinerL| op blpe Ipighesb gIqss. 

EXHIBIT IN MACHINERY BUILDING. 



[nigh Grade SaW-M'H Mci^lpipei^Lj for mopu- 
pOGburing all l^inds o\[ lurpbei^, 



EXHIBIT IN SAW-MILL BUILDING 



SEND F-OR IL-L.\jrSTR7^TED 07^T7=Cl-OGUeS. 

2 



ESTABLISHED 1876 



Centennial Year 



• • 






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AT 

POPULAR 

PRICES 



Plows, farrows, (Cultivators 

Note. — Racine is located about an hour and a half's ride north of 
Chicago on the C. & N.-W. and C, M. & St. P. Rys. or about four 
hours by the Goodrich Line of Steamers. And we shall be glad to have 
all persons interested in our line of business call on us at the factory. 



Dealers Say: 

Sells the best 



Farmers Say: 

Works the best 







All are cordially Invited to visit our factory 

J. I. CASE PLOW WORKS, RACINE, WIS 



Maps AND Guides 



-TO ALL OF THE 



Globes, Map Racks, Spring Map 
Rollers, German Maps, Wall and 
Pocket Maps, Historical Maps, 
Classical, Biblical, Historical, 
Anatomical, Astronomical, Phys- 
ical, and General Atlases of all 
kinds kept in stock. 



PRINCIPAL CITIES 
EVERY COUNTRY 
IN THE WORLD 



ADDRESS 

RAND. MCNALLY & CO., MAP PUBLISHERS AND ENGRAVERS, 

Rand-McNally Building, 160 to 174 Adams Street, CHICAGO. 



WORLD'S FAIR EXHIBIT 
MACHINERY HALL 



it 




SIMON 

SAWS AND 



II 



KNIVES 



SIMONDS MFG. CO., 

21 S. Canal Street, 

FITCHBURG, 

MASS. CHICAGO. 



AiWERICAN F ADIATOR S 



(TBADE MAEK.) 



(Jsed [Exclusively in World's pair ^^^'^^^S^ 



ARE SOLD 



IN KLL PHRTS OF THE WORLD 




Qiue iJpiuersal 53ti5faetioi) 



EXAMINE THEIR VARIOUS FEATURES OF MERIT 

111 AND 113 LAKE STREET 
CHICAGO, ILL. 

DETROIT. 

NEW YORK, 92 CENTRE STREET " BOSTON, 44 OLIVER STREET 

DENVER, 1810 BLAKE STREET 
MINNEAPOLIS, 330 FIRST STREET, N. ST. PAUL, 114 ENDICOTT BUILDING 

4 



SILURIAN 



THE FAMOUS 
WAUKESHA WATER 



Possesses Marvelous Curative properties in all affections of the Liver, Kid- 
neys and Bladder. Books containing full information mailed free upon application 

SILURIKN MINERHL SPRING COMPHNY 

Main Office, Waukesha, Wisconsin 



CHICAGO branch: 

157 Wabash Avenue 



NEW YORK branch: 

1 1 West 27th Street 



MEMPHIS branch: 

65 Madison Street 



Chicago, III. 









^^ So, Omaha, Neb, 



GRIDLEY & HOPKINS, 

89 MADISON STREET 
CHIOAGO, ILLINOIS 




Attorneys and Counselors 

IN PATENT CAUSES 



We refer b}'- permission to Messrs. Rand, 
McNally & Co., publishers of this book. 



Dayton, Poole & Brown 



MELVILLE E. DAYTON 
C. CLARENCE POOLC 



TAYLOR E. BROWN 



SOLICITORS OF 






American and Foreign 

PATENTS 



215 DEARBORN STREET (owings building) CHICAGO, ILL. 



A Farmer 



IF YOU p r#: 



in Machinery 
the beautiful— 



THE FIRST THING TO SEE IS THE EXHIBIT OF 

William [)eering Si C^- 

THE WORLD'S GREATEST MANUFACTURERS OF 

HARVESTING 
MACHINERY 






e^ 




THE DEERING EXHSBIT, MACHINERY ANNEX OF AGRICULTURAL HALL. 

This exhibit contains the following machines, each one of which is acknowledged by 
farmers everywhere, to be without equal: 

MACHINES IN THE DEERING EXHIBIT 

Deering Improved Steel, Jointed Platform, Deering Corn Cutter and Husker 

Harvester and Binder Deering- Corn Cutter and Binder 

Deering Pony, Jointed Platform, Harvester Deering Husker 

and Binder with Ball and Roller Bearings Deering Twine Machine 

New Deering Mower Deering Improved Bundle Carrier 

Deering Giant Mower Deering Pony Bundle Carrier 

Deering One Horse Mower Deering Improved Binder Truck 

Deering Ideal Mower with Ball and Roller Deering Original Marsh Harvester 

Bearings Deering Original Twine Binder (the first 
Deering Light Reaper Twine Binder made). 

Deering Corn Cutter and Loader Original Appleby Knotter. 

MODELS 

Machine used by ancient Gauls 1800 years Deering Jointed Platform Harvester , 

ago Deering Perfected Marsh Harvester i 

Reaper, Ogle, 1822 Deering First Twine Binder 

Reaper, Bell, 1826 Spaulding Automatic Packing, Self-sizin)| 
Reaper, Hussey, 1831 Binder 



21 



22 23 



24 



25 



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0».^ NEW INDEXED O > 

Standard Guide Map 



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RAND, McNALLY & CO.'S 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR 



ILLUSTRATING THE 



EXHIBITS AND WONDERS 



World's Columbian Exposition 






,- , SPECIAL DESCRIPTIVE ARTICLES 



Mrs. Potter Palmer, The Countess of Aberdeen, Mrs. Schuyler Van Rensselaer, 

Mr. D. H. Burnham (Director of Works), Hon. W. E. Curtis, Messrs. Adler 

& Sullivan, S. S. Beman, W. W. Boyington, Henry Ives Cobb, W. 

J. Edbrooke, Frank W, Grogan, Miss Sophia G. Hayden, 

Jarvis Hunt, W. L. B. Jenney, Henry Van Brunt, 

Francis Whitehouse, and other Architects 

OF State and Foreign Buildings 



MAPS, PLANS, AND ILLUSTRATIONS 




CHICAGO 

Rand, McNally & Company, Publishers' 

1893 



EXPLANATION OF REFERENCE MARKS. 



In the following pages all the buildings and noticeable features of the grounds are 
indexed in the following manner: The letters and figures following the names of buildings 
in heavy black type (like this) are placed there to ascertain their exact location on the map 
inserted at the end of the guide. 

Take for example Administration Building (N i8): 

18 



N- 



.^^•^^N^ 

.<:-' 



-N 



18 

On each side of the map are the letters of the alphabet reading downward ; and along 
the margin, top and bottom, are figures reading and increasing from i, on the left, to 27, on 
the right; N 18, therefore, implies that the Administration Building will be found at that 
point on the map where lines, if drawn from N to N east and west and from 18 to 18 north 
and south, would cross each other at right angles. 

With this extremely simple arrangement at his command, the visitor will experience but 
little difficulty in speedily and surely locating any sought-for building or spot within 
the Exposition grounds. For those seeking a similar useful arrangement in regard to 
the city, streets, and parks of Chicago itself, reference may be made to " The City 
Railway Directory and Street Number Guide " issued by the publishers of this book. 



v/ 



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Copyright, 1893, by Rand, McNally & Co. 



Preface. 



^ 



MB^^^fK/^ HE aim of this guide is to afford to its readers the fullest, clearest, 







most concise, and, above all, the most reliable information upon 
every subject embraced within its scope. Its space is too limited 
to admit of verbose descriptions or discursive ramblings (even 
were such desirable), and mere dull, dry cataloguing of details 
has been equally avoided. 

With those who will require its aid, the most important ques- 
tions are: 

I St. How can I best reach the Exposition ? 
What are the objects of interest there ? 

How can I most easily and under standingly see and enjoy 
the sights ? 
These questions are, we hope, fully and satisfactorily answered by this guide, 
in the following manner: 
Assuming that the visitor has but a week at his disposal, and in that time desires to do 
the greatest amount of sight-seeing possible, with the least trouble and expense, the 
" Week at the Fair "has been compiled with the view of enabling him, without further 
information — 

To reach the Fair grounds from any part of the city. 

To find his way about the grounds and locate any building, or other object of interest, 
without trouble. 

To under stand fully each and every exhibit and its location. 

To post himself thoroughly as to the architecture, size, cost, and decorations of all 
btcildings; the name and description of each statue, fountain, obelisk, etc., with the 
names of the architects, artists, and sculptors who designed them. 

To enable him at the close of each day to select the nearest and best route to his home 
in the city. 

More than a year's experience in and careful study of the grounds, buildings, and 
exhibits by a competent corps of compilers (residents of the city of Chicago) insure the 
accuracy and guarantee the completeness of the information herein contained. 

The cuts with which this work is profusely illustrated were in nearly every case obtained 
from photographs or drawings made upon the spot, and are accurate and artistic. Authen- 
tic ground-plans of the floors of buildings, showing the locations and classifications of 
exhibits, are inserted, and will be found of great value and service in tracing particular 
displays. Added to all this is a thoroughly accurate indexed map. 

It may be well to mention that in everything relating to the city of Chicago itself ' ' The 
Handy Guide to Chicago " and " Bird's-eye Views and Guide to Chicago," issued by the 
publishers of this work, give the most complete and accurate information. 

In almost every instance the architects of the chief buildings and the artists and sculp- 
tors themselves have described their work, and in such clear, forcible style that even the 
technical terms of their different arts are made plain to all. In this way alone was it pos- 
sible to secure thoroughly accurate descriptions of their masterpieces. Realizing that 
whatever success this guide may attain will be largely due to this expert aid, the thanks 
of the publishers are hereby tendered to the eminent contributors whose names appear 
either upon the title page or included in the following list: 

Mesdames Julia M. Bracken and J. Loughborough Douglass. Messrs. Lorado Taft, 
Karl Bitter, M. A. Waagen, Edward Kemeys, C. B. Atwood, A. P. Proctor, J. A. Blanken- 
ship, Seymour Davis, J. W. McLaughlin, J. S. Silsbee, Henry Voss, G. B. Howe, C. A. 
Gifford, A. P. Brown, Gunn & Curtis, F. J. Rucavade, C. Ravn, W. C. Whitney, 
Baldwin & Pennington, C. S. Frost, F. W. Putnam, Maury & Dodd, Cutter & Poetz, 
W. M. Walter, Josselyn & Taylor, Stone, Carpenter & Willson, T. F. Lonsdale, H. T. E. 
Wendell, J. R. Gordon, Dallas & Hedges, Skillings & Corner, William Waters, R. A. 
Denell, and R. E. A. Dorr. 

(9) 



THE AMERICAN CASUAL TY 
INSURANCE AND SECURITY COMPANY 






The American Casualty Insurance and Security 
Company writes every kind of Accident Insurance, 
furnishing inspection for boilers and elevators. It 
also furnishes Guarantee Bonds. Its assets are 
larger than any other Casualty Company. Its man- 
agement expenses are smaller than any other Com- 
pany. It did more business in the United States in 
1892 than any other Company. 



JAMES W. NYE, Manager, Western Department 



184 La Salle Street, Chicago 



THE WORLD'S INN Chicago 





FIRE PROOF. Eight Hundred Rooms: European Plan; Cafe; Built of Steel Beams and Fire Proof Tile 

CONVENIENCES. Faces the Fair Grounds. The above sketch shows all the means of 
• transportation; an entrance to the grounds across the street 

RATES. Two Dollars ($2.00) per day for each person, two to the room 



CHARLES E. LELAND, Manager 
S. W. Corner Midway Plaisance (60th Street) and Madison Ave. 



10 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

Explanation of Reference Marks ._. -. 8 

Preface _ ... 9 

Map _ 13 

Calendar of the Fair 14 

Chapter I. — Arrival at the World's Fair City _. 17 

Information regarding railway depots; baggage checking; hack and carriage fares; 
where and how to find accommodation in hotels, boarding-houses, or private rooms, 
and the rates charged thereat; location of restaurants, theaters, and other places of 
amusement; list of foreign consuls, etc. 

Chapter II. — The Way to the World's Fair and Its History 26 

Information regarding all land and water routes, fares, etc., from the city and 
suburbs to the Fair grounds; a concise history of the conception, execution, and com- 
pletion of the Exposition, with a sketch of some of the prominent persons connected 
therewith; statistics, etc. 

Chapter III. — First Day at the Fair 42 

Itinerary of visit to the Transportation, Mines and Mining, Administration, 
Electricity, Anthropological, Machinery, Live Stock, Forestry, and Dairy buildings; 
the Convent of Santa Maria de la Rabida; the Golden Doorway; Royal Coaches; the 
Statue of Columbus; the Fair Grounds; the Main Basin; Oil Industries; Great 
White Horse Inn; French Colonies; Model Workingman's Home; Cliff Dwellers; 
" Old Times" Distillery; Sewage Cleansing Works; Power House; Ruins of Yucatan; 
Ethnographical Exhibit; Whaling Bark " Progress "; Historical Exhibit; Intramu- 
ral Elevated Railroad, etc. 

Chapter IV. — Second Day at the Fair. ...118 

Itinerary of visit to the Agricultural, Manufactures and Liberal Arts, and United 
States Government buildings ; Battle-ship " Illinois "; Main Columbian Pier; Mova- 
ble Sidewalk; Rolling Chairs; Columbian Guards. 

Chapter V. — Third Day at the Fair 154 

Itinerary of visit to the Horticultural, Fisheries, Art, and Woman's buildings; 
Puck Building; Official Photographer; Festival Hall; Wooded Island; Hunter's 
Island; Australian Squatter's Hut; Baur's Sphinx; Home of Izaak Walton; 
" Woman and Her Work "; " Fire Queen "; Gondolas; atrip on the lagoon; Hoo-den. 

Chapter VI.— Fourth Day at the Fair 1S5 

Itinerary of visit to the foreign buildings; architecture of many nations; flags 
of many lands; a trip on Lake Michigan; the Clam Bake, etc. 

Chapter VII. — Fitfh Day at the Fair _ 201 

Itinerary of visit to State buildings; Esquimau Village; products of every quarter 
of the United States; as seen from the lagoon; Liberty Bell, etc. 

Chapter VIII. — Sixth Day at the Fair 230 

Itinerary of visit to the Midway Plaisance. Natives from all lands and their modes 
of life. Chinese Theater, Captive Balloon, Irish Village, etc. The Austrian jostles 
the Zulu; Lapland adjoins torrid Africa; Volcano of Kilauea. 
General Index 249 



(11) 



LOOK 



FOR 



FARGO'S 




Trade Mark 



CALF HEAD 

In the Shoe and Leather Building at the Columbian Exposition. Call 
and get one of our Calf Head Watch Charms at our pavilion. 

We Manufacture the Well Known 

FARGO'S $2.60 CALF SHOE FARGO'S BOX-TIP SCHOOL SHOES 

FARGO'S $2.50 LADIES' BOOT FARGO'S MULE-SKIN SHOES 



C. H. Fargo & Co. 



196-198-200 Market St., 



COR. 
QUINCY 



Chicago 



12 



CALENDAR OF THE EXPOSITION. 

Being a list of the principal events taking place on the several days mentioned. These 
dates are subject to change by the Exposition authorities if necessity arises. 



May I. — Opening Ceremonies; Rose Show, 
Horticultural Building; the Thomas 
Orchestra, Music Hall; Dedication Mon- 
tana and Woman's buildings. 

May 2. — Banquet to the Duke of Veraguaat 
H.otel Metropole, by President Palmer; 
Inaugural Concert, Music Hall. 

May 3. — Orchestral Concert, Music Hall. 

May 4. — Utah Dedication. 

May 5. — Orchestral Concert, Music Hall. 

May 6. — Public Reception for the Duke of 
Veragua and brother, Marquis de Bar- 
boles, in Administration Building; Or- 
chestral Concert, Music Hall; first ex 
hibition of Electric Fountain. 

May 8. — Unveiling Montana's Silver Statue. 

May 9. — Catholic Knights of America; Or- 
chid Show, Horticultural Building; Or- 
chestral Concert, Music Hall. 

May 10. — Vermont Day; Travelers' Protect- 
ive Association. 

May 12. — Orchestral Concert, Music Hall. 

May 15. — Boston Symphony Orchestra, 
Music Hall; Woman's Progress Con- 
gress, Art Institute; commencement of 
Congresses of Education, Industry .Liter- 
ature, and Art; Moral and Social Reform; 
Philanthropy and Charity; Civil Law 
and Government and Religion. 

May 16. — Boston Symphony Orchestra, 
Music Hall; Woman's Progress Con- 
gress, continuing two weeks; National 
Editorial Association Convention. 

May 17. — Washington Day; Norway Day. 

May 18. — Dedication Illinois and Washing- 
ton State Buildings. 

May 19. — New York Symphony Orchestra 
Concert, Music Hall. 

May 20. — Closing day for Entries for Dog 
Show; New York Symphony Orchestra 
Concert, Music Hall. 

May 22. — Kneisel Quartette Concert, Festival 
Hall; beginning of Congresses of the 
Public Press, Public Health, Religious 
Press, Trade Journals; Address by Clara 
Morris, on "Women on the Stage"; 
Orchestral Concerts to June 30th; con- 
certs in Music Hall by Sousa's band. 

May 23. — Wisconsin, forty-fifth anniversary 
of admission into statehood; Kneisel 
Quartette Concert, Festival Hall; Or- 
chestral Concert, Music Hall. 

May 24. — Maine Day; Kneisel Quartette,' 
Festival Hall; Apollo Club Concert. 

May 25. — Kneisel Quartette, Festival Hall; 
Chicago Apollo Club, Festival Hall. 

May 26. — Exposition Children's Chorus, 
1,400 voices, Festival Hall; Orchestral 
Concert, Music Hall. 

May 27. — Wagner Concert, Festival Hall; 
Orchestral Concert, Music Hall. 

May 29. — Congress Medicine and Surgery, 
Music Hall. 



May 30 — Orchestral Concert, Music Hall. 

June I. — Dedication of Kentucky State 
Building; opening of Steele Mackaye's 
Spectatorium; preliminary hearing of 
Sons of Temperance to be held, 

June 5. — Commencing to-day and for seven 
days, a Russian Choir will give concerts 
in Festival Hall, under the direction of 
Madame Eugenie Lineff ; Denmark, new 
constitution granted by King Frederick 
VII., 1849; commencement Temper- 
ance Congress, continuing one month; 
Sportsmen's Contest; Nebraska F^te 
Day. 

June 7. — Eastern Choral Societies' Festival, 
Festival Hall. 

June 8. — Nebraska Day; Eastern Choral 
Societies' Festival; Primary Congi^ess of 
Charity and Philanthropy. 

June 9. — Orchestral Concert, Music Hall. 

June 10. — Travelers' Protective Associa- 
tion. 

June 12. — Commencement Moral and Social 
Reform Congress; Congress Charity and 
Philanthropy; Max Bendix String Quar- 
tette, Recital Hall. 

June 13. — Max Bendix String Quartette, 
Recital Hall. 

June 14. — Handel's " Messiah," Music Hall; 
France Day. 

June 15. — Germany, accession of emperor 
to throne. 

June 16. — Bach's " Passion," Music Hall. 

June 17. — Massachusetts Day. 

June 19. — Indianapolis Choral Festival Asso- 
ciation, Festival Hall; Congress Bank- 
ers and Financiers; Boards of Trade; 
Railway Commerce; Building Associa- 
tion and Insurance Congresses. 

June 20. — North Dakota Day; St. Paul and 
Minneapolis Choral Association, Music 
Hall. 

June 21. — New Hampshire, on this day of the 
year 1788, voted to ratify the Constitu-. 
tion; Western Choral Societies, Festival 
Hall; Women's Amateur Musical Clubs, 
Music Hall, lasting until the 24th. 

June 22. — Western Choral Societies, Festival 
Hall. 

June 23. — Sweden (Swedish Midsommaraf- 
ton); Western Choral Societies, Festival 
Hall. 

June 24. — Cincinnati Festival Association, 
Music Hall; midsummer afternoon. 

June 27. — Arion Society Concert, Music 
Hall. 

June 28. — Handel's "Messiah," Music Hall. 

June 29. — Millers' Day. 

June 30. — Bach's " Passion," Music Hall. 

July I. — National Congress of Socialists. 

July 3. — First day of Musical Congress. 

July 4. — Calladium Show, Horticultural 
Building. 



(14) 



CALENDAR OF THE EXPOSITION. 



15 



July 7. — New York Liederkranz Concert, 
Music Hall. 

July 8. — New York Liederkranz Concert, 
Music Hall; International Congress of 
Brewers. 

July 10. — New York Liederkranz Concert, 
Music Hall; commencement Literary 
Congress. 

July II. — Concert by Cleveland Vocal So- 
ciety, Music Hall. 

July 12. — Western Choral Association, Fes- 
tival Hall. 

July 12. — Confectioners' Day; Western 
Choral Association, Festival Hall. 

July 14. — France F^te Day ; Western Choral 
Association, Festival Hall. 

July 15. — Concert by Junger Maennerchor 
(Philadelphia), Music Hall. 

July 17. — Congress of Stenographers; first 
day of Educational Congress; Youths' 
Congress, lasting three half-days. 

July 20. — Colombian Anniversary of Inde- 
pendence of Colombia; College Frater- 
nities meet; Swedish Societies' Concerts, 
Festival Hall. 

^uly 21.— Swedish Concert, Festival Hall. 

July 22. — Swedish Concert, Festival Hall. 

July 24. — Utah Day, the first Mormons 
marched into the valley; gathering of 
Commercial Travelers' Association. 

July 26. — Liberia, forty-seventh anniversary 
of the establishment of the free repub- 
lic; Commercial Travelers' Grand Con- 
cert, Festival Hall. 

July 27. — Turner Bund; Scandinavian Con- 
cert, Festival Hall. 

July 28. — Scandinavian Concert, Festival 
Hall. 

July 31 to August 6. — The Scottish Days; 
first day of Congresses of Engineers, 
Art and Architecture; Congress of Pho- 
tographers, lasting until October 5 th. 

August I.— Fgte Day, New South Wales; 
Constitution Day; the band of the 
Guarde Republique of Paris will give 
concerts every other day throughout 
this month in Festival Hall. 

August 2. — National Union. 

August 7. — Commencement of Congresses 
of Government, Law Reform, Political 
Science; Inventors, for one week. 

August 9. — Knights of Pythias; Virginia 
State Day; Angling Tournament, last- 
ing twelve days. 

August 12. — Independent Order of Forest- 
ers. 

August 14. — Commencement General Con- 
gress; also Africa and her people; Den- 
tal, Pharmaceutical, Medical Jurispru- 
dence, Horticulture Congresses. 

August 16. — Haiti. 

August 18.— North CaroHna, in honor of 
Virginia Dare's memory, the first white 
child born on American soil; Austria 
F^te Day, anniversary birth of Em- 
peror Francis Joseph. 

August 21.— Cattle and Horse Show to Sep- 
tember 2 1 St; commencement Congress 
of Science and Philosophy. 

August 25.— Colored People F^te Day, con- 



tinuing until September 25th; a Parlia- 
ment of Religion. 

August 28. — Commencement of Hebrew 
Religious Congress; also Labor and 
Economic Science Congresses. 

August 31. — Netherlands Fgte Day; thir- 
teenth anniversary of coronation of 
queen. 

September i. — Nicaragua. 

September 2. — Catholic Educational Day. 

September 4. — New York Fgte Day; com- 
mencement of Religious and Mission 
Congress to be held in the different 
churches in Chicago. 

September 5. — Continuing until the follow- 
ing Friday, the Jewish Women's Con- 
gress; Catholic Congress, continuing 
until the 9th. 

September 7. — Brazil Fete Day; Anniversary 
of Independence. 

September 9. — California Day; admission of 
State to Union Anniversary. 

September 11. — Beginning of concerts under 
the direction of Doctor Mackinzie, 
extending over a period of two weeks; 
beginning of Religious Congress. 

September 12. — Maryland F^te Day. 

September 13. — Michigan Fgte Days, ex- 
tending to the 15th. 

September 14. — Meeting of Amateur Ath- 
letic Club, continuing for three days; 
Handicap Athletic Field Games. 

September 15, — Kansas F^te Day; Conven- 
tion of Theosophists; Mexico F^te Day; 
Amateur Athletic Club; team contests; 
Costa Rica F^te Day. 

September 16. — New Mexico F^te Day; Con- 
vention of Theosophists; Amateur Ath- 
letic Club; Track and Field Meeting. 

September 18. — Nevada. 

September 19. — Colorado Fgte Day; Dog 
Show. 

September 20. — Montana F^te Day; Patri- 
otic Order Sons of America. 

September 21. — Iowa F§te Day. 

September 25, — Sheep and Swine Show to 
October 14th; continuing for three 
weeks from this date, concerts under the 
direction of Mr. Saint-Saens. 

September 28. — Commencement of Sunday 
Rest Congress; commencement of Mis- 
sion Congress, continuing until Octo- 
ber 5 th. 

October i. — Sunday; Missionary Day. 

October 5. — Rhode Island F^te Day. 

October 9. — Virginia F^te Day. 

October 11. — Connecticut F^te Day. 

October 12. — Discovery of America 1492; 
Italian Societies; four hundred and 
first anniversary Columbus' landing; 
Public Health Congress. 

October 13. — Minnesota, date the Constitu- 
tion was adopted; Congress Public 
Health. 

October 16. — Poultry, Pigeons, and Pet 
Stock Show to October 28th; Fat Stock 
to October 28th; commencement Agri- 
cultural Congress. 

October 25. — Homing Pigeon Contest, ex- 
tending through October. 




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16 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR 



CHAPTER I. 
THE ARRIVAL IN THE WORLD'S FAIR CITY. 




CAGO, as 
Julian Ralph 
" g h 1 1 y re- 
marked in a 
recent maga- 
zine article, 
' ' will be the main 
exhibit of the 
World's Columbian 
Exposition." And, 
reiterating this, a 
noted English jour- 
nalist exclaims: 
" She is one of the 
wonders of the 
world. " In trans- 
portation facilities 
alone the World's 
Fair City would 
make a singularly 
substantial s h o w- 
ing. Puny indeed 
appear the cities of the entire civilized world 
when compared with one wherein thirty- 
seven railroads, with an aggregate of 76,865 
miles of track, center and discharge pass- 
engers; wherein any of the 88,000,000 of 
inhabitants of an entire continent of 8,000,000 
square miles can, without a single change of 
cars, be safely landed in the heart of the 
city, or at the very gates of the Columbian 
Exposition itself, over a system of railroads 
without equal and beyond comparison. 

For the excursionist of a single day (whose 
inspection of the wonders of the World's 
Fair will be necessarily as superficial as 
his time is short) the Central Railroad De- 
pot of the World's Columbian Exposition 
will necessarily be the main objective point. 
No matter by what line he travels, a mar- 
velous system of tracks will convey him to 
the point he aims to reach. For the ma- 
jority of visitors, whose stay in the Garden 
City will be of a week's duration at least, 
the terminal railway depots of the city will 
be the spots where Chicago first greets them. 
Seven in number, these depots, with their 
respective ticket-offices, are located as fol- 
lows, and as indicated on the key-map on 
the following page : 

6. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe. — De- 
pot, Polk Street and Third Avenue. Cen- 
tral ticket-office, 212 Clark Street. 



7. Baltimore & Ohio. — Grand Central De- 
pot, Fifth Avenue and Harrison Street; city 
ticket-office, 193 Clark Street. 

6. Chicago & Erie. — Depot, Polk Street 
and Third Avenue. General offices, Phenix 
Building, corner Clark and Jackson streets 
and Pacific Avenue; city ticket-offices, 242 
Clark Street. 

3. Chicago & Alton.— Union Depot, Ca- 
nal and Adams streets (West Side)t Gen- 
eral office, Monadnock Building, corner 
Jackson and Dearborn streets; city ticket- 
office, 195 C^ark Street. 

6. Chicago & Eastern Illinois. — Depot, 
Polk Street and Third Avenue. General 
offices. First National Bank Building, cor- 
ner Dearborn and Monroe streets; city 
ticket-office, 204 Clark Street. 

6. Chicago & Grand Trunk. — Depot, Polk 
Street and Third Avenue. General office, 
Monadnock Building, corner Jackson and 
Dearborn streets; central ticket-office, 103 
Clark Street. 

7. Chicago & Northern Pacific. — Grand 
Central Depot, Fifth Avenue and Harrison 
Street. General offices, Grand Central De- 
pot, Harrison Street and Fifth Avenue. 

2. Chicago & North-Western. — Depot, 
Wells and Kinzie streets (North Side). Gen- 
eral offices, northwest corner Fifth Avenue 
and Lake Street; central ticket-office, 206- 
208 South Clark Street. 

3. Chicago, Burlington & Quincy. — Union 
Depot, Canal and Adams streets (West Side). 
General offices, Adams and Franklin streets. 
City ticket-offices, 211 Clark Street, Quincy 
Building. 

I. Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. 
Louis (" The Big 4"). — Illinois Central De- 
pot. Central ticket-office, 234 Clark Street. 

3. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul.— 
Union Depot, Canal and Adams streets (West 
Side). General offices, Rand-McNally Build- 
ing, 166 Adams Street; central ticket-office, 
207-209 Clark Street. 

4. Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific. — 
Depot, Van Buren and Sherman streets. 
General office. Van Buren Street Station; 
central ticket-office, southwest corner Clark 
and Washington streets. 

I. Chicago & West Michigan. — Depot, 
Illinois Central Depot. General office, Mo- 
nadnock Building, corner Jackson and Dear- 



2 



(17) 



18 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



born streets; city ticket-office, 67 Clark 
Street, southeast corner Randolph Street. 

Chicago Great Western (Chicago, St. 
Paul & Kansas City), " The Maple Leaf."— 
Grand Central Depot, Harrison Street and 
Fifth Avenue. General offices, Phenix 
Building, Jackson Street and Pacific Avenue ; 
city ticket-office, 188 Clark Street. 

I. Illinois Central. — Depots, foot of Lake 
and Randolph streets, and Twelfth Street 
and Park Row. General offices, 78 Michi- 
gan Avenue, near passenger depot; central 
ticket-office, 194 Clark Street. 

4. Lake Shore & Michigan Southern. — 
Depot, Van Buren and Sherman streets. 
Chicago general office, Van Buren Street 
Station; central ticket-office, 66 Clark Street. 

6. Louisville, New Albany & Chicago 
(" Monon Route "). — Depot, Polk Street and 
Third Avenue. General office, Monon Block, 
320 Dearborn Street; city office, 73 Clark 
Street. 




I. Michigan Central. — Illinois Central 
depots, foot of Lake and Randolph streets, 
and Twelfth Street and Park Row. Gen- 
eral offices, Monadnock Building, corner 
Jackson and Dearborn streets; city ticket- 
office, 67 Clark Street (southeast corner Ran- 
dolph Street). 

Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western 
(Chicago & North- Western). — City ticket- 
office, 197 Clark Street. 

New York, Lake Erie & Western. — Dear- 
born Station, corner Polk Street and Third 
Avenue. Chicago general offices, Phenix 
Building, corner Clark and Jackson streets; 
city ticket-office, 242 Clark Street. 

7. Northern Pacific. — Grand Central De- 
pot, Plarrison Street and Fifth Avenue. 
City ticket-office, 210 Clark Street. 

3. Panhandle, Pennsylvania lines, and 
Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago. — Union 
Depot, Canal and Adams streets. City 
ticket-office. Grand Pacific Hotel, corner 
Clark and Jackson streets. 

6. Wabash. — Depot, Polk Street and 
Third Avenue. City ticket-office, 201 Clark 
Street. 

7. Wisconsin Central Line. — Grand Cen- 
tral Depot, Harrison Street and Fifth Ave- 
nue. City ticket-office, 205 Clark Street. 

Two hundred and sixty-two through ex- 
press and mail trains arrive in or leave 
Chicago each day. In the same period 660 
local, suburban, or accommodation trains 
arrive or depart; 274 merchandise trains, 
and 164 grain, stock, and lumber trains reach- 
ing Chicago or leaving it in every twenty- 
four hours; thus making a grand total of 
1,360 as the average daily movement of all 
classes of trains, an aggregate reached by 
no other city in the universe. 

Seven terminal depots accommodate the 
trains of thirty-five different companies, and 
about one hundred way-stations within the 
city limits provide for the convenience of 
local passengers. 

The Union Depot, Canal and Adams 
streets, used by the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne 
& Chicago, the Chicago, Burlington & Quin- 
cy, Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, and 
other railroads; the depot of the Michigan 
Southern and Rock Island roads, Van Buren 
Street; that of the Chicago & North- West- 
ern, Wells and Kinzie streets; Dearborn Sta- 
tion, Dearborn and Polk streets, and the 
Grand Central Depot, are among the most 
prominent buildings in the city. 

The first named is one of the finest rail- 
road depots in the world. Fronting on 
Canal Street, and extending from West 
Madison Street to West Adams Street, a 
distance of 1,200 feet, it occupies four entire 
blocks. Alighting under cover, passengers 
enter the lofty, commodious, and richly 
decorated ticket-office, from which they pass 
either to the platforms or to any of the 
waiting-rooms, retiring-rooms, or restau- 
rants with which this model depot is pro- 
vided. 

An arrival at a railroad depot, veritable 
vortex of haste and whirl of traffic as it 



ARRIVAL IN THE WORLD'S FAIR CITY. 



19 



always is, may, to the average visitor, seem 
an ordeal to be dreaded, and an experience 
indeed to be feared. 

Well ordered, ample, and spacious as 
Chicago's palace depots are, the troubles of 
a traveler are reduced to the least possible 
degree. Officials, suave and courteous, stand 
ready to minister to his every want, while 
the inevitable policeman looms up on the 
slightest suspicion of serious trouble, ready 
and willing at all times to take the part of 
the tourist if imposition is likely to be prac- 
ticed upon him. 

Baggage and Baggage-Checking on In- 
coming Trains. — One of the principal cares 
of the visitor is the safe delivery of his 
impedimenta, be they gripsacks or great 
boxes, and in this respect an excellent sys- 
tem of baggage-checking is in vogue in 
Chicago. 

If you do not expect to make a very long 
visit, try to get along without bringing a 
trunk, or other baggage that has to be 
checked. Put what you need to wear, 
besides the clothes you have on, into a bag 
or small valise, and carry it with you into 
the car in which you travel. It will save 
you a great deal of trouble and annoyance, 
as no one depot baggage-room in Chicago 
is large enough to hold all the trunks which 
will have to be handled each day; and unless 
the passenger is able to claim his baggage 
as soon as it arrives at Chicago, by the 
train upon which he travels, it will probably 
have to be looked for at a conveniently 
located warehouse, not far from the depot. 
If, therefore, you do not find your trunk at 
the station baggage-room when you apply 
for it, you will surely be informed by the 
baggage-man at what place it can be easily 
found, and by surrendering your " duplicate 
baggage-check," so called, and paying a 
small fee for its care, there will be no delay 
in its delivery to you, or to the authorized 
agents of Parmelee's Omnibus & Baggage 
Transfer Co. This transfer company is 
a responsible one, and its agents go out 
from Chicago, meet all in-coming trains, and 
will deliver your baggage to any place 
within reasonable distance in the city for 
50 cents per trunk; and you can safely sur- 
render your baggage-checks to such agents, 
receiving their " claim checks " in exchange. 
If you do not know, before you arrive in 
Chicago, where you are going to stay, hold 
on to your checks, and after you have located 
yourself call at the office of the Parmelee 
Company, at 132 Adams Street — near the 
post office — and there make arrangements 
for the prompt delivery of your baggage. 
Don't trust your checks with unauthorized 
individuals. When you desire to return 
home, go again to 132 Adams Street and 
arrange to have your baggage sent for. 
Pay no attention to " runners " or solicitors 
for second-rate hotels and boarding-houses 
who may be on the outside of the Chicago 
depots awaiting the arrival of trains. Say 
" No," and walk quickly along until you are 
out of their reach. Don't let them take hold 



of your hand-baggage, and do not be per- 
suaded to do anything by their eloquence. 
They are harmless but persistent individ- 
uals, and if they perceive you know your 
business and pay no attention to them will 
soon let you alone, and in less than a minute 
you will be clear of even the sound of their 
voices. 

If you want to know anything while walk- 
ing the streets of Chicago ask questions of 
the nearest uniformed policeman. There is 
one or more on every corner, or in that 
vicinity. He is paid to be a fountain of 
knowledge, and you can rely upon his knowl- 
edge of locations, street-car lines, etc. 

Street-car fares in Chicago are five (5) 
cents per passenger. 

Omnibus fares to hotels are fifty (50) cents 
per passenger. 

Hack or cab fares are as follows: 

Two-Horse Hacks. — One passenger, not 
exceeding one mile, $1.00; one passenger, 
not exceeding two miles, $1.50; each addi- 
tional passenger, 50 cents. 

Hansom or Cab. — One or two passengers, 
one mile, 50 cents; each additional passen- 
ger, one mile, 25 cents; one or two passen- 
gers, per hour, 75 cents. 

Where to Stay in Chicago. — The visitor 
to the World's Columbian Exposition will 
have the choice of three ways of living dur- 
ing his stay: 

1. Taking rooms, with or without board, 
at some one of the many hotels in or near 
the business part of the city, and going by 
rail or boat to the Fair each day. 

2. Living at one of the hotels, clubs, or 
boarding-houses near the grounds. 

3. Obtaining rooms through the Bureau 
of Public Comfort, and eating at restaurants 
in the Fair. 

The first of these will probably be the 
most expensive. He who chooses it will 
have the advantage of accommodations at 
a regular hotel, but he will have the dis- 
advantage of traveling seven miles every 
morning to the Fair and seven miles back 
at night, and probably in a crowd. 

Of the many good hotels in Chicago, the 
best in point of location are the Auditorium, 
the Richelieu, the Victoria, and the Leland. 
They are close together on Michigan Avenue, 
looking out upon the lake, with a narrow 
park under the windows. Across this park 
is the Van Buren Street station of the Illi- 
nois Central Railroad, and here one may 
find frequent trains for the Fair grounds, 
twenty or thirty minutes away. Steam- 
boats for the Fair start from a pier adjoin- 
ing this station. Most of the best hotels in 
Chicago are within ten blocks of this point, 
and in these ten blocks are the railway sta- 
tions, the principal business buildings, and 
the theaters; it is what they call " the intense 
business portion," or "the heart of Chicago." 
Churches are farther away, to the north, 
south, and west of this district, where the 
people live. Jackson Park, the site of the 
Fair, is at the extremity of the southern 
suburban district. 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



Many people will prefer to be close to the 
Exposition gates, for the " White City" is a 
city of magnificent distances, and, in spite 
of all the elevated railroads, steamboats, 
gondolas, rolling-chairs, and other aids to 
locomotion within the grounds, a visitor will 
be tired out when night comes. When one 
has walked around the outside of the Manu- 
factures and Liberal Arts Building alone, he 
has covered a mile. 

THE HOTELS OF CHICAGO. 

Palatial in appearance, luxurious in sur- 
roundings, the 1,400 hotels of the Garden 
City are well able to care for all of the 
myriad visitors flocking to the Columbian 
Exposition. 

Located in every conceivable quarter of 
the city itself or in close proximity to the 
World's Fair grounds, a complete or even 
partial enumeration of them would require 
more space than the limits of a guide to the 
Exposition could in justice afford. 

It may be sufficient for the purpose of the 
present work to briefly state the hotel capa- 
city of Chicago, to enumerate a few of the 
principal hostelries and their location and 
rates, and refer the traveler in quest of 
further information to the pages of the city 
directory or the efficient assistance of the 
Bureau of Public Comfort, conducted, for the 
benefit of all visitors to the city or Expo- 
sition, by the World's Columbian Exposition 
itself. 

In regard to this institution it is advisable 
to say at once, in order to avoid possible, 
nay, even probable, disappointments and 
inferior accommodations, that as the hotel 
accommodations of Chicago, while ample in 
the extreme (having frequently accommo-. 
dated 200,000 visitors at conventions or simi- 
lar occasions), are to be taxed to their utmost 
capacity during the continuance of the Expo- 
sition, travelers, visitors, and tourists will 
do well to secure suitable rooms and board 
before starting for the World's Fair City. 

At the Centennial and Paris Expositions 
hundreds walked the streets or slept in the 
parks, but they were the careless and im- 
provident ones, who came without having 
previously attempted to secure accommoda- 
tions. 

While there is little chance for any such 
fate in Chicago, the Exposition authorities 
have been most careful of the welfare and 
comfort of visitors. They have created an 
official Bureau of Public Comfort for the 
purpose of contributing, as far as possible, 
to the wants and comfort of expected visit- 
ors. The most ample provisions have been 
made for food and refreshments within the 
Exposition grounds, fully detailed in the 
pages descriptive of the Fair itself; but 
primarily the duty of this bureau was to 
organize a hotel and rooming department, 
so as to secure suitable and desirable lodg- 
ing accommodations at fair and suitable 
rates for all who should apply. 

As the bureau has already accommodations 
for 30,000 visitors on its registers, tourists 



who do not desire hotel accommodations can 
do no better than to address their inquiries 
to Mr. W. Marsh Kasson, Chief of the Bureau 
of Public Comfort, Room 509 Rand-McNally 
Building, Chicago. 

_ It is only to those who arrive in a strange 
city without having secured proper accom- 
modations in advance that any difficulty is 
likely to occur. 

A pamphlet giving 10,000 addresses of fur- 
nished rooms in various parts of the city is 
forwarded by the Bureau of Public Comfort 
on request. 

More than twenty thousand persons can be 
accommodated in the best parts of the city, 
\ym.% between North Avenue and Seventy- 
ninth Street, at the following reasonable 
rates: 

Prices of rooms with board: per day. 

Single room, single bed, one person $1.35 

Double room, double bed, one person. 2.12 
Double room, doublebed, two persons. 2.70 
Double bedded room, two double beds, 

two or three persons 3.50 

Double bedded room, two double beds, 

three persons 4.15 

Double bedded room, two double beds, 

four persons _ 5.50 

These prices surely do not indicate that 
citizens of Chicago intend to practice extor- 
tion on visitors ; nor do the rates above quoted 
apply to the large hotels, or to the new build- 
ings in course of erection around Jackson 
Park. 

Hotels.— The following list is fairly repre- 
sentative of the hotels in the heart of the 
city: 

Atlantic Hotel (American), Van Buren 
and Sherman streets. Rates $2 to $4. 

Auditorium Hotel (American), Congress 
Street and Michigan Avenue. Rates $5 to 
$20. 

Auditorium Hotel (European), Congress 
Street and Michigan Avenue. Rates $5 to 
$20. 

Bradford Hotel (American), 30-32 Wells 
Street. Rates $1.25 to $2. 

Briggs House (American), Randolph 
Street and Fifth Avenue. Rates $2.50 to 
$3-50. 

Brown's Hotel (American), Van Buren 
and State streets. Rates $1.50 to $2.50. 

Brunswick Hotel (American), Adams 
Street and Michigan Avenue. Rates $2.50 
to $4. 

Burke's Hotel (European), 140-142 Madi- 
son Street. Rates $1 to $2.50. 

Clifton House (American), Wabash Ave- 
' nue and Monroe Street. Rates $2. 50 to $3. 50. 

Commercial Hotel (American), Lake and 
Dearborn streets. Rates $2 to $3. 

Continental Hotel (American), Wabash 
Avenue and Madison Street. Rates $2 to $3. 

Crescent Hotel (American), Fifth Avenue 
and Harrison Street. Rates $1.50 to $2.50. 

Dowling House (European), 137 Canal 
Street. Rate $2. 

Gault House (American), Madison and 
Clinton streets. Rates $2 to $3. 

Germania House (European), 180-182 



ARRIVAL IN THE WORLD'S FAIR CITY. 



21 



Randolph Street. Rates $i to $2. (Ger- 
man). 

Goldston's Hotel (American), 284-288 Wa- 
bash Avenue. Rates $2 to $3. (Jewish.) 

Gore's Hotel (European), 266-274 Clark 
Street. Rates $1 to $3. 

Granada Hotel (European and American), 
Rush and Ohio streets. (Private and high- 
priced.) 

Grand Central Hotel (European), Madi- 
son and Canal streets. Rates 75 cents to 
$1.50. 

Grand Pacific Hotel (American and Euro- 
pean), Clark and Jackson streets. Rates 
I3 to $15. 

Grand Palace Hotel (European), 81-103 
North Clark Street. Rates $1 to $3. 

Grand Union Hotel (European), 148-156 
Dearborn Street. Rates $1 to $2.50. 

Great Northern Hotel (European), Jack- 
son and Dearborn streets. Rates $2 to $8. 

Hamburg House (American), 184-186 
Randolph Street. Rates $1.50 to $2.50. (Ger- 
man). 

Hotel Bordeaux (European), 339 Michigan 
Avenue. Rates $2.50 to $5. 

Hotel Brevoort (European), 143-145 Madi- 
son Street. Rates $1 to $3. 

Hotel Brewster (European), corner Dear- 
born and Van Buren streets. Rates 75 cents 
to $2. 

Hotel Cortland (American), 16-22 Adams 
Street. Rates $2 to $3. 

Hotel Grace (European), Clark and Jack- 
son streets. Rates $1 to $3. 

Hotel Henrici (European), 70-72 Randolph 
Street. Rates 75 cents to $2. 

Hotel Imperial (European), Twelfth 
Street and Michigan Avenue. Rates $3 to 

$15. 

Hotel La Fayette (American), Desplaines 
and Madison streets. Rates $2 to $3. 

Hotel Lansing (European), 133-135 Adams 
Street. Rates $1 to $2.50. 

Hotel Le Grand (American), 35-45 Wells 
Street. Rates $1.75 to $3. 

Hotel Midland (European), 167-169 Madi- 
son Street. Rates $1 to $3. 

Hotel, .Queen (European), Harrison Street 
and Wabash Avenue. Rates 75 cents to $2. 

Hotel Stamford (European), Thirteenth 
Street and Michigan Avenue. Rates $2.50 
to $5. 

Kuhn's Hotel (European), 165-169 Clark 
Street. Rates $1 to $3. 

Leland Hotel (American), Michigan Ave- 
nue and Jackson Street. Rates $3 to $10. 

McCoy's Hotel (European), Van Buren 
and Clark streets. Rates $1 to $3. 

McEwan's Hotel (European), 81-95 West 
Madison Street. Rates 75 cents to $1.50. 

Madison House (European), 164-166 Madi- 
son Street. Rates 75 cents to $1.50. 

Marquette Hotel (European), Adams and 
Dearborn streets. Rates $1 to $3. 

Merchants' Hotel (European), Lake and 
Clark streets. Rates 75 cents to $1.50. 

Neef's Hotel (European), Michigan and 
Wells streets. Rates 75 cents to $2. (Ger- 
man and French.) 



Nicollet Hotel (European), Fifth Avenue 
and Randolph Street. Rates 75 cents to 
$1.50. 

Ogden House (American), Franklin and 
Washington streets. Rates $1.25 to $2. 

Old Metropolitan Hotel (American), Ran- 
dolph Street and Fifth Avenue. Rates $1.25 
to $2. 

Oxford Hotel (American), Canal and 
Adams streets. Rates $2 to $3. 

Palmer House (American), Monroe and 
State streets. Rates $3 to $15. 

Revere House (American), Clark and 
Michigan streets. Rates $2.50 to $4. 

Richelieu Hotel (European), Michigan 
Avenue near Jackson Street. Rates $3 to 
$17. 

Saratoga Hotel (European), 1 55-161 Dear- 
born Street. Rate$i. 

Sherman House (American), Clark and 
Randolph streets. Rates $3.50 to $6. 

Tremont House (American), Lake and 
Dearborn streets. Rates $3 to $5. 

Victoria Hotel (American), Van Buren 
Street and Michigan Avenue. Rates $4 to 
$8. 

Virginia Hotel (Ai^ierican), Rush and 
Ohio streets. (Private and high-priced.) 

Washington Hotel (European), Madison 
and Canal streets. Rates 75 cents to $1.50. 

Wellington Hotel (European), Wabash 
Avenue and Jackson Street. Rates $3 to 

$15- 

Windsor Hotel (European), 145-153 Dear- 
born Street. Rates $1 to $2.50. 

Wood's Hotel (American), Van Buren 
Street and Wabash Avenue. Rates $2 to $3. 

In the World's Fair district and along 
the boulevards leading to the Exposition 
very many handsome hotels are in opera- 
tion, with scores in close proximity to the 
World's Fair grounds. 

As regards all hotels the only safe plan 
is to secure accommodations in advance, 
and before leaving for Chicago. The char- 
acteristics of and many interesting data 
concerning Chicago's noted hostelries will 
be found more fully dwelt upon in the 
"Handy Guide to Chicago," issued by the 
publishers of this guide. 

The following list of the hotels outside 
the business district, along the road to or in 
close proximity to the World's Fair grounds, 
will be useful to the traveler. They wnll 
accommodate 50,000 visitors or more with- 
out overcrowding: 

Alabama Hotel (American and Euro- 
pean), Bowen and Berkley avenues. Rates 

$2.50 to $3. 

Alhambra Hotel (American), State Street 
and Archer Avenue. Rates $2.50 to $3.50. 

Boston Hotel (American and European), 
Madison Avenue and Fifty-seventh Street. 

Chicago Beach Hotel, Fifty-first Street 
and East End Avenue. Rates'$4 to $15. 

Clarendon Hotel (American), Clark and 
Ontario streets. Rates $2.50 to $4. 

Columbia Hotel (American and Euro- 
pean), Thirty-first and State streets. Rates 

%2 to $4. 



22 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



Columbia European Hotel (European), 
196 Fifty-fifth Street. Rates $1.50 and up. 

Columbian Central Hotel (European), 259 
Sixty- second Street. $1 and up. 

Columbian Hotel, Seventy- third Street 
and Kinney Avenue. 

Commercial Hotel (American), 243 Sixty- 
third Street (Englewood). Rates $2 and 
up. 

Cornell Avenue Hotel (European), Cor- 
nell Avenue between Fifty-first and Fifty- 
second streets. Rates $1.50 to $4. 

Englewood World's Fair Hotel (Ameri- 
can and European), vSixty-first and State 
streets. 

Exhibitors' Union, Stony Island Avenue 
and Seventy-first Street; 1,000 rooms. 

The Exposition Depot Hotel (European), 
corner Seventy-first Street and Avenue B, 
Rates $1 and up; 300 rooms. 

The Family Dormitory Association, Yates 
Avenue and Seventy-fifth Street; 750 rooms. 

Grand Crossing Hotel (American), Sev- 
enty-sixth Street and Woodlawn Avenue. 
Rate $2. 

The Great Eastern Hotel (European), 
Sixtieth Street and St. Lawrence Avenue; 
1,100 rooms. 

Greenwood Avenue Hotel (American), 
Greenwood Avenue and Grand Crossing. 
Rate $1. 

Great Western Hotel, Seventy-third Street 
and Stony Island Avenue. 

Hampden Hotel (American and Euro- 
pean), Thirty-ninth Street and Langley 
Avenue. Rates $2 to $5. 

Hyde Park Hotel (American), Fifty-first 
Street and Lake Avenue. Rates $3 to $8. 

Hotel Alfonzo, 222 Sixty-third Street. 

Hotel Alvord (American), northwest cor- 
ner Oakwood Boulevard and Cottage 
Grove Avenue. Rate $2. 

Hotel Beatrice (European), corner Fifty- 
seventh Street and Madison Avenue. Rates 
$2. 50 to $5. 

Hotel Buckner (American and European), 
5479 Lake Avenue. Rates $2.50 and up. 

Hotel Caldwell (American and Euro- 
pean), 315 Sixty-third Street (Englewood). 
Rates — American, $2 and up; European, 
$1 to $3. 

Hotel Concord (American), 1836 to 1840 
Wabash Avenue. Rates $2 to $4. 

Hotel Damon (European), for Knights of 
Pythias and friends. Sixty-fourth Street and 
Wentworth Avenue. Rates $1 and up. 

Hotel Delavan (European), Ontario and 
Clark streets. Rates $1 to $2.50. 

Hotel Drexel (American), 3956 Drexel 
Boulevard. Rates $2 to $4. 

Hotel Endeavor, Lake Shore, south of 
Seventy-first Street. 

Hotel Edwards (American), 328-336 
Washington Boulevard. Rates $1.50 to 
$2.50. 

Hotel Gresham (European and American), 
2246 Wabash Avenue. Rates $1. 50 to $3. 

The Harvard (American and European), 
5714 Washington Avenue. Rates $2 a.nd up. 

Hotel Helene (European and American), 



108 to 114 Fifty-third Street. Rates $1.50 
to $3. 

Hotel Holland (American and European), 
Fifty-third Street and Lake Avenue. Rates 
$2.50 to $4. 

The Howard (European), 6802 and 6804 
Yale Avenue (Englewood). Rates $1 and 
up. 

Hotel Metropole (American and Euro- 
pean), Twenty-third Street and Michigan 
Avenue. Rates $4 to $15. 

Hotel Norwalk (American and European), 
opposite South Park Station. Rates $2 
and up. 

Hotel Royal (American and European), 
518 Sixty-third Street (Englewood). Rates, 
American, $2; European, $1. 

Hotel Security (European), Stony Island 
Avenue and Seventy-third Street. 

Hotel Stockholm (European), 54 and 56 
Chicago Avenue. Rates 75 cents to $1.50. 
(Swedish). 

Hotel Svea (American), 129 to 133 East 
Chicago Avenue. Rates $1.50 to $2. (Swed- 
ish). 

Hotel Vendome (American and Euro- 
pean), Fifty-fifth Street and Monroe Avenue. 
Rates, American, $1.50 to $2.50; European, 
50 cents to $1. 

Hotel Vendome (American), Center and 
North Park avenues. Rates $2 to $4. 

Hotel Veteran, 7302 Stony Island Avenue. 

Hotel Willard (American), Eighteenth 
Street and Wabash Avenue. Rates $2.50 
to $3.50. 

Hotel Woodruff (American), 2103 Wabash 
Avenue. Rates $2.50 to $5. 

Jackson Park Hotel and Restaurant 
(American and European), 135 Fifty-sixth 
Street. Rates $2. 50 to %\. 

Julian Hotel (American), Sixty-third 
Street and Stewart Avenue. Rates $3 to $6. 

Libby Hotel (European), 1414 and 1416 
Wabash Avenue. Rates $1 to $2,50. 

Lexington Hotel (American), Twenty- 
second Street and Michigan Avenue. Rates 
$3.50 to $25. 

Mecca Hotel (American and European), 
Thirty-fourth and State streets. R,ates $1 
to $4- 

Montreal, 6234 Madison Avenue. 

Morgan House, Sixty-second Street. 
Rates $1 and up. 

New England Hotel, Seventy-third Street 
and Stony Island Avenue; 240 rooms. 

The Oak View (European), Sixtieth 
Street and Edgerton Avenue. Rates $1 
and up. 

Oakland Hotel (American and European), 
Oakwood Avenue and Drexel Boulevard. 
Rates $2.50 to $5. 

Park House (European), corner Fifty-sixth 
Street and Lake Avenue (Hyde Park). 
Rates $2 and up. 

The Park Gate Hotel, Sixty-third Street 
and Stony Island Avenue. 

The Parkside Hotel (European), Stony 
Island Avenue and Sixty-third Street. Rates 
$2.50 to $6. 

Paxton Hotel (American and European), 



ARRIVAL IN THE WORLD'S FAIR CITY. 



23 



State and Twenty-fifth streets. Rates $i. 50 
to $3. 

The Pullman Hotel (American and Euro- 
pean), Fifty-fifth Street, Washington and 
Madison avenues. Rates $2 to $5. 

The Raymond & Wliitcomb Grand Hotel, 
Washington Avenue and Fifty-ninth Street, 
for Raymond & Whitcomb tourists; 387 
rooms. 

The Soldiers' World's Fair Hotel, Sevent}^- 
third Place and Stony Island Avenue. 

Southern Hotel (American), Twenty-sec- 
ond Street and Wabash Avenue. Rates $2 
to $4. 

South Shore Hotel, Seventy-third Street 
and Bond Avenue. 

South Shore Tenting Company. 

Strickland Hotel (European), Lake Ave- 
nue between Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth 
streets. Rates $1.50 to $6. 

Transit House (American), Union Stock 
Yards. Rates $2 to $3.50. 

Union Park Hotel (European), 517 to 521 
West Madison Street. Rates $1 to $2. 

Western Reserve Hotel (European), 6345 
Wharton Avenue. Rates $1 and up. 

Westminster Hotel (American), 264 and 
266 North Clark Street. Rates $2 to $3.50. 

White House (American), 2108 and 2 no 
Wabash Avenue. Rates $2 to $3.50. 

The World's Inn, Sixtieth Street and 
Madison Avenue. Chas. E. Leland, Prop. 

Wyndham Hotel (American), 2932 and 
2934 Prairie Avenue. Rates $2 to $3.50. 

Yorkshire Hotel (American), 1837 Michi- 
gan Avenue. Rates $2.50 to $3.50. 

Furnished Rooms. — Private lodgings, or 
"furnished rooms," as the Chicago phrase 
goes, are preferred to a hotel by many per- 
sons, and in some respects are to be recom- 
mended. A list of advertisements is to be 
found in any of the daily papers, while an 
advertisement inserted by any visitor will 
produce a host of replies, from which selec- 
tion can be made after inspection and dis- 
cussion of terms; or, better still, an applica- 
tion to the Bureau of Public Comfort, Room 
509 Rand-McNally Building, will secure 
accommodations reliable in every respect, 
and officially inspected and approved of by 
the bureau's officers. This is by far the best 
method to pursue. 

Boarding-Houses. — These are to be ob- 
tained in the same manner as furnished 
rooms. The prices vary from $6 for the 
cheapest to six times that amount per week, 
according to location, cuisine, and accom- 
modations. They number over 15,000. 

Baths. — At every hotel and in all of the 
large barber-shops in Chicago a bath may 
be obtained, either hot, or cold, or shower, 
with soap and towels, uniform price 25 cents. 
Russian and Turkish baths are numerous. 
Four natatoriums, one at 504 West Madison 
Street, another at 408 North Clark Street, a 
third at 2327 Wabash Avenue, and the fourth 
on the Midway Plaisance, afford the swim- 
mer an opportunity of essaying in pure Lake 
Michigan water. 

Restaurants. — Sleeping accommodations 



being satisfactorily disposed of, the next and 
most natural inquiry willbe for eating-houses 
or restaurants. 

General Restaurants.— Few cities in the 
world are better supplied with restaurants 
and eating-houses of every kind than Chi- 
cago, and a very large number of the city's 
inhabitants live wholly at them. One thou- 
sand and over in number, they are to be 
found in every street of the city, and vary 
from the grandeur and excellence of cuisine 
to be found at the Richelieu, Northern, 
Auditorium, or Kinsley's (105 Adams Street) 
to the 5-cent "beaneries" of savory South 
Clark Street. The restaurants of the prin- 
cipal hotels are good and reliable; besides 
these, Chapin & Gore's, 73 Monroe Street; 
Burke's, 336 Clark Street; The Saratoga, 155 
Dearborn Street; The Lakeside, southwest 
corner of Clark and Adams streets; Kohl- 
saat's, 196 Clark Street, 59 Washington 
Street, 324 Dearborn and 83 Lake streets; 
The Grand Pacific, 240 Clark Street; The 
American, southeast corner of State and 
Adams streets, and the Columbia Lunch 
Room, 148 Monroe Street, are w^orthy of a 
visit and excellent in fare. 

Oyster Saloons are common everywhere, 
the most prominent of which are Rector's 
Oyster House, Dearborn and Monroe streets, 
and Adams Street between Wabash Avenue 
and State Street, the Boston Oyster House, 
120 Madison Street, and The Lakeside, Clark 
and Adams streets. 

Ladies are not supposed to go to the chop- 
houses. Their favorite luncheon places, when 
shopping, are at the magnificent restaurants 
provided in the great department stores. 
Especially favored by the fair sex are the 
restaurants provided in Marshall Field & 
Co.'s, State Street; Mandel's, State Street; 
Carson-Pirie's, State Street, corner of Wash- 
ington; The Fair, State and Adams streets, 
and Siegel, Cooper & Co.'s, State Street, 
corner of Congress. Many restaurants es- 
pecially reserve seats for ladies, and so 
announce on signs at their doors. 

The following list of restaurants will be 
of use to the visitor: 

American Oyster House and Restaurant, 
State and Adams streets. 

Arcade Lunch, 202 La Salle Street, 271 
State Street, 249-253 Dearborn Street, 6-8 
Plymouth Place. 

Ashland Restaurant, Randolph and Clark 
streets. 

Baldwin's Restaurant, 125 Fifth Avenue. 

Boston Oyster House and Restaurant, 
Madison and Clark streets. 

Brockway & McKey's Restaurant, 154-160 
Clark Street. 

Chicago Oyster House and Restaurant, 
140-142 Madison Street. 

Chicago Restaurant, 176 Adams Street. 

Clark, Mrs., & Co., Lunch, 145 Wabash 
Avenue. 

Columbia Lunch, 148-150 Monroe Street. 

Henrici's restaurants, 175 Madison Street 
and 208 Dearborn Street. 

Illinois Restaurant, 75-77 Randolph Street. 



24 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



Kern's Restaurant and Oyster House, io8- 
iio La Salle Street. 

Kinsley's Restaurant and Cafe, 105-107 
Adams Street. 

Kohlsaat's Lunch, 196 Clark Street, 59 
Washington Street, 324 Dearborn Street, 83 
Lake Street, 221-223 State Street. 

Lafayette Restaurant (table d'hote), 112 
Monroe Street. 

Lakeside Restaurant, Clark and Adams 
streets. 

Milan & Co.'s Restaurant, iii Madison 
Street. 

New Brighton Restaurant, 262 Clark 
Street. 

Parker's Lunch, 171 Randolph Street. 

Peacock Annex Cafe and Restaurant, 114 
Madison Street. 

Rector's Oyster House, Monroe and Clark 
streets. 

Rector's Restaurant, 35 Adams Street. 

Restaurant Francais (table d'hote), 77 
Clark Street. 

Rome Cafe (table d'hote), 148 Jackson 
Street. 

Saratoga Restaurant, 155 Dearborn Street. 

Schiller Cafe and Restaurant, 105-107 Ran- 
dolph Street. 

Schlogl's Cafe, 109 Fifth Avenue. 

Tacoma Restaurant, Madison and La Salle 
streets. 

The Dairy Kitchen Restaurant and Cafe, 
Madison and State streets. 

The Frogs, Restaurant and Cafe, 126 Clark 
Street. 

Thomson's Restaurant, 145-153 Dearborn 
Street. 

Troy Lunch, 116 Randolph Street, 128 
Dearborn Street, iii Adams Street. 

Winter's Cafe and Restaurant, State and 
Van Buren streets. 

Woman's Exchange Lunch, 130 Wabash 
Avenue. 

Wooslick's Restaurant, Monroe and Dear- 
born streets. 

Places of Amusement. — While the varied 
sights of the vast "White City" (as an 
author has prettily termed the World's 
Fair buildings) will occupy much of the 
sight-seer's leisure, it is to be reasonably 
expected that the local Temples of Thespis 
will have some attraction for the major- 
ity, occupied as their boards are by the best 
companies and the brightest of comedians. 
The subjoined list of the theaters and places 
of amusement will therefore be of service: 

Academy of Music (Jacobs'), 83 South 
Halsted Street. 

Alhambra (Jacobs'), 1920 State Street. 

Auditorium, Wabash Avenue and Con- 
gress Street. 

Barlow's Pavilion, Twenty-first Street 
and Archer Avenue. 

Buffalo Bill's Wild West, Sixty-third 
Street, near the World's Fair. 

Casino, 227 Wabash Avenue. 

Central Music Hall, State and Randolph 
streets. 

Chicago Opera House, Washington and 
Clark streets. 



Chickering Music Hall, 241 Wabash Ave- 
nue. 

Clark Street Theater (Jacobs'), North 
Clark and Kinzie streets. 

Columbia, 108 Monroe Street. 

Criterion, Sedgwick and Division streets. 

Engel's Pavilion, 463 North Clark Street. 

Epstean's Dime Museum, iii Randolph 
Street. 

Fisher's Garden, north end of Lincoln 
Park and Diversey Avenue. 

Grand Opera House, 87 Clark Street. 

Hardy's Subterranean Palace, Wabash 
Avenue, between Sixteenth and Eighteenth 
streets. 

Havlin's, 1836 Wabash Avenue. 

Haymarket, 169 West Madison Street. 

Hooley's, 149 Randolph Street. 

John Brown's Fort, 1341 Wabash Avenue. 

Kimball's Music Hall, 247 Wabash Ave- 
nue. 

Kohl & Middleton's Clark Street Dime 
Museum, 150 Clark Street. 

Kohl & Middleton's State Street Dime 
Museum, 294 State Street. 

Last Days of Pompeii, Cottage Grove 
Avenue and Sixty-first Street. 

Libby Prison, Wabash Avenue, between 
Fourteenth and Sixteenth streets. 

Lyceum, Desplaines Street, between Mad- 
ison and Washington streets. 

Madison Street Theater, 85 Madison 
Street. 

Marlowe Opera House, Sixty-third Street 
and Stewart Avenue. 

Mystic Labyrinth, Congress Street, near 
Elevated Railroad. 

McVicker's, 82 Madison Street. 

Olympic, 51 Clark Street. 

Panorama, Battle of Gettysburg, 401 Wa- 
bash Avenue. 

Panorama, Chicago Fire, 130 Michigan 
Avenue. 

Panorama, Jerusalem and the Crucifixion, 
402 Wabash Avenue. 

People's, 339 State Street. 

Schiller, Randolph Street, between Clark 
and Dearborn streets. 

Standard, Halsted and Jackson streets. 

Steele Mackaye's Spectatorium , Fifty- 
sixth Street and Evarts Avenue, near 
World's Fair. 

Trocadero, Michigan Avenue and Six- 
teenth Street. 

Uncle Tom's Cabin, in Libby Prison. 

Waverly, West Madison Street, between 
Loomis and Throop streets. 

Windsor Theater, North Clark Street, 
near Division Street. 

Foreign Consuls. — The tourist from for- 
eign climes naturall}^ may desire to pay his 
respects to the representative of his own 
government, or he may desire to make in- 
quiries or transact business peculiarly the 
duty of his consul. Appended, therefore, 
is a list of the consuls of foreign govern- 
ments stationed in Chicago: 

Argentine Republic. — P. S. Hudson, 83 
Jackson Street. 

Austria-Hungary. — Henry Claussenius, 



ARRIVAL IN THE WORLD'S FAIR CITY. 



25 



consul; Edward Claussenius, vice-consul, 78 
and 80 Fifth Avenue. 

Belgium. — Charles Henrotin, 167 Dear- 
born Street. 

Denmark. — Otto A. Dreier, acting vice- 
consul, 209 Fremont Street. 

France. — Edmund Bruwaert, consul-gen- 
eral; Jules Heilmann, chancellor, 70, La 
Salle Street. 

German Empire.— Dr. Ludwig Arendt, 
acting-consul. Room 25 Borden Block. 

Great Britain. — Colonel Hayes Sadler, 
consul; R. H. Hayes Sadler, vice-consul, 
Room 4, 72 Dearborn Street. 

Italy. — Conte V. Manassero di Costligliole, 
consul, Room i, no La Salle Street. 

Mexico.— Felipe Berriozabal, Jr., consul, 
Room 30, 126 Wabash Avenue. 

Netherlands.— George Birkhoff, Jr., con- 
sul, 85 Washington Street. 

Peru.— Charles H. Sergei, 350 Dearborn 
Street. 

Russia.— P. de Thai, consul, 2426 Prairie 
Avenue. 

Spain.— Hobart Chatfield Chatfield-Tay- 
lor, Montauk Block. 



Sweden and Norway. — Peter Svanoe, 
vice-consul, Room i, 153 Randolph Street. 

Switzerland. — Louis Boerlin, consul; Ju- 
lius Wegmann, vice-consul, 165 Wabash 
Avenue. 

Turkey. — Charles Henrotin, consul, 167 
Dearborn Street. 

For any more extended particulars as to 
the World's Fair City the visitor is referred 
to Rand, McNally & Co.'s "Handy Guide 
to Chicago," " Bird's eye Views and Guide 
to Chicago," "A Week in Chicago," or 
other similar guides to the city itself. The 
requirements of the Fair prevent any more 
lengthy reference to matters outside of the 
Exposition itself. The parks and boule- 
vards are well worth a visit; their verdant 
lawns and cool green groves will be found 
fully described in the above-mentioned 
books; while for the huge ofhce-buildings, 
familiarly called " sky-scrapers," or for gen- 
eral wanderings around the city, reference 
may well be had to the "Street Number 
Guide to Chicago," also issued by the pub- 
lishers of this book. 



CHAPTER II. 



THE WAY TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. 




HE History of 
the World's 
Columbian 
Exposition. 

— Hardlj 
necessary does it 
seem, in present- 
•^'j- ing a brief re- 
'IZC') sum 6 of the 
events which led 
to the location of 
the World's Co- 
lumbian Exposi- 
tion at Chicago, 
to proceed his- 
torically from 
the beginning. 
_ The densest in- 

tellect will read- 
ily have grasped the fact that the ' ' White 
City " is erected in honor of the 400th anni- 
versary of the discovery of this continent 
by Christopher Columbus. 

Just as many cities contended for the 
honor of Homer's birthplace, and as more 
than one does for Columbus' birth or bones, 
so many claimants have arisen for the dis- 
tinction of first conceiving the idea of a 
quadri-centennial celebration of the grand- 
est and most accidental discovery the 
world's annals will ever record. 

Leaving contestants and claimants to 
settle their own differences, it may be safely 
stated that the first recorded and"^ concerted 
formal action is to be found in a resolution 
of the Directory of the Interstate Exposi- 
tion at Chicago on the i8th of November, 
1885. 

Passing by in rapid review the New 
England organization of 1886, Senator 
Hoar's resolution of 31st of July in that 
year, in the interest of an exposition at 
Washington, D. C, and a similar resolution 
of the City Council of Chicago on the 226. 
of July, 1889, the formation of a committee 
of 100 to secure the Fair for Chicago, and 
the chartering of a corporation with a like 
intent in August of 1889, we find that the 
real contest began in December of that year, 
when Senator CuUom introduced the World's 
Fair Bill in the United States Senate. 

Keen was the contest for the honor of the 
site ; the debate at times ranging from the 
acrimonious to the ridiculous. 

Cumberland Gap was suggested and 
voted for by one enthusiastic or waggish 
representative, but the real contest lay be- 



tween Chicago and New York. Ultimately, 
on the 24th of February, 1890, Congress 
definitely accorded the honor of inviting the 
world as guests to the ' ' Phoenix City of the 
Great Lakes." 

The subsequent events in the history of 
the Exposition enterprise partake, with one 
exception, of the nature of natural conse- 
quences and minor details. In financial 
matters Chicago came fearlessly to the 
front. Did the Directors deem it advisable 
to issue stock or call for subscriptions, the 
millionaire and the mechanic vied with each 
other for the honor of investing in the 
World's Fair. On July 2, 1890, the pres- 
ent site of the World's Columbian Ex- 
position was selected by the Directory and 
approved by the National Commission, but 
the World's Fair can not be said to have 
been actually under way until the beginning 
of the following year. In January, 1891, 
the Exposition headquarters were formally 
opened in the Rand-McNally Building; the 
Department of Publicity and Promotion was 
organized, and at once began telling the 
whole newspaper-reading earth about the 
World's Fair that was to be. The Hon. 
George R. Davis 
was elected Di- 
rector-General 
on September . 
19, 1890, and on ^ 
the 20th of the 
following month 
Mrs. Potter Pal- 
mer was chosen 
as the president 
of the Board of 
Lady Managers. 

Const ruction 
work began on 
the 2d of July, 
189I, the Mines Directoi-General G. R. Davis. 

Building having the place of honor in this 
respect. The dedication of the buildings, a 
ceremonial so impressively grand as to be 
without equal and beyond comparison, took 
place October 21, 1892, in the Manufactures 
and Liberal Arts Building, in the presence 
of an audience amounting to a quarter of a 
million, gathered from every civilized nation 
on the earth. Amid anthem, ode, and 
matchless oratory, in this building of colossal 
proportions, the Vice-President of the United 
States dedicated the "White City "to hu- 
manity's use. Hardly had the last visitor 
quitted the gates when the completion work 




(26) 



THE WAY TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



27 



was in full progress again, and though 
retarded somewhat by one of the severest 
winters, it steadily progressed until the 
opening on May ist. 

A brief statement of the financial expendi- 
tures and resources of the Exposition is 
not only of interest, but marvelous in the 
magnitude of its amounts. To secure the 
coveted distinction, Chicago was required 
to furnish a site which should be acceptable 
to the National Commission (representing 
every State and Territory in the Union) 
and $10,000,000. Unhesitatingly she pledged 
herself to the gigantic undertaking, and 
has faithfully and fully kept her prom- 
ise. To convey something of an impres- 
sion of the magnitude of the enterprise, the 
accompanying estimate of cost of construc- 
tion, etc., made by the Ways and Means 
Committee, is given: 

Grading, filling, etc. $ 450,400 

Landscape gardening .._. 323,490 

Viaducts and bridges 125,000 

Piers 70,000 

Water-way improvements 225,000 

Railways 500,000 

Steam plant 800,000 

Electricity 1,500,000 

Statuary on buildings 100,000 

Vases, lamps, and posts 50,000 

Seating 8 ,000 

Water supply, sewerage, etc 600,000 

Improvement of lake front 200,000 

World's Congress Auxiliary 200,000 

Construction Department ex- 
penses, fuel, etc 520,000 

Organization and administration 3,308,563 
Operating expenses 1,550,000 

$10,530,453 

When the $8,000,000 estimated as the cost 
of the main buildings are added to this, the 
sum total is $18,530,453; subsequent addi- 
tions to the plan of construction will bring 
the total cost of the Exposition to an amount 
exceeding $22,000,000. 

The outside world may wonder in awe 
where all the money is to come from, and 
the statement of the resources of the Exposi- 
tion, subsequently set out, will be of con- 
siderable interest in this respect. 

The Site of the World's Fair. — Concern- 
ing the site, no difference of opinion or crit- 
icism is possible. Nothing approaching it in 
beauty or extent was ever offered to any 
previous exposition. Stretching 2^^ miles 
from the point nearest the city to the 
southern extremity of Jackson Park, it com- 
prises some seven hundred acres. Along the 
entire front lies Lake Michigan, the loveliest 
of the Great Lakes, the most beautiful body 
of fresh water in the world. In the back- 
ground semicircle the trees, the verdure, 
and bloom of the vast South Park system. 
And this was one of four sites suitable, for 
Chicago, unique in almost everything, pos- 
sessed four practically available sites, each 
presenting many good reasons for favorable 
selection. The Directors of the Exposition, 
in whose hands was placed the duty of se- 



lecting a suitable site, gave so much time 
and attention to this important matter as 
few business men could or would. Working 
steadil3^ with competent architects, engi- 
neers, and sanitary experts, and giving 
many months of their valuable time to this 
arduous undertaking, they finally arrived at 
a result which met the approval of the 
National Commission, and which must be 
absolutely satisfactory to the millions of vis- 
itors in whose interests this great enterprise 
is to be carried through. The site adopted 
by the Board of Directors is that portion of 
the justly celebrated South Park system of 
Chicago known as Jackson Park and the 
Midway Plaisance. Having in view the 
comfort and convenience of the hundreds of 
thousands of American citizens and those 
from abroad, this site affords advantages 
which upon reflection must be appreciated 
and clearly understood by the practical 
mind. This beautiful location is Mdthin 
easy distance of the business portion of 
Chicago, and is accessible by means of the 
most complete transportation facilities. 
Jackson Park has a frontage on Lake 
Michigan of \^ miles, and contains 
600 acres of ground. This Midway Plai- 
sance, which forms the connecting link be- 
tween Jackson and Washington parks, is 
one mile long and 600 feet wide, making an 
additional area of eighty-five acres. The 
frequent illustrations of buildings and 
grounds, with careful descriptions, shown 
in this guide will give the reader a very 
complete idea of this stupendous work. 
The comfort and convenience of visitors 
has been considered in every arrangement, 
so that a visit to the Exposition will not 
only be enjoyable and instructive in the 
highest degree, but it will be one to cherish 
as the great event of a lifetime. The at- 
tractions provided are so numerous that it 
would be impossible to convey an adequate 
idea of their extent and variety. The archi- 
tectural groupings and grandeur of highly 
ornamental design, collectively, excel all 
previous attempts at any exposition. The 
plan of arrangements for the grounds pre- 
sents features in landscape effects, statuary, 
fountains, inland lakes, ornamental bridges, 
avenues, and floral designs so artistic in 
their beauty as to command the admiration 
of the world. The frontage of the grounds 
on Lake Michigan, the queen of all the 
Great Lakes, affords grand opportunities for 
marine displays of the most magnificent 
character, and which has been taken full ad- 
vantage of by the management to furnish 
beautiful attractions which otherwise could 
not be attempted. 

To-day finds all the great buildings, which 
only existed in able architectural brains less 
than two short years ago, now completed, 
with their respective exhibits duly installed. 
With the growth and development of the 
original plans the financial necessities of the 
Fair have also tremendously increased, but 
public enthusiasm has fortunately kept pace 
with this rapid development, until the con- 



28 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 




President T. W. Palmer 



templated five million dollar World's Fair of 
three years ago has now grown to a World's 
Columbian Exposition with $18,750,000 avail- 
able, and to be actually expended before the 
gates are opened to visitors. In addition to 
this millions of dollars have been expended 
by the several States in the construction of 
State buildings and installation of State 
exhibits. 

The management of the World's Colum- 
bian Exposition may be said to be vested in 
four organizations: The National Commis- 
sion , authorized 
by Congress; the 
World's Colum- 
bian Exposition, 
organized under 
the laws of the 
State of Illinois; 
the Board of Lady 
Managers, author- 
ized by Congress, 
and the World's 
Congress Auxil- 
iary. The National 
Commission is 
composed of eight commissioners-at-large 
with alternates; two commissioners from 
each State, Territory, and the District of 
Columbia — one Democrat and one Repub- 
lican — appointed by the President on a 
nomination by their respective govern- 
ors. This Commission has delegated its 
authority to eight of its members, who 
constitute a Board of Reference and Control, 
and who act with a similar number selected 
from the World's Columbian Exposition. 
The officers of this Commission are: Presi- 
dent, Thomas W. Palmer; vice-presidents, 
Thomas W. Walker, M. H. de Young, D. 
D. Penn, C. W. Allen, and Alexander B. 
Andrews; secretary, John C. Dickinson. 
The World's Columbian Exposition is com- 
posed of forty-five citizens of Chicago, 
elected annually by the stockholders. On 
this ^ody falls the burden of raising the 
necessary m.oney and of the active manage- 
ment. Its officers are: President, Harlow 
N. Higinbotham; vice-president, F. W. 
Peck ; second vice- 
president, R. A. 
Waller; secretary, 
H. O. Edmonds, 
and solicitor, W. 
K. Carlisle. 

The present 
Board of Direct- 
ors of the Expo- 
sition is composed 
of the following 
well - known citi- 
zens of Chicago: 

W. T. Baker, C. 
K. G. Billings, 
Thomas B. Bryan, 
Edward B. Butler, Isaac N. Camp, Will- 
iam J. Chalmers, Robert C. Clowry, 
Charles H. Chappell, Mark Crawford, 
George R. Davis, Arthur Dixon, James W, 
Ellsworth, Lyman J. Gage, Charles Henro- 




President H. N, Higinbotham. 



tin, H. N. Higinbotham, Charles L. Hutch- 
inson, Elbridge G. Keith, William D. Ker- 
foot, William P. Ketcham, Milton W. Kirk, 
Edward F. Lawrence, B. B. Lamb, Victor 
F. Lawson, Thies J. Lefens, Andrew Mc- 
Nally, Adolph Nathan, John J. P. Odell, 
Ferdinand W. Peck, E. M. Phelps, Wash- 
ington Porter, Alexander H. Revell, Edward 
P. Ripley, A. M. Rothschild, George Schnei- 
der, Charles H. Schwab, J. W. Scott, Henry 
B. Stone, Charles H. Wacker, Edwin Walk- 
er, Robert A. Waller, John C. Welling, 
Frederick S. Winston, G. H. Wheeler, 
Charles T. Yerkes, Otto Young. 

The Board of Lady Managers is composed 
of two members, with alternates from each 
State and Territory, and nine from the city 
of Chicago. It has the supervision of wom- 
en's participation in the Exposition, and 
of whatever exhibits of women's work may 
be made. This rec- 
ognition of woman 
marks an epoch in 
World's E X p o s i - 
tions, as in no pre- 
vious international 
fair have woman 
and her work, influ- 
ences, and indus- 
trial importance 
been recognized. 
Mrs. Bertha Honore 
Palmer is presi- 
dent and Mrs. Su- 
san Gale Cooke sec- 
retary of the Board 
of Lady Managers. 
Hon. c. c. Bonney. The World's Con- 

gress Auxiliary was organized for the 
purpose of holding a series of Con- 
gresses, to supplement the exposition that 
will be made of the material progress 
of the world by a portrayal of the achieve- 
ments in scienc*, literature, education, 
government, jurisprudence, morals, char- 
it)^ art, religion, and other branches of 
mental activity. The Hon. C. C. Bon- 
ney of Chicago is president of the Con- 
gress Auxiliary, 




;# 



but equal praise 
for its success is 
due to the Hon. 
Thomas B. Bryan, 
the cosmopolitan 
scholar of the Ex- 
position, whose 
matchless diplo- 
macy has been 
so many times in- 
voked to crown 
the triumphs of 
the great World's 
Fair enterprise. 

George R. Davis Hon. T. B. Bryan. 

of Chicago is Director-General of the entire 
Exposition, and therefore its chief executive 
officer. In the joint Board of Control is of 
course vested the actual management, and 
from the verdict of this board there is no 
appeal. The financial situation of the 




THE WAY TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



29 



World's Columbian Exposition at the present 
time is most satisfactory. The recent ap- 
propriation of Congress, quickly followed 
by the sale of $4,000,000 debenture bonds, 
places the enterprise in a position to meet 
any expense to be incurred before the 
opening of the gates. To Lyman J. Gage, 
ex-president of the World's Columbian 
Exposition, is due great praise for his ex- 
cellent services in every hour of financial 
crisis which the Exposition has experienced. 
The following figures, official and estimated, 
show the amount of cash from all sources 
that will be available for Exposition ex- 
penses up to the close of the Fair: 

From capital stock and proceeds 

of the city of Chicago bonds. .$10, 553, 761 

Appropriation from United States 

Treasury in souvenir coins 2,500,000 

Premium on same -.. 2,500,000 

Proceeds on debenture bonds 4,094,500 

Total $19,648,261 

Estimated gate receipts for admis- 
sion to the Exposition $10,000,000 

Estimated from concessions and 

privileges 3,500,000 

Estimated salvage 1,500,000 

Total _ .$15 ,000,000 

Total estimated receipts $34,648,261 

From this $34,500,000 there must be de- 
ducted the total cost of construction and 
operating expenses, which are estimated as 
follows : 

Cost of constructing the build- 
ings, preparatory expenses, 

etc., to May i, 1893 $18,750,000 

Operating expenses from May 

I, 1893 2,500,000 

Total $21,250,000 

If these figures are borne out by results — 
and every World's Fair official appears to 
think they will be — there will be available 
for payment of bonds and distribution 
among stockholders in 1894 about $13,250,- 
ooo. If their expectations are realized, 
stockholders will have reason for congratu- 
lation. 

No exposition of the past has ever received 
the support of more than one-third of the 
nations of the world, while the Columbian 
Exposition has received recognition and 
application for space from every civilized 
nation of the globe. Russia, a nation which 
has always held aloof from the international 
expositions of Europe, has evinced a special 
friendship for the United States by sending 
a magnificent collection of priceless art 
treasures which have never before been 
allowed _ to cross the Russian frontier. 
Eighty-six nations, colonies, and principal- 
ities exhibit, thirty-eight being specially 
represented by official commissions; and the 
moneys appropriated by all for the purpose 



of exhibits and buildings amount to over 
$8,000,000. No less than sixteen foreign 
governments erect special buildings wherein 
to receive their guests and exhibit their 
valuables. 

In this connection the following, compar- 
ing the World's Columbian Exposition with 
other World's Fairs of the past, will be 
peculiarly interesting. It will be seen from 
this table that the World's Columbian Expo- 
sition cost three times as much as any 
previous exposition in the history of the 
world; that it occupies four times as many 
acres, and has about twice as much space 
under roof as the greatest of former exposi- 
tions. 



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* Run at a great loss. No report ever 
made, and exact amount of deficit can not 
be obtained. 



30 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



The following shows the appropriations 
made by various foreign governments: 

Argentine Republic % 100,000 

Austria _. 102,300 

Belgium 57. 000 

Bolivia 30,000 

Brazil 600,000 

Colombia 100,000 

Costa Rica 150,000 

Denmark 67,000 

Danish West Indies. 1,200 

Ecuador 125,000 

France 733. 000 

Germany 800,000 

Great Britain 291 ,000 

Barbados 5.840 

British Guiana 25,000 

British Honduras .. 7,500 

Canada 100,000 

Cape Colony 50,000 

Ceylon 65,600 

India 30,000 

Jamaica 24,333 

Leeward Islands.. 6,000 

New South Wales 243,325 

New Zealand 27,500 

Trinidad. 15,000 

Greece 60,000 

Guatemala 200,000 

Hawaii 40,000 

Honduras 20,000 

Haiti 25,000 

Japan 630,000 

Liberia 7,000 

Mexico . 50,000 

Morocco 150,000 

Netherlands . . 100,000 

Dutch Guiana 10,000 

Dutch West Indies ... 5, 000 

Nicaragua 31 ,000 

Norway 56,280 

Orange Free State ... 7, 500 

Paraguay 100,000 

Peru 140,000 

Russia 46,320 

Salvador . 12,500 

San Domingo 25,000 

Spain 200,000 

Cuba 25 ,000 

Sweden 108,000 

Uruguay _ 24,000 

Total $5,829,198 

It is estimated that the expenditures of 
foreign governments^ in respect of exhibits 
and in addition to the above, will amount to 
at least $2,500,000. 

The true magnitude of the World's Co- 
lumbian Exposition can only be realized 
when it is stated that (the United States not 
considered) the space allotted to foreign 
nations alone exceeds the total space of any 
previous World's Fair. In addition to this 
comes the space of American exhibitors, 
which far excels the aggregate of all the 
foreign nations of the world. Nearly every 
State in the Union has made appropriations 
for State buildings or State exhibits, and 
there are no less than thirty-eight separate 
State buildings on the grounds. 



The subjoined table shows how heartily 
the States and Territories responded, and 
the amounts contributed by each: 

Alabama $ 38,000 

Arizona 30,000 

Arkansas 55 ,000 

California 550,000 

Colorado 167,000 

Connecticut... _ 75,000 

Delaware 20,000 

Florida 50,000 

Georgia 100,000 

Idaho - 100,000 

Illinois 800,000 

Indiana 135,000 

Iowa 130,000 

Kansas ... 165,000 

Kentuck};- 1 75 ,000 

Louisiana...-- --. 36,000 

Maine 5 7,ooo 

Maryland 60,000 

Massachusetts 1 75 ,000 

Michigan 275,000 

Minnesota 1 50,000 

Mississippi 25 ,000 

Missouri _ 150,000 

Montana 100,000 

Nebraska 85,000 

Nevada 10,000 

New Hampshire 25 ,000 

New Jersey 130,000 

New Mexico 35,000 

New York 600,000 

North Carolina 45,000 

North Dakota 70,000 

Ohio 200,000 

Oklahoma ..- 17.500 

Oregon 60,000 

Pennsylvania 360,000 

Rhode Island 57. 500 

South Carolina 50,000 

South Dakota 85,000 

Tennessee. -. 25,000 

Texas 40,000 

Utah - - 50,600 

Vermont 39. 75o 

Virginia 75. 000 

Washington 100,000 

West Virginia *. 40,000 

Wisconsin 212,000 

Wyoming 3 0,000 

Total $M6o,35o 

The most important bureau in connection 
with the World's Columbian Exposition is 
undoubtedly the Bureau of Construction. 
Of this bureau D. H. Burnham is chief, 
Edward C, Shankland is chief engineer, 
and F. L, Olmsted the able landscape 
architect. In their several departments the 
work of each of these gentlemen shows to 
excellent advantage. Chief Burnham has 
been indefatigable in his labors, and the 
acres of graceful structures that now adorn 
these grounds are a monument to his execu- 
tive abilities. The credit of completing 
these buildings in the remarkably short 
time is by public acclaim accorded to Chief 
Burnham. 

From no more authentic source was it 



THE IVA V TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



31 




' iP^ 



possible to obtain a description of the con- 
struction work and marvelous architectural 
arrangements of the World's Columbian 
Exposition than from the master mind who, 
as Chief Supervising Architect and Director 
of Works, planned and perfected all. The 
following interesting and valuable contri- 
bution, prepared by Director of Works 
Daniel H. Burnham, and written especially 
for Rand, McNally & Co.'s Guides, forms 
a most valuable historical document in 

relation to the 
' ' building of 
the 'White 
City.'" Mr. 
Burnham enti- 
tles his article 
"TheBuild- 
ings of the Ex- 
'^^ position,"* and 

ingjfcj ^.. lai^^ says of them : 

^^flBHlHK^ When Cole- 

^^HHRHS^H^^H^/ ridge sang to 

TIwimIImIImIBII^ ^on^ ^i^nc in 

^m^^"*^^ the Vale of 

Chamouni, 

Director of Works D. H. Burnham. . . ^j^^^ ^.^ggg^ 

from forth thy silent sea of pines, "his inspira- 
tion probably came from much the same 
enthusiasm which long afterward reechoes 
from the lips of those who remember the 
Jackson Park of two years ago — a marsh 
of tangled undergrowth and a waste of ill- 
tempered oaks, from which have arisen the 
stately structures of the Exposition. Its 
appearance at that time presented but 
little promise of the noble city to be 
erected after swamps had been drained, 
canals, lagoons, and basins cut, grassy 
slopes established, and flowers and shrubs 
planted to transform the once dreary land- 
scape. Advantages which would more than 
compensate for the almost discouraging 
amount of labor required to render them 
available were apparent in this desolate 
wilderness; otherwise Jdfckson Park could 
never have been chosen as the site of the 
Exposition. Other locations were eagerly 
offered, some of them beautifully improved 
parks, earnestly wishing to welcome an hon- 
ored guest to a hospitality ready to receive 
it; all had boasted advantages ; yet to Jack- 
son Park, humble in its sheer ugliness, came 
the choice. The decision bringing it here 
was not reached through undue favoritism 
or influence, but was the result of much 
thought and the carefully weighing of the 
merits of all. 

It was about the time that the discussion 
of the site question had reached a repu- 
table degree of warmth — and few who were 
in it would be willing to admit that it 
had ever been less than ardent— that Mr. 
Frederick Law Olmsted, the honored father 
of American art in landscape, together with 
his late partner, Henry Sargent Codman, 
were called into consultation. To them, 
after careful consideration, it was plain that 



area, dignity of effect, location, adaptability, 
transportation, and many other points were 
in favor of Jackson Park; and so the choice 
was made, being definitely settled only in 
the fall of i8go. Winter coming on, the 
months which could not be devoted to grad- 
ing, dredging, and kindred operations, prior 
to the preparation of the ground, were 
well spent in making a most careful survey 
of the entire area, which had been ex- 
tended to include the Midway Plaisance. 
Washington Park was also tendered for 
Exposition purposes, but the 600 acres which 
had already been secured were deemed suf- 
ficient. In the spring of 1891 an army of 
earth-workers made such rapid progress 
that the homeliness of the site was crippled, 
after a very few weeks. The bogs began to 
dry up, the undergrowth surrendered to the 
prosaic but effective grubbing-hoe, and for 
the first time in their existence the knotty 
little old scrub-oaks bowed — the ax is an 
inexorable tutor in that branch of eti- 
quette. Canals, lagoons, and basins were 
lined out so that they touched the site of 
each of the main buildings. In June every- 
thing was ready for the foundations. 

The main buildings, as originally planned, 
were ten: Manufactures, Administration, 
Machinery, Agriculture, Electricity, Mines, 
Transportation, Horticulture, Fisheries, and 
the Venetian Village. At this time it was 
the purpose of the Exposition to establish 
the exhibit of fine arts upon the Lake 
Front Park; this plan being subsequently 
abandoned, the Art Galleries and the Wo- 
man's Building were the first of the later 
structures to find a place upon the plan. 
As the importance of the work gradually 
developed, necessity for additional space 
became clear, and the ten original buildings 
quickly secured neighbors in the Forestry, 
Dairy, Stock Pavilion, Terminal Station, 
Music Hall, Peristyle, Casino, Choral, An- 
thropological, and so on throughout a list of 
great and small, until there are now nearly 
three hundred separate and distinct struct- 
ures under roof in Jackson Park, not includ- 
ing the scores of minor pavilions and shelters 
of a less important character, built by conces- 
sionaires, exhibitors, and others. When 
the Midway Plaisance, with its varied and 
startling architecture, is added, the total is 
increased to about four hundred. 

The designs were not secured by compe- 
tition, many reasons being against the adop- 
tion of such a method; the time was short 
and the work was great; harmony of eft'ort 
must be had of men possessing genius and 
ability. Direct selection was, therefore, the 
only safe method, and the buildings were 
accordingly allotted by the Chief of Con- 
struction as follows: Administration, Rich> 
ard M. Hunt of New York; Transportation, 
Adler & Sullivan of Chicago; Manufactures, 
George B. Post of New York; Mines, S. S. 
Beman of Chicago; Agriculture, McKim, 
Meade & White of New York; Venetian 



* The preparation of this paper as to its literary form was left in the hands of Mi-. Montgomery B. Pickett, 
to whom acknowledgment is due. 



32 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



Village, Burling & Whitehouse of Chicago; 
Machinery, Peabody & Stearns of Boston; 
Horticulture, W. L. B. Jenney of Chicago; 
Electricity, Van Brunt & Howe of Kansas 
City; Fisheries, Henry Ives Cobb of Chi- 
cago. Late in the spring of 1891, after the 
other buildings were designed and about 
ready for construction, Mr. Charles B. At- 
wood entered upon his labors with the Ex- 
position, and to him we are indebted for the 
chastely beautiful Art Building; that im- 
pressive trio, the Peristyle, Music Hall, and 
Casino; the imposing Terminal Station; the 
Forestry, Dairy, and other buildings, in 
addition to his great work as Designer-in 
Chief. The Stock Pavilion is an example 
of the scholarship of Messrs. Holabird & 
Roche of Chicago. In unrestricted compe- 
tition the plan of Miss Sophia G. Hayden 
was selected for the Woman's Building. 
The Venetian Village at the end of the 
great pier being abandoned, Mr. White- 
house's services (he in the meantime losing 
by death his partner) were retained for the 
Choral Building. 

The limits of this article will not warrant 
a detailed description of each structure, and 
this, moreover, is unnecessary, as its archi- 
tect tells of his own work elsewhere in 
this volume. It may be well, however, to 
mention a few points of general interest. 
Among the first of these is the material 
which has done so much to produce those 
charming effects otherwise impossible to 
attain. The use of staff has not been con- 
fined to the covering for buildings alone, but 
it has been applied with an eminent degree 
of success to sculpture, ornamentation of 
almost every kind, the construction of bal- 
ustrades, vases, facing for docks, etc. To 
no part of the work has more attention been 
paid than to the artistic decoration of build- 
ings. Almost every structure within the 
grounds bears testimony to the skill of well- 
known artists, not alone in painting, but in 
sculpture as well. The engineering has 
been of a magnitude never reached before. 
The Manufactures Building has become 
known, wherever the Fair is spoken of, as 
the greatest building ever erected. Its 
arches, which constitute, possibly, the most 
interesting feature of the entire engineering 
work, were designed and constructed under 
the supervision of Mr. E. C. Shankland, 
Chief Engineer, who has had charge of all 
the work of this character throughout the 
Exposition. The power plant, located in 
Machinery Hall, is expected to supply en- 
ergy equal to 30,000 horse-power. The 
shafting in the various buildings is driven 
by electricity conducted through under- 
ground passages or subways. An area 
of about two hundred acres is under roof; 
of this amount 150 were built by the 
World's Columbian Exposition, the remain- 
der being constructed by the govern- 
ments of States and foreign powers, 
concessionaires, and special exhibitors. 
Three distinct motives are apparent in the 
grouping of the buildings. Those about the 



Grand Basin — the Administration, Manu- 
factures, Agriculture, Machinery, Electric- 
ity, Mines, and also the Art Building — are 
essentially dignified in style; those lying 
farther to the north — the Horticultural, 
Transportation, and Fisheries — being less 
formal, blend readily with the more or 
less homelike headquarters buildings of the 
States and foreign governments, which are 
grouped among the trees of the extreme 
northern portion of the grounds. Upon the 
Midway Plaisance no distinct order is fol- 
lowed, it being instead a most unusual col- 
lection of almost every type of architecture 
known to man — oriental villages, Chinese 
bazaars, tropical settlements, ice railways, 
the ponderous Ferris wheel, reproductions 
of ancient cities. All of these are combined 
to form the lighter and more fantastic side 
of the Fair. 

There are tw^o columns east of the Admin- 
istration Building; between them rolls the 
cascade of the Columbia Fountain. Each col- 
umn bears a name; upon one, that of John W. 
Root; upon the other, Henry Sargent Cod- 
man. One of these men laid down his work 
where it had scarcely begun, leaving the 
first sketches of his brilliant plans; the 
other passed away with the beauty of his 
almost finished labors bright before him. 
These simple inscriptions mean more to 
us who knew and loved the men to whose 
memory they are placed, than all the glorious 
achievements about them, of which so great 
a part was theirs. 

D. H. BURNHAM, 

Director of Works. 

Few persons outside the immediate and 
principal officials of the Exposition have the 
slightest conception of the vast amount of 
preliminary work done in popularizing the 
Exposition or the labor involved in telling 
the world of its myriad wonders. The 
Department of Publicity and Promotion, 
under the mas- 
terljr direction of 
Maj. Moses P. 
Handy, not only 
worked like bea- 
vers, but achieved 
wonders. The fol- 
lowing able article 
from the pen of 
Mr. R. E. A. Dorr, 
late Assistant 
Chief of the de- 
partment, and 
now managing 
editor of the New 
York Mail and Express, prepared expressly 
for the publishers of this guide, conveys a 
clear idea of the great work of this depart- 
ment. Mr. Dorr entitles his article " How 
we Told the World of the * White City's' 
Wonders," and says: 

It was well to determine that a World's Fair 
should be held to celebrate the discovery of 
America; it was still better, perhaps, to 
select Chicago as the place for the great en- 





Maj. M. P. Handy. 



THE IV A V TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



33 



terprise. But both points had hardly been 
decided before it became apparent that to 
make it really a World's Fair the whole 
world, literally speaking, must be made at 
least acquainted if not really familiar with 
what it was expected to accomplish, or, I 
might say, achieve. 

It was difficult for the Western man, 
proud of his great inland metropolis and of 
the marvelous growth of his young city, to 
understand or acknowledge that entire 
nations hardly knew of the existence of 
Chicago, and that the vast majority of for- 
eign people associated the Exposition city 
with buffalo and bear hunts and pig-killing. 
It was fortunate that Chicago subdued its 
natural and justifiable local pride and real- 
ized actual conditions almost at the begin- 
ning of its vast work. Realization that not 
only the fact that the Fair must be made 
known, but also the very existence, magni- 
tude, and character of the city, was quickly 
followed by the organization of the Depart- 
ment of Publicity and Promotion. 

In December, 1890, the work of advertis- 
ing the Fair was begun by the appointment 
■of Maj. Moses P. Handy Chief of the 
department. Major Handy is one of the 
most widely known journalists in the coun- 
try, and probably fifteen thousand news- 
papers printed items about his appointment. 
Think what a vast number of readers that 
meant. The most conservative estimate 
will bear out the statement that this appoint- 
ment in itself began the advertising. 

It was my privilege to be called as Assist- 
ant Chief of the department almost imme-' 
diately, and before final plans of procedure 
had been adopted or the working staff 
■organized. 

"We must reach all the world," Major 
Handy said. How we carried out that broad 
idea will be briefly told in this article. 

Two or three bright newspaper men were 
set to work at a small pamphlet telling what 
the World's Fair would commemorate ; when 
it would open and close ; that Chicago was 
a city in Illinois, on the shore of Lake Michi- 
:gan ; that it was big, very big, in everything ; 
that it had hotels, railroads, theaters, pict- 
ure-galleries, museums, etc., and that all 
were the largest, best, and most ably con- 
ducted in the western hemisphere. Fifty 
thousand of these pamphlets were ordered 
printed, and when they began to be run off the 
presses all the officials were pleased. Sud- 
denly, however, it dawned on the depart- 
ment that unless regular channels were pro- 
vided it would be embarrassing to know just 
what to do with all these pamphlets and 
other printed documents and slips already 
under contemplation. 

A mail-list was needed; the department 
must secure the names and addresses of 
thousands and thousands of people who 
might be induced to exhibit their products 
■or come themselves to the Fair. 

The hap-hazard distribution of printed 
matter and pictures could not be considered 
for a moment. Postage and printers' bills 
3 



would bankrupt the show in no time. It 
was absolutely necessary to secure the names 
and addresses of people whose interests 
were such that they were worth informing 
about the Fair. The time was short, and 
mistakes would be fatal to the success of 
the department. There was not time to 
cover one country or section of the world 
after another until all had been enlightened 
about the Fair. All the world had to be 
considered at once and all at the same time. 
This is how this great and very important 
work was successfully done : 

Circulars were sent to every diplomatic 
and consular representative of the United 
States telling briefly of the Exposition ; its 
national character; soliciting friendly aid in 
disseminating information ; announcing that 
the minister or consul would receive a 
weekly budget from the Fair, and requesting 
that a list of desirable people to interest m his 
district be sent at once to the department. 

A list of nearly five thousand newspapers 
published in foreign lands was made out, 
wrappers and envelopes addressed, and a 
weekly news-letter suited to the character 
of the publication and in the language of the 
country was dispatched. 

The American diplomats and consuls re- 
sponded nobly, and in less than two months 
a foreign mail-list of individuals, govern- 
ment officials, merchants, bankers, manu- 
facturers, and business firms, aggregating 
10,000 names, was duly registered, classified, 
and indexed in the books of the department, 
and the weekly news-budget was becoming 
an embarrassing factor in the already over- 
crowded and overworked Chicago post office. 

While this was being done the home field 
was not neglected. Circulars were sent to 
every representative newspaper in the 
United States and Canada (about thirty 
thousand were considered representative) 
telling that a weekly news-letter would 
issue from the department, and that such 
publications as would write asking for it 
would be supplied without charge. The 
names and home addresses of the members 
of thirty-five State legislatures were secured ; 
ditto all other State and Territorial officials, 
of the Senate and House of Representatives 
of the United States, and of prominent men 
and women in nearly every pursuit of life. 

The newspapers nearly all wanted the 
weekly letters; the others had to take them 
whether they desired or not. That they did 
want them was evidenced by the fact that 
every mail brought hundreds of letters con- 
taining the names of friends whom they 
desired to have served. 

The quick result was a domestic mail-list 
containing about fifty thousand names. The 
weekly letters went regularly to all these 
people; the individuals talked to their neigh- 
bors about the marvelous thing the Expo- 
sition would be ; the newspapers printed the 
splendidly prepared and interesting articles, 
and three months after the department be- 
gan operations Major Handy proudly, but 
without exaggeration, told the National 



34 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



Commissioners and Directors his depart- 
ment was in communication weekly wnth 
all the civilized and many of the only partly 
civilized people of the globe. 

It was an impressive evidence of the 
metropolitan proportions Chicago had at- 
tained that we were able to find not only 
men who could write for publication in the 
fourteen languages we were compelled to 
use, but printing-offices so well equipped 
with types, printers, and proofreaders that 
our articles could be sent out appearing as 
though printed in the country whose lan- 
guages we were using. French, Spanish, 
and German writers and printers were of 
course easily found; Swedish and Danish 
were a little more difficult; Russian and 
Turkish were almost too much for Chicago's 
resources, but were finally accomplished. 
When we came to Chinese an insurmount- 
able wall was encountered, and we had to 
send our manuscript to Canton to be there 
put in type, printed, and distributed. , 

What we called the ' ' Exposition News 
Letter," a budget of paragraphs making in 
space about i^^ columns of the Chicago 
Herald, was mailed weekly to the 60,000 
names on the mail-list. This meant 60,000 
i-cent stamps, or $600 per week for Uncle 
Sam's treasury. 

The next important step was the sending 
out of colored pictures showing the grounds 
and buildings. 
This involved a 
large expenditure, 
in fact the largest 
single item of the 
department. 

The leading lith- 
ographers of the 
country were in- 
vited to submit de- 
signs for the pict- 
ure, the ^ under- 
standing being 
that the firm pre- 
senting the most 
satisfactory design 
should be invited to name figures for print- 
ing the pictures. The successful design 
was painted in water-colors by Charles 
Graham, the well-known artist. The pict- 
ure is now familiar to nearly every^ Ameri- 
can, and has been placed on exhibition in 
every large city in the world. It may not 
be generally understood that it ranks as the 
finest sample of the lithographer's art ever 
produced in this country, if not in the 
world. It is printed in nineteen colors and 
tints, and the 100,000 copies ordered cost 
about 20 cents each, or $20,000. 

The distribution of these pictures involved 
an amount of work that nearly staggered 
the department when it was fully realized. 
All the pictures for the United States, Can- 
ada, and Mexico went by mail; but before 
being put in the post office each had to be 
carefully inclosed in a pasteboard tube, ad- 
dressed, and 6 cents in postage-stamps put 
on. To prev.ent costly duplication of the 




Robert E. A. Dorr. 



pictures to people who seemed to think they 
were entitled to get them by the dozen, 
each had to be entered in an index. This 
meant four handlings of each picture before 
it went to the post office. About 60,000 
pictures were sent out in this way, involving 
240,000 handlings, and an expense for post- 
age of $3,600. 

The pictures for foreign countries were 
delivered at much greater expense. The 
lithograph was larger than the rules of the 
International Postal Union allowed. For- 
eign express companies asked from 50 cents 
to $2.50 each for delivery, according to des- 
tination. This expense v/as, of course, out 
of the question. In this emergency an offi- 
cial of the department was sent to Washing- 
ton to confer with Postmaster-General Wan- 
amaker. Chicago and the Exposition owe 
Mr. Wanamaker a lasting debt of gratitude 
for his prompt and effective assistance in 
this important matter. He dispatched a 
letter to the chief postal official of every 
country in the union asking that the pict- 
ures be allowed to pass through their mails, 
and telling that the Exposition was not 
only a national but an international enter- 
prise. The replies were all favorable. The 
pictures were sent to the general post office 
at Washington in bulk, filling nearly an 
entire freight car, and under the direct 
supervision and orders of Mr. Wanamaker 
were forwarded to all parts of the globe at 
regular postal rates. 

As the work progressed and the country 
became alive to the vast proportions of the 
Exposition the editors of all sorts of class 
publications made requests on the depart- 
ment for articles especially adapted to their 
journals or magazines. The editor of an 
agricultural journal would declare that our 
weekly budget was very interesting, but he 
wanted something particularly adapted to 
his people; the scientific electrical publica- 
tions wrote in the same way, etc., until it 
seemed as though the department would 
have to employ an army of writers, each an 
expert on some one line of human energy or 
endeavor. I remember in one mail getting 
an indignant letter from the editor of a 
journal devoted to the interests of under- 
takers, complaining that our budget had not 
stated whether hearses and coffins would be 
allowed among the exhibits, or whether the 
progress that had been made in the art of 
embalming would be illustrated. Another 
letter was from the official organ of the 
Associated Societies of Deaf Mutes, inquir- 
ing how their interests would be repre- 
selited. Other editors represented breeders 
of fine poultry, boiler-makers, boat-builders, 
coal and iron miners, "gents" furnishing 
goods, etc. 

We subdivided our newspaper mail-list in 
class publications, and sent out fifty special 
budgets, devoted to separate interests, each 
month. I think we covered about every 
important interest except the undertakers 
and embalmers. That was too much for 
even so far-reaching an organization as that 



THE WAY TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



35 



of the Department of Publicity and Pro- 
motion. 

An important duty of the department 
charged with advertising the World's Fair 
was looking after correspondents of impor- 
tant publications sent to Chicago, to see for 
themselves just what was being done. 
Most of these correspondents came in an 
unfriendly spirit, to find flaws in the plans 
and management and to criticise. They 
came from all over Europe as well as from 
the United States, Canada, and South Amer- 
ica, It was fully understood by the de- 
partment that the participation of foreign- 
ers would depend largely on the reports 
that correspondents sent to their papers. 

In Europe these men would have been 
overwhelmed with courtesies and social 
attentions, both official and by prominent 
individuals interested in the success of a 
great home enterprise. The department 
had no appropriation for this purpose, and 
the scale of salaries paid would not warrant 
any official giving elaborate entertainments. 
It was therefore decided that these corre- 
spondents should be treated in a practical, 
business-like manner. If they did not speak 
English, an employe of the department 
who spoke their language was assigned to 
assist them. They were shown the build- 
ings and grounds ; the various departments 
were explained; the scheme of organization 
made clear; the participation of the Na- 
tional Government was shown, and they 
were invited to ask questions and indicate 
any particular line of investigation they 
would like to pursue. 

It must be remembered that in the East- 
ern States and in Europe few people be- 
lieved the Exposition had sufficient money 
backing to succeed; the statements sent out 
regarding the vast buildings, the number 
of exhibitors expected, and the ability of 
Chicago to handle the crowds were all 
looked on with more or less suspicion. 
This feeling had to be overcome. Confi- 
dence was established throughout the world 
because the Department of Publicity and 
Promotion, by straight American business 
methods, secured the confidence of the vis- 
iting correspondents and newspaper men 
throughout the world. 

It may be said in this connection, with 
propriety, that every statement sent out by 
the department was verified with as great 
care as the conservative newspaper editor, 
with libel suits in mind, verifies the items 
brought to him for publication. Circus 
methods were not used in advertising the 
Exposition; facts only were stated; and 
when predictions were made that such and 
such thing would be accomplished, the 
grounds for expecting the accomplishment 
were made clear. 

The scheme of advertising having been 
perfected and put in operation, it became 
necessary that the department should be 
able to point to results in justification of its 
large expenditure of money. To meet this 
point a system of scrap-books was arranged 



covering every State and Territory of the 
Union and every country in the world. Pub- 
lishers of all papers receiving information 
from the department were asked to send 
copies of their issues containing mention of 
the Fair. Thousands of publishers complied 
with the request, and in a short time the de- 
partment had the largest newspaper mail 
received at any American post office ad- 
dressed to any one business enterprise. 
These publications were all examined and 
everything about the Exposition clipped, 
classified, and, if of any importance, put in 
the proper scrap-book. 

Careful record was kept of the number of 
words printed in each language by the 
papers receiving the weekly news-budget. 
Each month showed more and more space 
devoted by editors to Exposition matters, 
until at last the recorded number of words 
in the daily clippings was equal to the num- 
ber contained in a 450-page book of the 
size of the ordinary paper-covered novel. 

Think of the advertising or publicity 
department of an exposition securing the 
publication daily in the leading papers of 
the world of such an immense amount of 
matter. Understand that of this matter the 
records show that over one-third was writ- 
ten and sent out by the department. Then 
reflect that no paper or publication was 
paid any money for printing news of the 
Exposition. The matter was offered and ac- 
cepted on its merits and interest as "news." 
It was a great feat of advertising, a stu- 
pendous work well done, and reflecting credit 
on all engaged in its planning and execu- 
tion. Had the officers and employes of this 
department been working merely for their 
salaries this work would have been a failure. 
Nearly all were newspaper men, and the same 
self-sacrificing energy and devotion, regard- 
less of hours on duty or personal interests 
neglected, that makes the great newspaper 
the wonderful production it is, brought tri- 
umph to the Department of Publicity and 
Promotion and made it a main factor in the 
certain success of the Exposition. 

R. E. A. DORR, 
Late Ass't Chief of Department of Pub- 
licity and Promotion. 

The World's Fair site is 1,037 acres in 
area, nearly four times the space of any 
previous exposition, while the number of 
square feet under roof — over 5,000,000 — is 
nearly twice as much as the greatest exposi- 
tion of the past. The beauty of the location 
of the buildings of the World's Columbian 
Exposition is that nearly every structure 
fronts on Lake Michigan. In the northern 
portion of the park are grouped nearly all the 
State buildings, the Fine Arts Building, and 
the various structures of foreign nations. 
Next comes the Fisheries Building, which is 
situated just north of the lagoon ; and directly 
west of the Fisheries Building, on the oppo- 
site side of the park, stands the Woman's 
Building; on the same side of the lagoon, 
which parallels the lake, are the Horticult- 



36 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



ural Building and the Transportation Build- 
ing. To the southward of the Government 
Building, on the east side of the lagoon and 
bordering on the lake, is the giant structure 
of the Fair, the Manufactures and Liberal 
Arts Building. South of this edifice is the 
great pier for lake steamers, extending 2,500 
feet into the lake, and on one wing of which 
is the Music Hall. Extending westward 
from the pier is a long avenue several hun- 
dred feet wide. All down this grand avenue, 
encompassing a beautiful sheet of water, 
stand imposing buildings, along the majestic 
facades of which the delighted gaze of the 
visitor sweeps until it rests on the Adminis- 
tration Building, nearly a mile distant. West 
of the Agricultural Building stands Machin- 
ery Hall which is its equal in size and is 
especially rich in architectural lines and de- 
tails. To the northward of the Administra- 
tion Building, on either side, and facing the 
grand avenue, stand two more immense 
buildings, one for the electrical and the other 
for the mining exhibit. Near by is the wooded 
island, a delightful gem of primitive nature, 
in striking contrast with the elaborate 
productions of human skill which surround 
it. In the southwest portion of the grounds 
are great depots, the numerous railway 
tracks, and the stock exhibits. The Forestry 
Building fronts the lake in the southeast, 
and near by is the Sawmill, the Dairy 
Building, the Krupp exhibit, the Convent 
of La Rabida, and various other smaller but 
equally interesting structures. 

The exhibits at the Exposition cover a 
wider range and are far more numerous than 
were ever before gathered together. The 
whole world is interested, and all the nations 
of the earth participate. From far-away 
India, Burmah, Siam, China, Japan, Persia, 
islands of the Pacific, Australia, Tasmania 
Egypt, Turkey, and the strange lands of mys- 
terious and almost unknown Africa come at- 
tractions of interesting character. All the 
European nations display great interest in 
the Exposition, and all have given the most 
practical evidence of their unqualified sup- 
port and cooperation. Their finest collec- 
tions of art are gathered here, and each 
country displays in the most complete man- 
ner its varied resources. All of the coun- 
tries of South and Central America, with 
Mexico, make the most elaborate and exten- 
sive exhibition of their splendid resources 
and products. Millions of money have been 
expended by these foreign countries, and 
the beauty of the Exposition has been en- 
hanced thereby to a greater degree. Many 
of these countries have constructed build- 
ings of the finest character in which to 
make their exhibits, the style of architect- 
ure being characteristic of the country rep- 
resented. Thus, in addition to the beauti- 
ful buildings erected by the Exposition, 
there is also provided a grand display of 
architecture from every part of the world, 
making the variety of design so extensive 
as to be bewildering in its outlines. 

Buildings and Grounds. — The dimensions 



of the great Exposition buildings are indi- 
cated in the following table : 

Dimen- Area 
sions in 
Manufactures and Liberal in feet, acres. 

Arts... 787x1687 30.5 

Administration 262 x 262 i . 6 

Mines 350 x 700 5.6 

Electricity 345 x 690 5.5 

Transportation 256 x 960 5.6 

Transportation Annex 425 x 900 8*8 

Woman's _ 199 x 388 1.8 

Art Galleries 320 x 500 3.7 

Art Gallery Annexes (2).._ 120 x 200 i.i 

Fisheries 165 x 365 1.4 

Fisheries Annexes (2) 135 diam. .8 

Horticulture 250 x 998 5.7 

Horticulture Greenhouses (8) 24 x 100 .5 

Machinery _ 492 x 846 9 . 6 

Machinery Annex 490 x 550 6.2 

Machinery Power House. ._ 490 x 461) 
Machinery Pumping Works. 77 x 84 >■ 2 , i 
Machinery Machine Shop.. 106 x 250) 

Agriculture. 500 x 800 9.2 

Agriculture Annex 300 x 550 3.8 

Agriculture Assembly Hall, 

etc. 125 X 450 1.3 

Forestry. 208 x 528 2.5 

Sawmill ___. 125 x 300 .8 

Dairy 100 x 200 .5 

Live Stock (2) 65 x 200 .9 

Live Stock Pavilion 280 x 440 2 . 8 

Live Stock Sheds.. ._ 40.0 

Casino 120 x 250 .7 

Music Hall 120 x 250 .7 

United States Government. 345 x 415 3.3 
United States Government 

imitation battle-ship 69.25 x 348 .3 

Illinois State.. 160 x 450 1.7 

Illinois State Wings (2) .3 

Total _ 159.3 

The Exposition buildings, not including 
those of the Government and Illinois, have 
also a total gallery area of 45.9 acres, thus 
making their total floor space 199.7 acres. 
The Fine Arts Building has 7,885 lineal feet, 
or 145,852 square feet of wall space. 

The following table indicates the total 
area in square feet in the principal build- 
ings and the amount of space assigned to 
foreign and domestic exhibitors: 

Dom- 
Foreign estic 
Total Ex- Exhib- 
Area. hibitors. itors. 

Agriculture 415.348 I34i732 251,471 

Horticulture 158,593 40,516 69,612 

Fisheries 80,598 24,875 42,132 

Mines and Mining 272,615 86,380 142,918 

Machinery 456,661 129,202 204,771 

Transportation.. 590,589 160,654 402,938 
Manufactures... 790,942 428,670 215,927 

Electricity 185,100 60,932 137,072 

Fine Arts 192,436 161,992 30,444 

Liberal Arts 346,206 119,754 202,420 

Ethnology. 101,312 43,656 57,656 

Forestry... 52,566 22,664 29,902 

3,642,966 1,420,027 1,787,263 



DEPARTMENT. 



THE WA Y TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



37 



HOW TO REACH THE EXPOSITION. 

Site. — The World's Columbian Exposition 
is located at Jackson Park and the Midway 
Plaisance, seven miles south of the city 
hall of Chicago. By railroad the time 
occupied to reach it is about half an hour, 
by steamboat forty-five minutes, and by 
cable cars about one hour's journey. 

Approaches. — There are five principal 
methods of reaching the Exposition grounds 
with a possible sixth route for the leisurely 
and luxurious, to be found by driving to the 
park by way of the magnificent Michigan 
Avenue Boulevard, and the inevitable last 
resort, the seventh, in walking to the 
grounds, for those fortunate enough to 
secure accommodations in close proximity 
to the gates. 

The more usually used routes are: 

I. The South Side Rapid Transit Rail- 
road (the Alley Elevated road), whose 
down-town terminal is located on Congress 
Street, between Wabash Avenue and State 
Street, within a stone's-throw of the Audi- 
torium Hotel. This line serves as one of 
the principal routes to the World's Fair 
grounds, having a capacity for conveying 
over 40,000 passengers per hour. It has 46 
locomotives, 180 cars, 37 miles of track, and 
cost $6,750,000. Opened for traffic on June 
6, 1892, it reaches Jackson Park in 35-1 min- 
utes for local slow trains and 24^ minutes 
from Twelfth Street by through fast trains. 

The stations are Congress Street (down- 
town terminus), Twelfth, Eighteenth, 
Twenty-second, Twenty-sixth, Twenty- 
ninth, Thirt}r-first, Thirty-third, Thirty- 
fifth, Thirty-ninth streets, Indiana Avenue, 
(here the line crosses to the alley between 
Prairie and Calumet avenues). Forty-third, 
Forty-seventh, Fifty-first, Fifty-fifth, Fifty- 
eighth, Sixty-first streets. South Park Ave- 
nue, Cottage Grove, Lexington, Madison, 
Stony Island avenues, and Jackson Park. 
Fare, 5 cents, single journey. 

The views on the route are not particu- 
larly interesting, at first consisting mainly of 
back yards and clothes-lines; but as the train 
reaches Fortieth Street it crosses fine boule- 
vards, and later runs in view of Washington 
Park. At the Fair grounds the train lands 
the visitor right in the grounds, in a 
specially constructed depot on the roof of 
the annex of the Transportation Building. 
Admission tickets to the grounds can be 
purchased at all stations except Congress 
Street, where the pressure of traffic is too 
severe; but this want is supplied by the 
principal hotels selling the necessary paste- 
board to tourists desirous of purchasing 
them before arrival at the grounds. 

The Exposition station is situated on the 
roof of the annex to Transportation Hall, 
close beside the station of the Intramural 
Railroad, so that passengers from down-town 
may transfer from one to the other without 
descending to the ground. 

Entering the park at Sixty-third Street 
and Stony Island Avenue, the south side 



tracks curve south into the station, dis- 
charging passengers opposite the end of 
Sixty-fourth Street. 

The station platform itself is 250 feet long 
and 80 feet broad, running north and south. 
It is covered with an iron roof and sur- 
rounded by a picket fence 7 feet high. 

Coming into the grounds the trains all 
run on the south -track and in going out 
take the north track, keeping always to the 
right, according to the rule of the road. 
The engine will always be in front of the 
train. 

The Intramural station is alongside and 
just east of the "L" station. Passengers 
landing on the west track who want to take 
the Intramural pass through turnstiles and 
go across a bridge which hangs directly 
over the staircase beyond the edge of the 
platform to the east; and those landing on 
the east tracks will find turnstiles to admit 
them to the Intramural platform, which is 
only divided from the east platform by a 
fence. 

2. The Illinois Central Railroad Com- 
pany, whose depots are located at the Lake 
Front foot of Lake Street, at the foot of Van 
Buren Street near the World's Fair steam- 
ship landing, and at Twelfth Street and 
Park Row. This line has a capacity of 
240,000 World's Fair passengers per day in 
addition to its ordinary and extensive sub- 
urban traffic. Its trains for the Exposition 
start as soon as filled, every 2i minutes 
if necessary, and reach Fifty-ninth Street 
and Midway Plaisance (G 13) in 20 minutes. 
The suburban trains starting from Park 
Row and Twelfth Street are convenient for 
reaching the State buildings, foreign 
buildings, Art Palace, and Woman's Build- 
ing by alighting at Fifty-seventh Street, 
(South Park Station) (B 13); while the 
Sixty-third Street Station (Q 12) is conven- 
ient for the Transportation, Administra- 
tion, and other principal buildings, the 
Grand Court of Honor, the Peristyle, etc. 
The fare for the round trip from Van Buren 
Street to Sixtieth Street by World's Fair 
trains is 20 cents. Admission tickets to the 
Fair can be purchased at the Van Buren 
Street Depot and principal stations, 50 
cents. By the suburban and slower line 
the single fare is 15 cents to Sixty- third 
Street, and round trip 25 cents. By special 
concession all passengers /r^;;? Van Bu7-e7i 
Street are landed on the Midway Plaisance 
instead of entering the Central Depot of the 
Exposition. The special cars for World's 
Fair traffic are roomy and cool. Boarding 
one at Van Buren Street the visitor is rap- 
idly carried past the Lake Front Park on 
the right, with its Columbus Statue and the 
huge stone structure of the Auditorium 
Hotel as landmarks; on the left is the har- 
bor, with innumerable craft of all kinds, all 
bound for the "White City." At Twelfth 
Street and Park Row is the new depot of 
the company, while along Park Row is the 
house in which Gen. John A. Logan lived. 
At Eighteenth Street the line skirts the 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



Lake Front and runs at the rear of Mr. 
George M. Pullman's magnificent residence. 
This is historic ground in the annals of 
Chicago, for by the old cottonwood tree in 
the roadway the treacherous Pottawatto- 
mies massacred the garrison of old Fort 
Dearborn on August 15, 1 812. A handsome 
monument, with artistic bas-relief, has been 
designed by the sculptor. Carl Rohl-Smith, 
and erected at the cost of the generous Pull- 
man car magnate. Still skirting the lake, 
whose limpid waters dance and ripple in the 
sun's bright rays, the visitors get a glimpse 
of the lofty Stephen A. Douglas Monument 
(on the right, near Thirty-fifth Street, in a 
pretty park), with its patriotic inscrip- 
tion, ' ' Tell my children to obey the laws and 
uphold the Constitution." The line now 
skirts the choicest residence section of Chi- 
cago, passes the Farragut Boat Club House 
on the lake shore, and runs on the land- 
ward side of the huge Chicago Beach Hotel 
at Fifty-first Street. At Fifty-fifth Street 
the Steele Mackaye Spectatorium Hall (see 
chapter on "Near-by Attractions") is seen 
on the left, with the Windermere Hotel at 
the corner of the same street and Cornell 
Avenue. We now 
enter the World's 
Fair district, and 
at Fifty-seventh 
Street Station get 
a view of the 
grounds on our 
left. Here are the 
State buildings, 
with Washing- 
ton's lofty flag- 
staff and Califor- 
nia's mission-like 
edifice, the Wom- 
an's Building, and Whaleback Steamer < 
Illinois, with its tall and inartistic dome. 
Now the train slackens speed and then 
stops, and the visitor alights at the Midway 
Plaisance, where he can enter the grounds 
proper by going to the left, or explore the 
Plaisance by taking the right-hand course. 

3. By Other Railroads to the Exposi- 
tion. — All railroads bringing passengers to 
Chicago enter the Central Railroad Depot 
(N 16), in the rear of the Administration 
Building, where the most satisfactory ar- 
rangements for visitors' comfort have been 
made. Several roads have made switching 
arrangements whereby passengers from 
their down-town depots will be able to 
travel direct to the Fair. Residents on the 
West Side of the city can travel by the 
Northern Pacific and Baltimore & Ohio, 
landing at the Central Railroad Depot. 

4. By Steamer on Lake Michigan. — The 
water route to the World's Fair is the scenic 
route, and to the majority of visitors is the 
most attractive, embracing as it does a sail 
for several miles on the bosom of Lake 
Michigan, an excellent view of the harbor, 
and a continuous panoramic picture of Chi- 
cago's water front to the gates of the Expo- 
sition. 



The lake route to the Exposition grounds 
is unquestionably far the most delightful 
and popular. There can be no doubt that 
the great majority of visitors will prefer to 
reach the park by that means, and certainly 
the facilities are such as to enable them to 
do so. 

From the deck of a steamboat the visitor 
obtains a view such as he can not get in any 
other way, and it is one of such surpassing 
attractions that no visitor will be content to 
misb it. He traverses Chicago's great outer 
harbor, where innumerable craft, large and 
small, with colors flying, are plying to and 
fro. Passing out into the lake he sees 
spread before his gaze for miles a panorama 
of the best-built and busiest city in the 
world. Before he tires of this the scene 
changes and before him lies the marvel- 
ously beautiful perspective of the Exposi- 
tion, with its gilded domes, its lofty towers, 
the imposing fa9ades of its great palaces, 
its fountains, statuary, greensward, and 
flowers — all gay with color or surroundings. 
The architectural and landscape features of 
the Exposition present a much more beauti- 
ful picture from the lake than they wouldfrom 
the top of an Eiffel 
tower, and this 
fact will weigh 
potently in induc- 
ing visitors to pat- 
ronize the steam- 
boats. The cool- 
ing lake breezes 
and the charm of 
music on the 
water also have 
their effect in the 
same direction. 
The distance is 

Christopher Columbus." SUCh that the 

round trip can easily be made in an hour and 
a half, allowing ample time for taking on 
and discharging passengers. The landing 
facilities for steamboats at either end of the 
route are practically unlimited. At Jackson 
Park very extensive piers and docks have 
been constructed, and a fine pier at Van 
Buren Street has been built for the express 
use of the World's Fair Steamship Company, 
which has the exclusive right of landing city 
passengers m the Exposition grounds. This 
company has a fleet of some twenty-five 
steamers and conve3^s passengers at a uni- 
form rate of 15 cents single fare and 25 cents 
for the round trip. In the fleet is the new 
steamer " Arthur Orr " (3,000 tons, capacity 
3,500 passengers) and the largest passenger 
steamer afloat, the new whaleback ' ' Christo- 
pher Columbus" (4,000 tons, capacity 5,000 
passengers). 

The Columbian Navigation Co.'s boats, 
starting from the foot of Randolph Street, 
and reached by way of the viaduct, land 
at the Fifty-fifth Street Pier, of which it has 
exclusive use, and places its passengers 
within two blocks of the Fifty-sixth Street 
and Cornell Avenue entrance to the grounds. 
Their fleet consists of ten large steamers. 




THE WAY TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



elegantly appointed in all respects, and 
making the round trip every hour. Their 
capacity is 15,000 per hour; their fare for 
single trip, 15 cents; round trip, 25 cents. 
This company also has a fleet of fine steam- 
yachts and small excursion steamers, which 
can be rented by private parties, if desired. 
The company also has a special fleet of six- 
teen steamers leaving Lincoln Park and Ful- 
lerton Avenue, transferring their passengers 
at Randolph Street to their World's Fair line. 
Single fare, 15 cents; round trip, 25 cents. 

5. The Street (Cable) Car Route to the 
Fair consists of two principal lines, namely: 
The Cottage Grove Cars, which, starting 
from the loop at Randolph Street, run along 
Wabash Avenue to Twenty-second Street, 
thence to Cottage Grove Avenue as far as 
the power-house at Fifty-fifth Street, thence 
to Jefferson Street, to Fifty-sixth, and then 
to Lake Avenue. To the leisurely traveler 
there can in pleasant weather be few more 
agreeable methods of reaching the Expo- 
sition grounds. Let him secure a front seat 
on the grip-car at Randolph Street and Wa- 
bash Avenue, and the varied sights that 
meet his eye on a fair summer's day will 
more than repay him for the fifty-three min- 
utes or more occupied in reaching his desti- 
nation. At the corner of Jackson Street the 
Wellington Hotel is seen on the left. Just be- 
fore reaching Congress Street the Audito- 
rium, with its lofty tower, looms up to the left. 
At Harmon Court the panoramas of the 
Battle of Gettysburg and Jerusalem and 
the Crucifixion are seen on the right and 
left, respectively, of the car-tracks. A little 
farther on the left is John Brown's Fort, 
located between Thirteenth and Four- 
teenth streets. Then on the same side of 
the way the tourist observes the front of 
Grace Church (Rev. Dr. Clinton Locke, 
rector), one of the leading Episcopal 
churches of Chicago. Immediately adjoin- 
ing Grace Church is the Libby Prison 
War Museum and Uncle Tom's Cabin. 
At Sixteenth Street the cars cross the Illi- 
nois Central Railroad tracks. Here the 
huge red, castellated armory of the First 
Regim.ent of the Illinois National Guard is 
seen a block away on the left. Between 
Sixteenth and Eighteenth the visitor no- 
tices on the left hand Hardy's Subterra- 
nean Theater, and on the right, between 
Eighteenth and Twentieth streets, Havlin's 
Theater is passed. At Twenty-second Street 
the car turns eastward, crossing the Michi- 
gan Avenue Boulevard where the Lexing- 
ton Hotel stands, and resuming its southern 
route at Cottage Grove Avenue, which is 
without noticeable feature until just beyond 
Thirty-third Street, when Groveland Park 
and Woodlawn Park are seen on the left, 
and a hurried glimpse is had of the Douglas 
Monument (see ante p. 38). In this locality 
Camp Douglas was located during the Civil 
War and many thousand Confederate pris- 
oners of war were confined. At Thirty-ninth 
Street the Oakland Hotel and a vista of the 
beautiful Drexel Boulevard are seen on the 



left, the cars also crossing Oakwood Boule- 
vard, which stretches away to the right. 
More railroad tracks are crossed, and the 
cars run parallel to the Drexel Boulevard 
until at Fifty-first the Drexel Fountain is 
seen on the left, surrounded by verdant, 
well-kept lawns and artistic flower-beds. 
Now the line skirts the largest of the city's 
breathing-spaces — Washington Park — until 
at Fifty-fifth Street the power-house, with 
its mammoth wheels and whirring engines, 
is on the left. Here the visitor desirous of 
reaching the northern (or State buildings) 
end of the Exposition grounds (B 14) should 
transfer to a South Park car (if not already 
on one), which turns to the left. Inquiry of 
the gripman or conductor will prevent mis- 
take. The line running straight ahead 
lands visitors at the Fifty-ninth Street 
entrance to the Midway Plaisance (F i), or 
by transfer to an electric-car system at the 
Sixty-third Street entrance to the grounds 
(L 14). Fare, 5 cents. 

The State Street Cable-Cars, one block 
westward of the Cottage Grove cars, start 
from the loop near the Masonic Temple and 
traverse the heart of the retail-stores dis- 
trict of Chicago. The palace-like stores of 
Marshall Field & Co. , Mandel Bros. , Schles- 
inger & Mayer, and Siegel, Cooper & Co. 
are on the left, The Fair on the right; then 
the line runs through a squalid district 
sacred to the colored brother and his para- 
sites. The Alhambra Theater is near 
Twentieth Street, on the right, and the 
boulevard is crossed at Fifty-fifth Street. 
Ask for a transfer before reaching Sixty- 
first Street, and there take the electric cars 
to the left, which will land the visitor within 
one block of the Exposition. Fare, 5 cents. 

6. Driving to the Fair. — The Michigan 
Avenue Boulevard forms a most attractive 
route to the Fair, and the finest street in the 
world (as Max O'Rell styled it) is well 
worth traversing for those who have the 
time and can afford the carriage-hire. At 
numerous livery-stables well-appointed car- 
riages can be secured at reasonable rates, 
and a line of handsome four-horse coaches 
runs regularly between the city and the Expo- 
sition grounds. The boulevard is bordered 
by the houses of Chicago's wealthiest citi- 
zens, and the route is fully described in the 
various guides to the city issued by the pub- 
lishers of this guide. 

The luxurious route to the Fair is that 
selected by the Columbia Coach Company, 
embracing the choicest section of the Chi- 
cago boulevard system. Leaving the hotels, 
the route leads down Michigan Boulevard 
to Oakwood Boulevarcl, thence by way of 
Grand and Drexel boulevards to Washing- 
ton and Jackson parks. The well-sprinkled 
and dustless roads traversed are devoted 
entirely to pleasure-driving, and present an 
ever-changing scene of life, which might be 
characterized as the holiday side of Chicago. 
For miles on either side stand the palatial 
residences of Chicago's wealthiest citizens, 
while the magnificent grounds encircling 



40 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



these ideal homes afford a refreshing glimpse 
of the pleasures of urban life. The coaches 
designed for this line combine all the advan- 
tages of the modern landau with those of 
the old-time " Tallyho," in supplying each 
passenger with an outside seat and an unob- 
structed view. 

The drivers are old-time whips, who have 
been historic actors in the principal events 
of which the history of the West is made 
up. The overland route to the Pacific has 
been their stamping-ground, and those who 
have guided their six-in-hands through the 
tortuous ravines and defiles of the Rock- 
ies will have but a vacation in making the trip 
up and down the boulevards of Chicago, 
Here are drivers who, to carry out the 
boasts of these men, who scheduled ten 



booking office is located at 14 Jackson Street, 
in the Leland Hotel, where all definite in- 
formation may be obtained. 

7. Walking to the Fair. — As many hun- 
dreds of hotels and apartments are located 
in the immediate vicinity of the Exposition 
grounds, many will dispense with any method 
of conveyance other than their pedal extrem- 
ities. To aid them in selecting the appro- 
priate entrance — 

The Entrances to the Exposition are 
set out below, and their locations discussed. 
It is well to know which is the most con- 
venient of the fiineteeii entrances by which 
one may enter the park on three sides. 
Those who live on the South Side between 
the Illinois Central tracks and the lake, and 
within walking distance of the park, will 




1 he Columbia Coach Company. 



miles an hour between the Missouri River 
and San Francisco, can drive a four or six 
horse coach through places where the 
Eastern driver could not lead the animals 
by their halters. As nearly as may be 
in this sybaritic age, the passenger will 
realize what a trip across " the plains" used 
to be in the palmy days when old Ben Hol- 
liday, of Platte County, Mo., was the auto- 
crat of all first-class travel between ocean 
and ocean ; a journey which may now be 
made in a gorgeous Pullman car equipped 
with every luxury. The well-matched coach- 
horses will make the spin in any case in easy 
time, as relays will lighten the journey. 
The delights' of the journey will far excel 
any possible written description. The fare 
has been fixed at an amount which will 
insure an exclusive and select patronage. 
Crowding will not be permitted, and the jour- 
ney either way will be one of comfort — rest- 
ful at night, exhilarating in the morning. 

Schedule time will be made, leaving at 
short intervals the hotels in the heart of the 
city from 7.30 a. m. through the day. The 



find the Cornell Avenue entrance (A 1 5) the 
most available. It enters the park at the 
extreme north end, one block east of Stony 
Island Avenue. It will prove especially con- 
venient to those living on East End and 
Everett avenues, Fifty-sixth Street, and the 
streets just north of Fifty-sixth Street. It is 
close to the Esquimau village and the north- 
ern group of State buildings. The Fifty- 
seventh Street entrance (B 14), fronting 
on Stony Island Avenue, will probably be 
the most used of all the park entrances. 
It is opposite the South Park Station of 
the Illinois Central Railroad (B 13), where 
all suburban trains from the city stop. 
The Cottage Grove Avenue cable also 
lands passengers within 300 feet of this 
entrance. It is the most direct entrance 
to reach the State buildings, the northern 
tier of foreign buildings, and the Art Pal- 
ace. The entrance on the North Pier (E 
22), at which boats from the city make 
their first stop, will also prove a conven- 
ient way to reach the southern tier of 
State buildings, the foreign buildings, the 



77^5" WAY TO THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



41 




model battle-ship " Illinois, "the Government 
and Fisheries buildings. Those who come 
by boat will also find it the shortest route to 
the northern end of the great Manufactures 
Building. The southern end of the Manu- 
factures Building, the Agricultural Building, 
the Monastery of La Rabida, the Forestry 
Building, the leather exhibit, the Krupp 
Gun Works exhibit, the Dairy exhibit, and 
the Casino and Music Hall may be easily 
reached through the entrances at the end 
of the great Main Pier (K 22-27), where 
there are 20 ticket-windows and 100 exit- 
gates. Returning 
to the west side of 
the park, which is 
^7 bounded by Stony 
Island Avenue, 
one finds five gates 
below the Fifty- 
seventh Street en- 
trance, making six 
entrances on the 
west side of the park in all. The entrances 
at Sixtieth Street (G 14) and Sixty-fourth 
Street (N 14) will be used by passengers 
who come from the city on Illinois Central 
suburban trains, as the railroad com- 
pany has stations at all the streets 
named. The entrance at Sixtieth vStreet is 
between the Woman's Building and the 
Horticultural Building. It gives easy access 
to the Illinois State Building, the Wooded 
Island, and the Government and Fisheries 
buildings. It is also a direct entrance to the 
Midway Plaisance. The Fifty-ninth Street 
entrance (F 14) is at the northeastern corner 
of the Plaisance, and is the nearest one to 
the Illinois State Building. At the western 
end of the Plaisance (FG i) is a large 
entrance fronting on Cottage Grove Ave- 
nue. The Cottage Grove Avenue cable-cars 
pass directly in front of this entrance. 

An extension of the Cottage Grove Avenue 
road carries passengers from Cottage Grove 
Avenue by way of Sixty-third Street to the 
park, landing them directly at an entrance (L 
14). This entrance gives easy access to the 
Choral Building, Transportation Building, 
and the Wooded Island. The Illinois Cen- 
tral trains stop at Sixty-third Street (Wood- 
lawn Station) (L 12). From that station the 
nearest entrances are at Sixty-second and 
Sixty-fourth streets. Bicyclists can check 
their wheels at the Sixty-second Street en- 
trance. Fee, 25 cents. The South Side Rapid 
Transit Company runs its trains down Sixty- 
third Street and directly into the grounds. 
The Sixty-fourth Street entrance (M 14) 
will be the most direct way to reach the 
Transportation, Mines, Electricity, Admin- 
istration, Machinery, and smaller buildings 
at the southwestern end of the park. The 
entrance at Sixty-seventh Street _(S 14) will 
prove convenient to those living in the ex- 
treme southern part of the city. It is at the 
southwestern corner of the park. Entrances 
at Sixty-fifth Street and Palmer Avenue (P 14) 
will probably be used mostly by workmen. 
Only those cars marked " Oakwoods " trans- 



fer passengers to the park at Sixty-third 
Street. Residents of Oak Park, Austin, and 
other western suburbs will be taken by rail di- 
rectly into the grounds at the extreme south- 
ern end, and landed at the Central Railroad 
Depot (N 16), behind the Administration 
Building. The State Street cable-cars trans- 
fer passengers down Sixty-third Street to 
the park. The Sixty-second Street en- 
trance (J 14) will be a desirable one for 
carriages and people from the great resi- 
dence district west of the center of the 
park. In all there are provided for visit- 
ors to the park 326 turnstiles, 97 ticket- 
booths, 182 ticket-windows, and 172 exit- 
gates. There are also to be twenty-two 
ticket-booths in the business portion of 
Chicago. To recapitulate, gate facilities 
have been provided as follows: 

Cornell Avenue. 

Fifty-seventh Street. 

Fifty-ninth Street. 

East Illinois Central tracks. 

West Illinois Central tracks. 
South end: 

Sixtieth Street. 

Sixty-second Street. 

Terminal Station. 

Elevated Railroad. 

Sixty-fourth Street. 

Sixty-fifth Street Terrace. 

Southwest corner park. 

Palmer Avenue. 
Midway Plaisa7ice: 

Monroe Avenue. 

Greenwood Avenue. 

Cottage Grove Avenue. 

Greenwood Avenue (south). 

Oglesby Avenue. 
Steamer Landings : 

Main Pier. 

Naval Pief . 

The big days at the Fair will see a crush 
about the ticket- windows at Jackson Park. 
In order to do away with this as much as 
possible arrangements have been made for 
the sale of tickets down-town as follows: 

Van Buren Street Pier. 
Depots of the Illinois Central Railroad: 

Van Buren Street. 

Randolph vStreet. 

Twenty-second Street. 

Thirty-sixth Street. 

Forty-third Street. 
Hotels: 

Palmer House. 

Auditorium Hotel. 

Auditorium Annex. 

Sherman House. 

Victoria Hotel. 

Grand Pacific Hotel. 

The visitor should refrain from purchasing 
admission tickets from street fakirs or stran- 
gers. Buy at the proper places or at the 
booths at the gates, and no forgeries will 
cause delay or refusal of admittance. The 
entrance-gates are novel, and operated by 
the insertion of the ticket, which is muti- 
lated by machinery. They also register the 
entrance of each visitor. 



CHAPTER III. 



THE FIRST DAY AT THE FAIR. 




HE Trip to 
the Fair. 

— Let us 
assume 
that the 
visitor has 
arrived in Chi- 
'/cago over 
night, and has 
reached his 
hotel or pre- 
'ously en- 
gaged rooms. 
Then, refresh- 
ed by a sound 
sleep, fortified 
by a substantial breakfast, he naturally 
desires to start off bright and early to visit 
the myriad wonders of the vast and beau- 
teous ' ' White City. " Certainly he will desire 
on the first day of his visit to reach the Fair 
grounds as rapidly as possible. Let him 
proceed to the Elevated Railroad Depot at 
Congress Street, between Wabash Avenue 
and State Street, there taking the cars 
direct for the World's Fair grounds. The 



Paying his 50 cents, purchasing a ticket, and 
passing through the automatic turnstile, 
the visitor descends a grand stairway fifty 
feet wide, and at length stands on that 
enchanted inclosure of white palaces which 
rose from a marsh and a morass in two 
years or less. In reaching the ground the 
visitor passes over the special exhibit of the 
Vanderbilt Railroad lines and Wagner 
Palace Car Company (M 15), while facing 
him are the exhibits of the Hygeia Mineral 
Springs Company (N 16), and a little far- 
ther to the right the Pennsylvania Rail- 
road Company's exhibit and a model water 
station exhibited by the United States Wind- 
Engine and Pump Company of Batavia, 
111., with an ore-yard of the Ore Mining 
Company behind it. 

The Hercules Iron Works of Chicago is 
famous for its ice-making machinery, and at 
the World's Fair its pavilion shows a grand 
exhibit of its machinery and methods. Its 
plant lies due west of the Administration 
Building, and its edifice, of the Romanesque 
order of architecture, covers a space 
130x255 feet, five stories high. At each 




route has already been fully described 
(ante p. 37). 

The Exposition station is located on the 
roof of the annex of the Transportation 
Building (Q 15), with a station of the In- 
tramural Elevated Railroad in close prox- 
imity, so that a transfer to that sys^tem can 
be had without descending to the ground. 



The Cold Storage Building. 

corner is an imposing tower 100 feet high, 
and the beautiful central tower, in reality a 
smoke-stack, has an altitude of 220 feet. 
The main entrance is a massive Roman 
arch supported by eight beautiful columns, 
the segments and spandrels of the arch 
ornamented with figures of Hercules, Vul- 
can, etc., in bas-relief. On either side of 



(42) 



THE FIRST DAY AT THE FAIR. 



43 



the doorway are heroic figures in the style 
of the andro-sphinx. From the main 
entrance the visitor passes into the engine- 
room, where are located three 120-ton "Her- 
cules" machines of the latest type. On 
either side are the dynamos for arc and in- 
candescent electric-lighting. The engine- 
room contains five engines, each of a differ- 
ent type, and the boiler plant, of two types 
of tubular and water-tube boilers, has a 
capacity of 800 horse-power. Above the 
boiler-room is a fire-proof story in which are 
located the ammonia condensers and water- 
purifying apparatus. To the left of the 
boiler and engine rooms is a two-story 
apartment, 100x130 feet, where the manu- 
facture of ice under all conditions and by all 
processes may be seen. The plate system, 
from filtered water; the can system, from 
condensed steam, filtered and purified, and 
the can system from de-aerated water are all 
shown. The tanks can produce 110 tons 
daily when required. By the plate system 
ten tons daily is produced. Newly patented 
hoists for lifting the cans, electric cranes 
and cutting devices, owned by the company, 
are exhibited. The ice-storage room has a 
capacity of 3,000 tons. The cold-storage de- 
partment has 700,000 cubic feet of space, 
divided into rooms for meat, fruit, vege- 
tables, etc. The three methods of furnish- 
ing the cold air for plants of this kind are 
all thoroughly displayed. 

The plant as a whole, in this department, 
as in the ice-making department, thus shows 
all of the approved methods of cooling in 
actual operation, with every facility afforded 
for comparison of the results obtained by 
each. The best methods of insulation are 
also exhibited in this plant, which, though 
intended only as a temporary one, has been 
fully equipped in all respects, so that the 
student of refrigerating methods may be 
fully repaid for his outlay of time and 
trouble in visiting it. Wood, and paper, 
and mineral wool are the materials used for 
insulating purposes, and they are the ones 
employed here, though the exterior of the 
building has been covered with staff, for 
decorative purposes solely. As every one 
may not be familiar with the composition 
of staff, it may be as w^ell to state that it is 
composed of a light plaster of paris and 
hemp or other fiber cut into short lengths. 
Whether considered for ornament or use, 
this display may well take a high rank 
among the best, and will repay a visit and 
careful examination. It has only been a 
few years since ice-making, except by 
Nature's own process, was unheard-of, save 
by way of experiment; now we see large 
companies devoted to the manufacturing of 
ice-making machines alone, and under the 
blazing heat of the tropical sun. Ice has, in 
consequence, become as well known and 
almost as cheap as in the frigid regions of 
the polar circles. A cut of the Hercules 
Co.'s plant is herewith given. 

The fifth floor will be devoted to a skating- 
rink with a floor of manufactured ice, giving 



patrons the full advantage of cold- weather 
skating, except that the atmosphere around 
is like summer. There will also be estab- 
lished on this floor a restaurant which for 
appointments and service will excel any- 
thing on the grounds. 

The exhibit of the Eclipse Wind Engine 
Co., Beloit, Wis., is located outside of the 
north end of the Annex to the Transporta- 
tion Building, and faces the stairway lead- 
ing from the terminal of the South Side 
Elevated Railroad. It represents a railroad 
water-station, is made up of a tank 16 x 24 
feet, on a standard substructure, and a 
20-foot Eclipse railroad windmill on a 
50-foot tower, connected to a 4 x 12 Eclipse 
railroad pump. The house contains a Fair- 
banks, Morse & Co.'s duplex steam pump 
and boiler — connected — and track tools. 
Across the front end of the lot is set a 60- 
ton 42-foot Fairbanks' railroad track scale, 
with track on the platform, on which are 
shown hand and push cars, a railroad veloc- 
ipede-car, and a set of wrecking frogs. 

Near the end of the scale is located a 
stand-pipe, connected to the tank, showing 
the manner of filling engine tender with 
water other than by fixtures on the tank 
itself. A porch in front of the house covers 
the platform to the track scale. 

The exhibit is an attractive one, and was 
installed by and is in charge of Fairbanks, 
Morse & Co. of Chicago. 

THE TRANSPORTATION 
BUILDING 

(Q I5)» with its polychrome decoration and 
statuary (by John J. Boyle of Philadelphia), 
representing various inventors of improve- 
ments in transportation, subsequently de- 
scribed, comes next. It is in the form of 
three large train-sheds, is 256 x 960 feet, 
and has a floor area of nearly gi acres. An 
annex is 425 x 900 feet, and contains 9^ acres 
of floor area. Cost of both, $370,000. Archi- 
tects, Messrs. Adler & Sullivan of Chicago, 
who thus gracefully describe their artistic 
edifice: 

The Transportation Building, designed 
by Messrs. Adler & Sullivan of Chicago, is 
one of the group forming the northern, or 
picturesque, quadrangle. It is situated at 
the southern end of the west flank and lies 
between the Horticultural and the Mines 
buildings. It is axial with the Manufact- 
ures Building on the east side of the quad- 
rangle, the central feature of each of the 
two buildings being on the same east and 
west line. The Transportation Building is 
simple in architectural treatment, although 
it is intended to make it very rich and elab- 
orate in detail. In style it is somewhat 
Romanesque, although to the initiated the 
manner in which it is designed on axial 
lines, and the solicitude shown for good pro- 
portions and subtle relation of parts to each 
other, will at once suggest the methods of 
composition followed at the JEcole des Beaux 
Arts. Viewed from the lagoon, the cupola 



THE FIRST DAY AT THE FAIR. 



45 



of the Transportation Building will form an 
effective feature southwest of the quad- 
rangle; while from the cupola itself , reached 
by eight elevators, the northern court, a 
beautiful effect of the entire Exposition, will 
be seen. The main entrance to the Trans- 
portation Building consists of an immense 
single arch enriched with carvings, bas- 
reliefs, and mural paintings; the entire 
feature forms a rich and beautiful yet 
quiet color climax, for it is treated entirely 
in gold-leaf and called the golden door. 
The remainder of the architectural com- 
position falls into a just relation of con- 
trast with the highly wrought entrance, 
and is duly quiet and modest, though very 
broad in treatment. It consists of a con- 
tinuous arcade with subordinated colon- 



main galleries of this building, because of 
the abundant placing of passenger elevators, 
will prove quite accessible to visitors. The 
cupola, with its broad balconies, and the 
wide terrace at the foot of the clear-story roof 
will be used as a promenade for visitors. 
From thesg points a most beautiful view of 
the surrounding country can be obtained. 
The roof over the great main entrance is 
used as an outdoor restaurant. 

The main building of the transportation ex- 
hibit measures 960 feet front by 256 feet deep ; 
from this extends westward to Stony Island 
Avenue a triangular annex covering about 
nine acres, and consisting of one-story 
buildings sixty-four feet wide, set side by 
side. As there is a railway-track every 
sixteen feet, and as all these tracks run 




^VV^^ Wv\».vivT-<i' 



The Golden Doorway, 

nade and entablature. Numerous minor 
entrances are from time to time pierced in 
the walls, and with them are grouped ter- 
races, seats, drinking-fountains, and statues. 
The interior of the building is treated 
much after the manner of a Roman basilica, 
with broad nave and aisles. The roof is 
therefore in three divisions. The middle one 
rises much higher than the others, and its 
walls are pierced to form a beautiful 
arcaded clear-story. The cupola, placed 
exactly at the center of the building, and 
rising 165 feet above the ground, is reached 
by eight elevators. These elevators of 
themselves naturally form a part of the 
transportation exhibit, and as they also 
carry passengers to galleries at various 
stages of height, a fine view of the interior of 
the building may be easily obtained. The 



Transportation Building. 

east and west, these annex buildings may 
be used to exhibit an entire freight or pas- 
senger train coupled up with its engine. 
Add to the effect of the exhibits the archi- 
tectural impression given by the long 
colonnaded nave, and it may easily be 
imagined that the interior of the Transpor- 
tation Building is one of the most impres- 
sive of the Exposition. The exhibits to be 
placed in the building naturally include 
everything of whatsoever name or sort de- 
voted to purposes of transportation, and 
range from a baby-carriage to a mogul 
engine, from a cash-conveyer to a balloon 
or a carrier-pigeon. TechniccTlly, this ex- 
hibit includes everything comprised in Class 
G of the official classification. To assist 
in the placing of the exhibits, a transfer 
railway, with 75-foot turn-tables, runs 



46 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



1 1— B._7 ' 




United states A 

Germany B 

France C 

Austria D 

Great Britain E 

Canada F 

Mexico G 

Spain H 

Russia - 1 

Brazil J 



THE TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 



47 




the entire length of the structure and im- 
mediately west of the main building. 

Not the least interesting feature of the 
Transportation Building is the beautiful 
scheme of polychrome decoration to be 
applied to its exterior. To treat the build- 
ing externally in many colors was the origi- 
nal thought of the architects in the first con- 
ception of their design. The architecture 
of the building, therefore, has been care- 
fully prepared throughout with reference to 
the ultimate application of color, and many 
large plain surfaces have been left to receive 
the final polychrome treatment. The orna- 
mental designs for this work in color are of 
great and intricate delicacy; the patterns, 
interweaving with each other, produce an 
effect almost as fine as that of embroidery. 
As regards the colors themselves, they 
comprise nearly the whole galaxy, there 
being not less than thirty different shades 
of color employed. These, however, are 
so delicately and softly blended and so 
nicely balanced against each other that the 
final effect suggests not so much many 
colors as a single beautiful painting. 

Landscape artists practically use poly- 
chrome to a great extent in the rendering of 




■S.,M<:'N. A Co. 



Willard A. Smith. 

their paintings, for on close observation it 
is easy for even the uninitiated to see that 
the color changes almost every one-quarter 
square inch, and the beauty and effective- 
ness and truthfulness of a landscape paint- 
ing depend very largely upon the extent to 
which the artist has softened and blended 
many colors into each other. 

As in a landscape painting one will find 
spots of high sunlight and brilliant colors 
balanced by cool shadows and low tones, so 
in the Transportation Building there are 
parts in which the color is worked to a 
high pitch of intensity and others in which 
the coloring is soft, cool, and quiet. 

The general scheme of color treatment 
starts with a delicate light-red tone for 
the base of the building. This is kept 
entirely simple and free from ornament in 
order to serve as a base for the more elaborate 
work above. The culmination of high color 
effect will be found in the spandrels be- 
tween the main arches. Here the work is 
carried to a high pitch of intensity of color, 
and reliance is placed on the mam cornice 



48 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



of the building, which is very simply treated, 
to act as a balancing and quieting effect in 
the general composition. In the center of 
the spandrels is placed a beautiful winged 
figure representing the idea of transporta- 
tion. This figure is painted in light colors 
and will have a background of gold-leaf. 
The color scheme of the building as a 

whole, of 
course, cul- 
minates in 
the great 
golden door- 
^way. This 
'entire en- 
trance, lOO 
feet wide and 
70 feet high, 
si:." which is in- 

crusted over its entire surface with delicate 
designs in relief, is covered throughout 
its entire extent with gold, and colors in 
small quantities are worked in between 
the designs and reliefs so as to give the 
whole a wonderfully effective aspect. 
ADLER & SULLIVAN, 

Architects. 
Chicago, February 25, 1893. 
At the entrance to the south door of the 
Transportation Building stand, on the right. 





statues of Stephenson, Barrett, Scott, and a 
figure typical of water transportation; and 
on the left, statues of Montgolfier, Vander- 
bilt, Watt, and a figure typical of land 
transportation. Between these groups the 
visitor finds the southern doorway, and 
enters the building. 

The Department of Transportation in- 
cludes in its classification the following 
groups: 

GROUP NO. 

80. — Railways, Railway Plants, and Equip- 
ment. 

81. — Street-Car and other Street-Line Sys- 
tems. 

82. — Miscellaneous and Special Railways. 

83. — Vehicles and Methods of Transporta- 
tion on Common Roads. 

84. — Aerial, Pneumatic, and other Forms 
of Transportation. 

85. — Vessels, Boats; Marine, Lake, and 
River Transportation. 

86. — Naval Warfare and Coast Defense. 

Entering the south door of the Transpor- 
tation Building, Germany's exhibit is found 
occupying this entire end and part of the 
annex. Its decorative exhibits are very 
fine. The particular features consist of two 
large locomotives; all kinds of cars, includ- 
ing a Red Cross ambulance train; inter- 
locking switch systems, etc. Next on the 
right of the main aisle is the International 
Navigation Company's (the Inman Line's) 
fine display of models of ocean steamers, and 
a full-size section of one of their ocean liners; 
and opposite, to the left of the aisle, is the dis- 
play of the Harlan & Hollingsworth Co., 
with its collection of gas engines, naphtha 
launches, etc. On the right, again, is found 
the Austrian display, consisting chiefly of 
saddlery and carriages, but also showing 
the zone system peculiar to the railway 
management of that country. On the oppo- 
site side is the display of Japan. Adjoining 
Japan's exhibit comes that of the Bethlehem 
Iron Company, which also occupies a corner 
of the Austrian space across the aisle. 

We have now 
reached the 
striking exhibit 
of the Bethle- 
hem Iron Com- 
pany from the 
famous Gun and 
Armor Works, 
situated in the 
Lehigh Valley, 
at South Bethle- 
hem, Pa. Even 
those who are 
unacqua i n t e d 
withthe prod- 
ucts of this 
company are 
attracted to the 
gigantic struct- 
u r e, w h i c h ., . , , c* u 

^•(■^i^^r. 4--u^«^^i-K. Model of Steam Hammer. 

strides the mam 

aisle like the Colossus of Rhodes. 
We are here introduced to an exact repro- 




James Watt. 



THE TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 



49 



duction of Bethlehem's 125-ton steam ham- 
mer — the largest in the world — under which 
the heaviest armor plates are forged and 
shaped. It is appropriately placed amid 
the models and sectional plans of battle and 
merchant ships that require the products of 
the forge . It towers ninety-one feet in height 
to the very roof beams, and so excellently 
have the wood and staff been molded together 
that to all appearances the model is solid 
iron . The anvil block could not be shown in 
place as it would obstruct the passageway. 
Bethlehem's exhibit is divided into three 
sections. Turning to the left and pass- 
ing under a second arch, formed in a 61 -ton 
housing of one of the hammer-legs, we 
enter the first section. Passing to the left 
toward the stairway we find ourselves be- 
tween two immense steel f orgings which are 
the barrel and jacket of a navy 13-inch can- 
non. They are splendid examples of the 
hollow forgings Bethlehem turns out from 
its famous hydraulic presses. 

In the corner near the staircase 
is a smooth-forged trunnion hoop 
for securing a 12-inch 50-ton army 
gun to its carriage . Passingtothe 
front of this section we find a navy 
12-inch breech-loading rifle, a 
magnificent example of ordnance 
engineering. It was fabricated at 
the Washington Gun Factory of 
fiuid-pressed, hydraulic-forged steel made at 
Bethlehem. It weighs 45.2 tons, is 37 feet 
long, has a muzzle velocity of 2,000 feet sec, 
and fires an 850-pound projectile with 425 
pounds of powder, with an energy sufficient 
to perforate 22^ inches of iron. 

Crossing the aisle at the foot of the stair- 
way and entering the second section we find 
ourselves surrounded by a remarkable col- 
lection. On the right is a model of a 113- 
ton ingot, or casting, of steel from which the 
armor plates are forged by the colossal 
steam hammer. 

Directly opposite is a large pile of forged 
steel hoops, beyond which are three splen- 
did examples of steel armor, and a nickel- 
steel ventilator for 
the monitor ' ' Puri- 
tan," seven feet in 
diameter, forged in 
one piece without 
welds. The largest 
is a curved nickel- 
steel plate, seven- 
teen inches thick, 
one of thirteen re- 
quired to form the 
barbette of the bat- 
tle-ship "Indiana." 
While its shape dis- 
plays the power of 
Bethlehem's huge 
bending-presses, its 
exquisite finish shows the marvelous machine 
facilities that establishment must possess. 

The next is one of Bethlehem's celebrated 
case-hardened, nickel-steel plates, lo-i inches 
thick, which has been subjected to an attack 



of the enormous energy of 25,040 foot tons, 
during which the five 8-inch 250-lb. Holtzer 
armor-piercing shells lost their identity, and 
were completely pulverized, without seri- 
ously injuring the plate. 

The third plate is the first heavy steel armor 
plate made in the United States. It is iii 
inches thick, and was tested in 1891, showing 
itself superior to any other plate of its size. 
To the right is one of the most remarka- 
ble articles of the 
entire exhibit — a 
fluid -compressed 
steel ingot or cast- 
ing, 15 feet long, 
54 inches in di- 
ameter, weighing 
48.3 tons. From a 

Ingot for Shaft for Ferris Wheel. similar in2"Ot 

weighing 65 tons, was made the shaft of the 
famous Ferris wheel, or mammoth merry- 
go-round, in Midway Plaisance. 






Nickel-Steel Armor Plate. 



Twelve-inch Breech-loading Rifle "Alice." 

Crossing another aisle, in the direction of 
the Annex, we enter Bethlehem's third sec- 
tion, and see on our left a hollow hydraulic- 
forged shaft, 67 feet long and 20 inches in 
diameter, forged in one piece. 

The exquisitely finished shaft on the right 
is a spare one, 40 feet long, 27 inches in diame- 
ter, weighing 30 tons, for the Old Colony 
Steamboat Company's " Puritan," of which 
a beautiful model stands close to the north 
of the great hammer. At the end of the sec- 
tion is a fine example of built-up work in the 
form of a counter-balanced crank for the Pa- 
cific Mail Steamship Co.'s " City of Sidney." 

The handsomely polished steel shaft on 
the right as we pass out of this section is a 
solid crank for the United States cruiser 
" Minneapolis." 

This exhibit also includes air flasks for 
Whitehead torpedoes, air-cushion cylinders, 
and cases containing sections of steel rails, 
billets, the Sayi-e joint, nickel-steel, etc. All 
of the black forgings are just as they came 
from the 2,500 to 16,000 ton hydraulic forg- 
ing presses that form a part of the Bethlehem 
plant, a few narrow rings being machined 
to show the excellent quality of the metal. 

France is next, with several locomotives 
and other railway equipments, models of 
ocean steamers, etc., filling part of a sec- 
tion on the left of the aisle, extending on 
through the Annex, and also another section 
on the right. On the left, adjoining the 
French exhibit on that side, is the display 
of the Adams & Westlake Co. ; and in imme- 
diate proximity on the same side is the ex- 
hibit of the town of Pullman, that ideal home 
of mdustry, so entirely due to the inven- 



50 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



ive genius and matchless perseverance of 
Mr. George M. Pullman. Near this exhibit 
is a model ticket-ojBSce, fitted up by the firm 
of Rand, McNally & Co. of Chicago. The 
center of the building has now been reached, 
and here, in a circular open space, is found 
the exhibit of the Otis Co. , consisting of 
eight passenger elevators, which convey 
visitors to the top of the building, whence a 
splendid view is had. For this service a 
charge of lo cents is made. Passing on, 
Great Britain comes next, covering four full 
sections extending entirely across the build- 
ing, and also into and across the Annex; the 
Australian exhibit occupying one corner. 
There is an endless amount of material here, 
chief of which is the locomotive ' ' Lord of the 
Isles," built in 185 1 for the first World's Fair, 
and which has been in continuous use ever 
since. There is also a complete train 
of English cars, with the grand compound 
locomotive "Great Britain," affording an 
opportunity for comparing British and Amer- 



tions were laid when Jesus was a boy in 
Nazareth. To the right again is the Cunard 
S. S. Co.'s exhibit, consisting of nine models 
of their steamers. Here is seen their first 
vessel, the "Britannia," built in 1840, with 
a tonnage of 2,050, and 405 horse-power; and 
also their last, the "Campania," built in 
1893, with a tonnage capacity of 13,000, and 
30,000 horse-power. It is a proud and per- 
fectly veritable boast of this company that 
never in its long career as a carrier of pas- 
sengers has it lost a single one intrusted to 
its care. Turning now to the right, down 
the space between this and the carriage 
section is an aisle running south. First on 
its right is found the exhibit of the Argen- 
tine Republic, lying just back of the 
Cunarders; while across the aisle to the left 
Mexico's display is seen, consisting largely 
of exquisitely fine saddles and horse-trap- 
pings. Here is also a relief map of that 
republic showing modern systems of trans- 
portation. Brazil, next in order, occupies a 




Rand, McNally & Co.'s Exhibit, Transportation Building (near elevator). 



ican railway methods. The marine exhibit 
of Great Britain is especially fine ; nearly all 
of her great ship-building firms being rep- 
resented by models. One model, that of the 
armored war-ship " Victoria," is thirty feet 
long and cost $20,000. Many of her finest At- 
lantic liners, and also of her largest war- ves- 
sels, are displayed, and a model of the great 
Forth bridge in Scotland is shown. Aus- 
tralia shows a model of the wonderful zig- 
zag railway in the Blue Mountains of New 
South Wales. Canada's exhibit, like that of 
the mother country, extends entirely across 
the main building and Annex, but occupies 
much less space. One of its features is the 
splendid Canadian Pacific Railway train, 
the woodwork of which is of solid mahogany. 
This is probably the most luxurious train m 
existence. Next on the right is found the 
Johnson Railroad Signal Co., and across 
the aisle is the exhibit of Spain, which is 
made up chiefly of marine models, repro- 
ductions of celebrated fortresses, and a 
model of the Cordova bridge, whose founda- 



space on both sides of the aisle. Passing 
this the visitor is again in the Canadian 
exhibit, with that of Great Britain following. 
Having examined these sections, and passed 
through that of France, which comes next, 
the space occupied by Russia is entered. 
Its chief object of interest is the fine loco- 
motive "Androvitch." Crossing the aisle 
to the right a portion of Austria's exhibit is 
again encountered, with T. H. Truscott & 
Sons next on the left, followed on the same 
side hy Chase, Eton & Co., and still on the 
same side the Bath Iron Co. The balance of 
space, to the end of the building, is devoted 
to the German exhibit, which has been 
already examined. Reaching this end the 
visitor turns to the left until another aisle, 
next to the wall, is found. Passing down 
this, more of the German display is seen; 
and the displays of Williamson, Kuhniseiler, 
and the Globe Iron Works, on the left, come 
next. On the same side, and occupying a 
small space to the right, Russia's exhibit is 
once more entered, followed by those of 



TRANSPOR TA TION B UILDING. 



51 



France, Great Britain, Canada, Brazil, and 
Mexico, respectively. Turning now to the 
left t he visitor goes straight ahead until the 
aisle next beyond the central one 
i s reached. Passing south into this 
the New York Air Brake Co. is first 
on the right, across from the West- 
inghouse Co. One unique feature 
of this company's exhibit is the oper- 
ation of air-brakes on a train of loo 
cars, the largest train ever operated by a 
single system of brakes. Opposite Spain, 
on the left of the aisle, is the display of Eaton, 
Prince & Co. , and adjoining them on the same 
side is a portion of Spain's exhibit, passing 
which Canada and Great Britain occupy both 



of Harlan & HoUingsworth across the pas- 
sageway. The German exhibit is again 
reached and passed through, a turn to the 





Statue, Transportation Building. J. J. Boyle, Sculptor 



sides of the walk; and next is the Pullman 
Co. ,on both sides of the aisle, showing a mag- 
nificent train of cars of their latest style. 
This is followed on the right by the Otis 
Bros, and on the left by the H. A. Wheeler 
display. Opposite Adams & Westlake, 
on the left, are Hale & Kilburn. A section 
of the French exhibit takes up space on 
both sides, as does that of the Bethlehem 
Iron Co. , whose display has already been 
inspected. Farther on, to the right, Aus- 
tria's display is continued, followed by Japan, 
covering both sides of the walk. The De- 
troit Boat Works and Thos. Drein & Sons 
occupy a section to the right, balancing that 



Alaskan War Canoe. 

right is made, and walking on the extreme 
western aisle is entered. Along this the 
visitor finds the rear portion of the displays, 
which lie to the right of the last aisle passed 
through. The Baltimore «& Ohio Railway's 
historical exhibit deserves special mention. 
This is the oldest railway in the world, hav- 
ing been opened to general traffic, from 
Baltimore to Ellicott's Mills, a distance of 
14 miles, May 24, 1827, six months earlier 




Models of British Ships. 

than the Liverpool & Manchester Railway, 
the first in Europe. The "York," costing 
$4,000, their first locomotive, is shown; also 
a "strap-rail" track, and other features of 
that day, as well as the latest improved 
types of engines, trains, and appliances. 
The Pilot Commission of New York, another 
special display, shows the model of a pilot- 
boat, scale of one-half inch to the foot; also 
oil paintings illustrating the hazards and 
perils of the service. Among the marine 




An Old-time Locomotive. 

curiosities is a bateau found on the bank of 
the upper St. Croix River, and used before 
Illinois was organized as a Territory. It car- 
ried eighteen men and one ton of freight, 
and was employed in Indian trade. In Can- 
ada's exhibit are seen some curious boats 
and dog-trains. The British section shows 
the original Stephenson locomotive, the 
"Rocket." The Baltimore & Ohio exhibits 
Oliver Evan's steamboat on wheels, designed 



52 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



to run on land or water. The Chicago & 
North- Western's exhibit contains the old 
" Pioneer," the first locomotive ever brought 
to Chicago. Near the exhibit of the Lon- 
don & North Western Railroad Co. of 
England, the Belfast & Northern Coun- 
ties and Great Northern railroads of 
Ireland make, in Block U N 8, Group 
80, a handsome exhibit of the beauteous 
scenery along their lines, installed in a 



Company's exhibit. The Hoboken Ferry 
Company, in the entresol; the Brooks Loco- 
motive Works, in the Annex ; the Providence 
& Stonington Steamship Company, in the 
gallery over the main entrance ; the Ameri- 
can Ship Windlass Company; the Krebhiel 
Palace Car Company; the Crane Company 
of Chicago, and many others have notably 
excellent displays. The north end of the 
building is taken up by the display of 




s in the North of Ireland. 



pavilion not only attractive but artistic. 
The North German Lloyd Steamship Co. 
exhibits a globe, on the oceans of which 
the positions of all their various vessels are 
shown daily by small models moved to cor- 
respond to the movements of the originals. 
Jay Gould's passes are framed, and make 
a unique exhibit. The Pennsylvania 
Railway Co. display a model four- 
track suburban passenger station, 
with interlocking switch system, etc. 
Among the curios, are mandarin and 
sedan chairs, walrus-hide boats, dog 
sledges, canoes, etc. Daniel Web- 
ster's carriage — which has carried 
such people as Henry Clay, Charlotte 
Cushman, Martin Van Buren, and 
Dean Richmond — is in this building, as is 
also the model of Columbus' ship, the " Santa 
Maria." The "Albion," "Samson," and 
' ' Progress " are antique locomotives that will 
excite the curiosity of every one, as will the 
" Queen-Empress," a huge English engine of 
recent construction. The ' ' Peppersass, " the 
first of mountain-climbing engines, is also 
here. Stuffed mules, ox-carts from Mexico, 
Madeira, and Sicily, grees, dongas, dug-outs, 
and balsas are seen on all sides. New York's 
canal system is exhibited by means of a 
relief map. The New York Central & Hud- 
son River Railway has a building near the 
Sixty-fifth Street entrance to the grounds 
which also includes the Wagner Palace Car 



wagons, carriages, buggies, etc., and this 
exhibit offers rare attractions, though it is 
impossible to particularize, even by mere 
name, the exhibits whose merits deserve it. 
Brewster of New York, Studebaker of Chi- 
cago, the Glen Falls Buckboard Company, 
Flandrau, the Moline Company, Fish Bros., 




Stephenson's Old Locomotive, "John Bull." 

and dozens, even hundreds, of others might 
be named. 

The Fish Bros. Wagon Co., whose factory 
and salesrooms are at Racine , Wis. , where 
their storerooms and lumber-yards cover an 
area of fifteen acres, make a fine display in 
the Transportation Building. This firm em- 
ploys 325 men and has a capacity of 12,000 
farm and 3,500 spring wagons yearly. 
Their plant has recently been extended, 
and equipped with the latest machinery for 
the makmg of wagons, so that they calcu- 
late in the near future to double their out- 
put. Their World's Fair exhibit shows ten 
different styles of vehicles, from the strong- 
est lumber wagon capable of hauling the 



THE TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 



53 



heaviest timbers, etc., to the daintiest and 
lightest spring wagons. The latter style 
consist of laundry wagons, grocery wagons, 
notion wagons, and beautiful parcel-delivery 




Grocery Wagon 




Platform Spring Wagon. 




Laundry Wagon 




General Delivery Wagon. 

wagons; one of which in white and gold 
ornamentation is very stylish and beautiful. 
The farm wagons that come from this cele- 
brated factory are too well known to need 
description, as they may be seen in every 



section of the country. Their spring 
wagons, the axles of which will bear a 
weight of from i,ooo to 10,000 pounds, are 
models of such vehicles, and the heaviest of 
them weigh but 3,350 pounds — a trifle com- 
pared to their carrying capacity. The fierce 
competition which prevails in the wagon 
trade has stimulated the inventive faculty 
of the manufacturers, as well as their 
artistic taste, and it is certain that in the 
race for supremacy in beauty of construc- 
tion, excellence of material used, and gen- 
eral utility of vehicles, the Fish Bros, 
Wagon Co. has not suffered itself to be ex- 
celled by any of its competitors. 




John Ericsson. 

Bicycling in America has had a rapid and 
steady growth, and as the improvement in 
the character of these vehicles keeps pace 
with the demand for them, it is safe to 
assume that at no distant day their use will 
become almost universal. The wheel of a 
dozen years ago was but a crud^ invention 
compared with the swift, noiseless, easily 
propelled, and smoothly ridmg one of to-day; 



54 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



and as the manufacturers are untiring in 
their efforts to distance competitors and 
please their customers, the coming cycle 
maybe as nearly perfect as anything earthly 
can ever hope to be. 

Among those displayed at the Exposi- 
tion none are finer in finish nor more perfect 
in construction than the bicycles manu- 
factured by the Western Wheel Works, which 
have a factory and office at Wells, Schiller, 
and Siegel streets. The officers of the com- 
pany are A. Shoeninger, president; L. A. 
Shoeninger, secretary; R. H. Boericke, 
treasurer; O. Unzicker, master mechanic. 
These gentlemen by their energy and me- 
chanical skill, aided by a corps of over 1,200 
fine artisans, have succeeded in placing their 
Chicago wheel in the front rank of all pleas- 
ure and racing bicycles. Their establish- 
ment is the largest in the country, maintain- 



pleasure, for even though one may not be a 
rider himself, he is bound to admire not only 
the brilliant finish of these wheels, but also 
the mechanical ingenuity shown in their 
fashioning, making them at once light, 
graceful and strong, easily ridden, of perfect 
balance, yet swift as the eagle's flight. 
There can indeed be little doubt but that 
some form of bicycle will be the vehicle of 
the future, as it has well been called the 
horse with feet of velvet, frame of iron, and 
nerves of steel; one which knows no thirst, 
hunger, nor weariness, and one that day or 
night is ever ready to answer to its master's 
demands. 

Before concluding, it may be well to say a 
word or two in regard to the bicycle and its 
uses considered from a hygienic point of 
view. It may be possible that the old-style 
two-wheeled velocipede, from its imperfect 




The Western Wheel Works. 



ing two factories; one for producing their 
celebrated wheels, the other for turning out 
children's carriages, etc. 

So well known has the product of this 
company become that there has grown up a 
steady and increasing demand for their 
wheels, not only from all parts of the United 
States, but also from Mexico and the South 
American States, and their representatives 
are met with in all the principal cities of 
these countries. 

The whole establishment is lighted by 
electric light derived from their own dy- 
namo, one of the largest in operation, 1,200 
incandescent lights being distributed over 
the establishment. In fact, it is a model of 
its kind in every department; everything 
within the reach of capital has been done to 
make it what it is. 

To all who are fond of cut-of-door exer- 
cise — and what healthy person is not? — the 
inspection of these displays will give a 



mechanism and its want of proper tires, 
might have had an injurious effect upon the 
frame by its jarring motion, but the im- 
proved wheel possesses none of these de- 
fects, and even upon rough roads, or in 
crossing defective pavements, car-tracks, 
etc., there is not the slightest perceptible 
jar. The most eminent medical testimony 
is to the effect that such wheels as those of 
the Western Wheel Company are beneficial 
even to persons afflicted with incipient 
spinal troubles, as well as to all other in- 
valids. 

The visitor should be informed that in 
any building whose contents specially in- 
terest him a section of the official cata- 
logue can be purchased at a reasonable 
price. Having proceeded through the build- 
ing, the tourist, emerging from the northern 
door, should face it, and inspect the statuary 
grouped about this end of the building. On 
his right hand, as he stands facing the door, 



THE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. 



55 



are seen statues of J. Edgar Thompson, 
Ericsson, Fulton, and a figure typical of 
water transportation; on his left are Watt, 
Papin, Stephenson, and a figure emblematic 
of land transportation. A good plan is next 
to go around to the front of the building, 
facing the lagoon, in order to inspect the 
statuary and the famed "Golden Door," 
whose decoration alone cost $25,000. The 
statuarjr on the lagoon fa9ade of the build- 
ing is similar, but in reverse order, on each 



graceful bridges, or stand guard, like weird 
sentinels, at the boat-landings. Above the 
main eastern entrance is located an at- 
ractive restaurant, from which a fine far- 
reaching view of the Exposition's grounds 
and many of its glorious attractions is ob- 
tainable. It can be truly said of the great 
' ' White City," as has already been remarked 
by some observer, of the city of Washing- 
ton, that it is "a city of magnificent dis- 
tances," and looking out over its wide- 
spreading reaches of stat- 
ues, fountains, temples, and 
palaces, and its sweeps of 
beautiful crystalline water 
ways, the vista will repay a 
few minutes' inspection and 
study. On the right hand 
the substantial structure of 
the Hall of Mines, almost 
somber in the massiveness 
of its outlines, balanced by 
the delicate tracery of the 
light, airy edifice devoted to 
Electricity, closes the view. 
Turning toward the lake, 
with an emerald foreground 
of wooded islands, and the 
sensuous lapping of the 




^^^' A^-GSA"Stt.lC>tC\ 



side of the " Golden Door." 
The groups are: Electrical 
Group, Aerial Group, Loco- 
motive Group, and Navigation 
Group. They were all exe- 
cuted by John J. Boyle of 
Philadelphia. The poly- 
chrome decorations of the 
building are, to say the least, 
beautiful and attractive, and 
great credit is due to the Di- 
rector of Color, Mr. F. D. 
Millet, and the architects of 
the building, who have cer- 
tainly produced a novel and 
artistic effect. Immediately 
in front of the ' ' Golden Door- 
way," and flanking the landing-place of the 
trim little electric launches, stand the heroic 
statues of those hard- riding "centaurs of 
the plains," "the Indian" and "the Cow- 
boy," designed and executed by the Ameri- 
can sculptor A. Phimister Proctor. These 
statues, which are intended to perpetuate 
two rapidly disappearing types of our West- 
ern frontier life, are fully and particularly 
described subsequently in discussing the 
statuary of the Main Basin, where other 
and remarkably fine specimens of the handi- 
work of Proctor and Kemeys adorn the 



Coach and Sleigh of King Ludwig II. of Bavaria. 

smooth waters of sunny lagoons, crowded 
with beautiful launches and gondolas from 
far-away Venice, the vista is abruptly ter- 
minated by the titanic proportions of the 
Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, 
the most immense ever erected by the hands 
of men. To the left, those twin architect- 
ural monstrosities, the building of the 
United States Government, and that of the 
State of Illinois, with its lofty but thor- 
oughly inartistic dome, stand out in bold, 
we had almost said brazen, relief from 
the classic, and in some instances unique, 



56 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



structures of our foreign guests, while be- 
yond and around are seen the State build- 
ings, in every conceivable style of archi- 
tecture. 




Robert Fulton. 

Off to the left of this building, the visitor 
notices the Hall of Mines and Minerals 

(L 17), whose architect, Mr. S. S. Beman 
of Chicago, thus ably describes this artistic 
edifice : 

THE MINES AND MINING 
BUILDING 

Is located at the southern extremity of the 
western lagoon, or lake, between the Elec- 
tricity and Transportation buildings, and 
is 700 feet long by 350 feet wide. Its 
architecture has its inspiration in the best 
types of early Italian Renaissance, though 
sufficient liberty is taken to invest the build- 
ing with the animation that should charac- 
terize a great general exposition; this im- 
parts a French spirit to the exterior design. 
In plan it is simple and straightforward, 
embracing on the ground-floor spacious 
vestibules, restaurants, toilet-rooms, etc. 
On each of the four sides of the building are 
placed the entrances, those of the north and 
south fronts being the most spacious and 
prominent. To the right and left of the 
entrances, inside, start broad flights of easy 




stairs, leading to the galleries, which are sixty 
feet wide and twenty-five feet high from the 
ground-floor, and are lighted on the sides by 
large windows, and from above by a high 
clear-stor)r extending around the building. 

The main fronts look southward on the 
Great Central Court, and northward on the 
western and middle lakes and an island 
gorgeous with flowers. The principal fronts 
display enormous arched entrances, richly 
embellished with sculptural decorations, 
emblematic of mining and its allied indus- 
tries. At each end of these fronts are large 
square pavilions, surmounted by low domes, 
which mark the four corners of the building, 
and are lighted by large arched windows 
extending through the galleries. 

Between the main entrance and the pavil- 
ions are richly decorated arcades, forming 
an open loggia on the ground-floor and a 
deeply recessed promenade on the gallery 
floor level, which commands a fine view of 
the lakes and isl- 
ands to the north- 
ward, and the 
Great Central 
Court on the south. 
The covered prom- 
enades are each 25 
feet wide and 230 
feet long, and from 
them is had access 
to the building at 
numerous points. 
The loggia ceilings 
are heavily cof- 
fered and richly 
decorated in plas- 
ter and color. The ornamentation is appro- 
priately massed at the prominent points of 
the fa9ade. The exterior presents a mass- 
ive though graceful appearance. 

Chicago. S. S. BEMAN. 

The official classification of the Depart- 
ment of Mines and Mining consists of 123 
classes of exhibits, grouped as follows: 

GROUP NO. 

42. — Minerals, ores, native metals, gems, 
crystals, geological specimens. 

43, — Mineral combustibles — coal, coke, pe- 
troleum, natural gas. 

44. — Building stones, marbles, ornamental 
stones, quarry products. 

45. — Grinding, abrading, and polishing sub- 
stances. 

46. — Graphite, clays, fictiles, asbestos, etc. 

47. — Limestone, cement, and artificial stone. 

48. — Salts, sulphur, fertilizers, pigments, 
mineral waters, and miscellaneous use- 
ful minerals and compounds. 

49. — Metallurgy of iron and steel, with 
products. 

50. — Aluminum and its alloys. 

51. — Copper and its alloys; metallurgy. 

52. — Metallurgy of tin, tin plate, etc. 

53. — Metallurgy of zinc, nickel, and cobalt. 

54. — Metallurgy of antimony and other met- 
als. 

55. — Extraction of gold and silver by milling. 



•^^ 

»«._ ^ 



F. J. V. Skiff. 



58 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



56. — Extraction of gold and silver by lixivia- 

tion. 
57. — Extraction of gold, silver, and lead by 

fire. 
58. — Quarrying and working stone. 
59. — Placer, hydraulic, and " drift" mining. 
60. — Tools and appliances for underground 

mining, timbering, and supporting. 
61. — Boring and drilling tools and machin- 
ery; apparatus for breaking out ore and 
coal. 
62. — Apparatus used in mining for pumping, 

draining, and hoisting. 
63. — Moving, storing, and delivering ores, 

coals, etc. 
64. — Apparatus for crushing and pulverizing. 
65. — Sizing appliances. 
66. — Assaying apparatus and fixtures. 
67. — History and literature of mining and 

metallurgy. 
68.— Originals or reproductions of early and 
notable implements. 
The Exhibits.— On entering the building 
it will be best to adopt a systematic plan for 
inspecting the various exhibits, and thus to 
economize both time and vital energy. 
Entering at the northern door and turning 
to the right let the visitor proceed to the 
aisle or street west of and parallel with the 
main aisle. At the corner of the first block 
on the left the French exhibit is located, oc- 
cupying the entire block in this, the north- 
west, corner with a fine display of minerals, 
mining appliances, and the chemicals used 
in the preparation and extraction of metals 
from their ores. Opposite France, across 
the aisle, Austria has an exhibit of her 
minerals and her mining and extraction 
methods, while on the same side as France, 
to the southward, is the exhibit of New 
South Wales, one of the most ^ interest- 
ing on the grounds. Part of this exhibit 
takes up a small section across the aisle. 
The number and variety of her specimens 
of ores and minerals surprise every one, 
and the greatest surprise of all is to learn 
that gold does not rank first in value in the 

productions of 
this section. In 
the order of 
their output 
the minerals 
of New South 
Wales rank 
thus: Coal, 
gold, tin, and 
copper. Mass- 
ive trophies of 
these various 
ores have been 
constructed, 
and in addi- 
tion there are 
cases of brill- 
iant gems, 
gold and sil- 
ver ores, and 
other miner- 
als. There are maps showing the physical 
features of the colony, a collection of fos- 





sils, etc. The most striking feature of the 
display is a collection of gold nuggets of vari- 
ous sizes, aggregating in value over $50,000. 
These are shown in a case under a heavy 
plate-glass, and day and night are guarded 
by two stalwart policemen. Adjoining New 
South Wales on the south is the section 
devoted to the exhibit of Great Britain. 
This country is 
strongest in her 
display of the 
economic ores 
and minerals. 
Iron, coal, and 
tin compose the 
chief mineral 
wealth of our ^ 
cousin Great' 
Britain. In min- 
ing appliances 
this country, 
one of the oldest 
mining regions 

of the earth, is particularly rich, and there is 
much to be seen in her display. Opposite is 
the unique display of Japan. Continuing 
south, the main east and west aisle, or pas- 
sageway, is crossed and the German exhibit 
reached. This occupies both sides of the 
aisle and is the finest of the foreign displays 
in the Mining Building. The exhibit is 
unique, and beauty and utility are strangely 
blended in it. At each corner stands a 
gigantic column of iron and steel pipes, 
rails, angle-iron, and flat bars, bent, twisted, 
and intermingled in graceful curves and 
forms, producing an obelisk fifty feet high. 
A 200-foot steel rail, bent, while cold, into 
graceful curves, forms the frieze of the rear 
elevation of this pavilion. The heads of the 
posts are representations of busts and faces 
of mythological deities. Forty car-loads of 
steel and iron are used in this pavilion. 
Baron Strumm, the exhibitor, having ex- 
pended $100,000 in preparing this fine dis- 
play. Coal-mining, the most important in- 
dustry of the empire, is fully represented. 
There are also exhibits from Upper Silesia 
and the Hartz Mountains, showing the proc- 
esses of smelting and refining lead, copper, 
silver, and gold. The collection of amber — 
consisting of 300 samples showing its 
origin, colors, and the uses to which it is 
applied — is another and an interesting 
feature of Germany's display. The Halle 
collection shows samples of brown coal, 
copper ore, table and Kali salts. The dis- 
plays of the manufactured products of her 
mines should cause the manufacturers of 
the United States to realize that in this 
empire they have no mean rival, especially 
in all branches in which iron and steel are 
used. With their lower rates of wages they 
already prove a formidable competitor in the 
cheaper grades of cutlery and other articles 
in which finish is superior to quality, and 
later on may acquire the skill of the Amer- 
ican in producing implements combining 
grace and lightness with a high degree of 
strength. 



THE MINES AND MINING BUILDING. 



59 



While upon this subject it may prove of in- 
terest to the visitor to make a few observa- 
tions which will serve to call his attention to 
the comparative amount of 
space required by the different 
nationalities for their exhibits, 
and also to the variety displayed 
in these exhibits. Germany, as 
has been shown, depends largely, 
almost exclusively, upon her coal 
and iron as a means of giving 
employment to her population 
not otherwise engaged; and Eng- 
land is nearly in the same con- 
dition, though she has an addi- 
tional mining product, tin, which 
is largely used by every other 
nation, but of which she now 
has and always has had a mo- 
nopoly. 

Whether aluminum — w hose 
reduction from clays, etc., grows 
easier and cheaper every year — 
will eventually drive it from the market. 



no one can venture to predict. Such an 
event would prove disastrous to Great Brit- 
ain, which America has already passed in 




:nj I 



Ir 



wr\ 



ifeslj^ 



FRANCE 



N. S. 
WALES 



C A 



ITALY 



JAPAN 



llllllllll I 

H 

UMinn 

CO 



NEW SOUTH 
WALES 



J 

PENNSYL- 
VANIA 


NORTH 
CAROLINA 


VIRGINIA 


WEST 
VIRGINIA 


OREGON 




NEW YORK 


JERSEY 


LA. & 


KENTUCKY 


MINN- 
ESOTA 


OHIO 



D 

-S- 
> 
o 

I 

2 

n 
3) 



ARGENTINE 




GREAT BRITAIN 



GERMANY 



INDIANA 


3 
> 
o 

I 





CAPE COLONY 







ri 


MISSOURI 


n 

X 


X 




s. 

DAKOTA 


w 


/ 


CALIFOR 






/ 


IDAHO 



1 flllllllj 

D 

rmp 



MEXICO 



UTAH 


f 


MONTANA 




COLORADO 



ii!^!mfriTm^ 



=s 



R,MCN.& CO-iCfl, 



MAIN FLOOR. 

Ground Plan Mines and Mining 
Building. 



The Wisconsin Mineral Exhibit. 

iron production, and which Germany seems 
destined soon to equal if not excel. 

Austria, famous for her cheap and scien- 
tific methods of extracting metals from their 
ores, can never hope to rank among the 
great mining nations, and must confine her 
efforts to artistic manufactures, which can 
not be depended upon by a large surplus 
population. France has mining interests of 
considerable extent, but can never contend in 
the world's open markets with the products of 
some of the other great powers. Like Aus- 
tria, she too must depend upon her artistic 
wares, and in these the United States may 
in the future equal her. 

Mexico, when her area becomes densely 
settled, will astonish the world by the vari- 
ety and amount of her mining products; 
but with a scanty population, distributed 
over wide reaches of territory, and making 
an easy living by lax methods of agriculture, 
fruit-raising, and grazing, that day seems to 
be far distant. Canada has a wide range 
of minerals, but the Archaean rock-measures 
appear to cut through all of her leads and 
deposits, so that deep continuous mining is 
hardly a probability. Japan, like many of 
the others, can never hope to compete witli 
her neighbors, though her art-work in steel 
and iron will always find her customers. 
Australia has a more promising outlook than 
any of the others, except the leaders al- 
ready specified. But we have not space to 
follow the subject further. 

Next to Germany on the same side is the 
Cape Colony exhibit of South Africa. Here 
are seen io,ooo carats' weight of uncut dia- 
monds from the Kimberley diamond-fields, 
with tons of the peculiar earth (" blue 
ground," as it is technically called) in which 
the gems are found. The process of digging 
for and washing out the precious stones is 
shown, a number of Kaffirs and other 
natives having been brought over for this 
purpose. Everything is under the guard of 
several gigantic Zulus, who act as policemen 
for the mining company. Specimens of 



60 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 




gold, iron, 
many other 



ivory, gold, 
and gold ores 
from this sec- 
tion are also 
exhibited. On 
the opposite 
side of the 
aisle is the 
display of 
Spain, with 
quicksilver, and 
minerals exhib- 
ited, together with her pecul- 
iar mining methods and plans 
for ore extraction. On the side 
of the aisle opposite to Spain, 
and next to Cape Colony on 
the south, is the exhibit of Mexico, in the 
southwestern corner of the building. A beau- 
tiful m.odel of the Castle of Chapultepec, made 
of pure gold, is shown, and her display 
abounds with rich specimens of the precious 
metals, as well as many of the economic min- 
erals—the most beautiful onyx, 
building materials, clays, paints, 
etc. ; crude early mining appliances 
for extracting metals, and mining 
machinery of a later date, are dis- 
played. Passmg on around the 
Mexican exhibit, which occupies an 
entire block, the central aisle is 
reached, on the right-hand side of 
which going north is seen the ex- 
hibit of Colorado — one of the finest 
of the State displays — faced along 
the main aisle with a balustrade 
of Colorado marble, with shafts of 
Gunnison red granite with Corin- 
thian capitals of red sandstone. 
The display is further ornamented 
with columns of hone-stone (nova- 
culite), onyx, alabaster, sandstone, 
etc., with a tall granite column in 
the center; gold and silver ores, 
specimens of coal, iron, asphaltum, building- 
stone, clays, and petroleum are to be seen, 
and also photographs of mines and mining 
operations. From Breckenridge and from 



San Miguel 
County come 
enough gold 
nuggets to pave 
a space loo feet 
square, no col- 
lection in the 
world equalmg this one in 
beauty and \alue. " The 
Silver Queen a lo-foot fig- 
ure cro \ ned ^\ ith a brilliant 
diadem of rich oies and seated in a 
chariot, represents the mining-camp of 
Aspen, Colo. On each front corner of 
the pedestal is a Cupid four feet high — 
one pouring a stream of silver dollars 
from a horn of plenty, the other as pro- 
fuse with golden coins. An underground 
tunnel, a model in silver of the Colo- 
rado Mineral Palace, and the bas-relief 
figure of a miner are noticeable features 
of this display. Next to and north of 
Colorado comes her rival in the produc- 
tion of precious metals — Montana. Fifty 
tons of ore samples and $50,000 worth of gold 
nuggets form part of her display. Her 
copper-mines at Butte, the most extensive 
in the world, are also fully represented. 
She shows what is probably the largest 
sample of gold quartz ever mined. It came 
from the Mclntyre lode, near the surface, 
and weighs 1,785 pounds. Montana, like 
Colorado, has, in addition to silver, gold, 
and copper, exhibits of asphaltum, mica» 
iron, coal, etc. Her next neighbor is Utah, 
exhibiting lead and placer gold, coal, build- 
ing-stone of many kinds, copper, and many 
other minerals. Idaho, across an inter- 
secting aisle, but also on the right-hand side 
of the main avenue, comes next. In addi- 
tion to her display of precious and economic 
minerals she shows a handsome and artistic 
piece of work in the shape of a shield made 
of magnesia stone for the groundwork, and 
black and white marbles and other minerals 
for the scenes represented. A deep mount- 




ain canon, flanked on either side by high 
mountain ranges, and with a tiny river 
flowing down Its center, makes up the fore- 
ground of the picture, while in the distance 



THE MINES AND MINING BUILDING. 



61 




may be seen a 
stamp-mill, a 
lone pine tree, a 
farmer's boy 
plowing in a 
lovely valley, 
and the rays of 
the rising sun 
just showing over the east- 
ern mountains, the whole 
making a very realistic 
Idaho landscape. On the right o£ the 
shield stands the figure of a pros- 
pector, on the left a female figure 
representing Justice, and over its top 
the head of an elk appears. The 
pedestal is formed of a sheaf of wheat 
and the ' ' Star of Idaho. " Across the 
avenue from Idaho is the section occu- 
pied by Brazil, which produces phosphates, 
gold, silver, and diamonds; and next north of 
it on the same side is California's magnifi- 
cent exhibit. This is a very fine display, 
showing not only gold and silver, but also 
coal, iron, lead, copper, marble, onyx, and a 
model of the only quicksilver-mine in the 
United States, that of New Almaden. Here 
is also the original nugget of gold found by 
James W. Marshall on January 19, 1848, 
while digging a race for Sutter's mill. It is 
now the property of Judge W. W. Allen of 
San Francisco. The mining appliances, 
antique and modern, shown by this State are 
of rare interest. Another intersecting aisle 
is crossed, and Wisconsin's pavilion is found 
opposite the east side of Germany's exhibit, 
which has already been examined. Wiscon- 
sin displays some fine pearls and numerous 
minerals. Wisconsin's neighbor is Missouri, 
with possibly the finest display in the build- 
ing. Cannel and bituminous coal, lead, zinc, 
iron, copper, gold, silver, onyx, marble, 
ochres, lime and sand stones, fine china and 
terra cotta clays, tripoli, kaolin, pottery, 

and fire-clays. 
Here are to be 
seen the larg- 
est lumps of 
lead and zinc 
ever mined, a 
sample of ga- 
lena weighing 
6,500 pounds, 
one of jack 
(zinc ore) scal- 
ing 1,650 
pounds, and 
a specimen of 
dissemin a t e d 
lead ore 4,500 
pounds in 
weight. Across 
the main east 
and west inter- 
secting roadway, on the same side of the 
main avenue, lies the exhibit of one of 
Missouri's chief rivals — Michigan. Her 
pavilion is a very fine one, executed in 
native sandstone and marble. Surmounting 
the main entrance is a group of miners. A 




Colorado Mineral Exhibit. 



copper globe twelve 
feet in diameter is one 
of the chief trophies. 
There is a collection of 
prehistoric copper 
tools and mining im- 
plements found in the 
mines of the upper 
peninsula. Copper 
and salt are the features of this exhibit, 
though they are by no means all of the dis- 
played mineral resources, which are ex- 
tremely varied. Then the " Hoosier State," 
Indiana, makes a characteristic exhibit 
of her chief mineral, coal; and just oppo- 
site to Michigan-, across the main avenue, 
is the exhibit of England, which has 
been visited, and next to which is seen 
that of Ontario, one of the provinces of her 
colony, our neighbor Canada. This dis- 
play, while not a large one, is very fine, con- 
sisting of almost every known mineral. The 
Lake-of-the-Woods gold district sends some 
fine gold specimens, and the Lake Superior 
district furnishes some magnificent silver 
samples, including some of the pink spar 
(quartz) specimens of that favored section. 
Mica, asbestos, copper, coal, the finest iron, 
nickel, and cobalt specimens in the world, 
and many other ores, building-stones, etc., 
are exhibited. Next to Ontario on the 
same side of the avenue is New South 
Wales, which has been inspected; while op- 
posite to it, across an intersecting aisle from 
the Indiana exhibit, and with the Ohio 
fine display between, is that of Kentucky. 
Those who have associated the prosperity 
of the " Blue Grass State " exclusively with 
Bourbon whisky and fine horses will be sur- 
prised at its mining exhibit. The entrance 
to her exhibit is through a handsome arch 



62 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



of polished cannel coal, 33 feet high and 23 
feet wide, bearing at its center in letters of 
gold the name "Kentucky." Inside is a 
relief map of the State, showing rivers, 
towns, mountains, and every physical feature 
of the State. The mineral exhibit is won- 
derful, consisting of samples of coals, iron 
ores, gold, silver, marble, building-stones, 
and the finest tile-clay in the United States. 
Specimens of finished tilework are shown. 
Under the pavilion is a sample section of 
the Mammoth Cave, fitted up with stalactites 
and stalagmites from that world-famed 
cavern. There is also a tank of the blind 
fish found in its rivers, and a genuine negro 
guide, fresh from exhibiting its mysteries. 
Across an intersecting aisle to the north is 
the white marble pavilion of New York. 
Here is a wonderful display of minerals, her 



sylvania, and like the last display this con- 
sists chiefly of coal and iron. In these min- 
erals the ' ' Keystone State" excels. Among 
the curios on view are specimens of meteoric 
diamonds collected by Professor Foote of 
Philadelphia. Everything used in coal-min- 
ing—drills, picks, hooks, rakes, safety and 
naked lamps, etc. — can be found here. Turn- 
ing to the right around the corner of the Penn- 
sylvania display, at the northeast corner of 
the block, the Pottstown (Pa.) Iron Co. has 
an exhibit of its machinery, etc. Passing 
south along the aisle on which the Pottstown 
Iron Co. has its display, to the left are seen 
the exhibits of the Jeffrey Manufacturing Co. , 
the Sulhvan Machine Co. , the Chrome Steel 
Works, Raymond Bros. , the Dewees Wood 
Co., and others, all of which are worthy of 
inspection. To the right of this aisle is 




The Stumm Exhibit. 



marbles and granites being exceedingly 
beautiful. The mining tools and appliances 
shown are of great interest. Her chief 
trophy is a polished granite column, 18 feet 
high, taken from one of the finest quarries 
in the "Empire State." Another alley is 
crossed, and West Virginia's exhibit is 
reached. While possessed of wonderful 
mineral resources in many lines, yet the 
chief minerals of this State are those most 
necessary to civilization, the useful arts, 
and the accumulation of wealth and refine- 
ment, viz., coal and iron. The chief 
feature of this exhibit is a solid block of 
coal weighing seven tons and said to be 
the largest single mass of coal ever mined. 
Following West Virginia on the same side, 
and in the same block, is the exhibit of Penn- 



Minnesota, which shows, among a fine dis- 
play of building-stones and other minerals, 
the celebrated red pipestone which supplied 
the Indians with the great calumets used 
in their ceremonies when declaring war or 
making peace. There is but a single known 
quarry of this singular stone. A line of pri- 
vate exhibits now fills both sides of the aisle, 
prominent among which are those of H, 
W. Johns, the Gates Iron Works, the Cam- 
bria Iron Co., the Ingersoll-Sargeant Co., 
the F. H. & F. M. Roots Co., the Rand 
Drill Co., and others. Wyoming's, on the 
right hand side of the aisle, is the next State 
exhibit. Gold and silver are not the only 
minerals displayed by this State, though she 
has silver lodes and lead and placer gold in 
many districts. Petroleum and its products, 



THE MINES AND MINING BUILDING. 



63 




asphalt, iron, coal, and many other minerals 
are exhibited. A solid block of asphalt, 
half as large as the largest box-car, is shown. 
There are also rocks and fossils showing 
tracks of prehistoric birds and reptiles, and 
wonderful petrified palm trees from the 
submerged forest near Rawlings. Wash- 
ington joins Wyoming on the south, and 
presents a fine collection of mineral speci- 
mens. Her coals and iron ores are espe- 
cially worthy of inspection, and indicate that 

this State is 
destined to be 
the Pennsyl- 
vania of the 
Pacific Coast. 
There are in 
this exhibit 
many fine 
specimens of 
gold and silver 
ores, exceed- 
ingly rich 
chlorides and 

Mineral Cabin, New Mexico. black Sulphur- 

ets, gold quartz showing free gold; and also 
gold nuggets, mica, nickel, cinnabar, and 
numerous minerals may be seen. An in- 
tervening aisle separates this display 
from that of New Mexico, whose chief 
mineral wealth consists of gold and silver; 
but she has coal, iron, granite, building- 
stones, paints, clays, and other valuable min- 
erals. Next to New Mexico is her sister Ter- 
ritory, Arizona. Like the last-described ex- 
hibit, that of Arizona is chiefly rich in gold 
and silver. From Tombstone and other dis- 
tricts come specimens rivaling those of any 
other section. She too has a large number and 
variety of other minerals, fossils, and petri- 
factions on exhibition. Opposite New Mex- 
ico and Arizona, Eraser & Chalmers of Chi- 
cago make a large and very complete ex- 
hibit of mining appliances, tools, and machin- 
ery. Iowa, whose chief mineral is coal, 
shows a loaded coal-car with life-sized figures 
at work getting out coal. There is also a 
reproduction of the Ottumwa Mineral 
Palace, exhibited on a pedestal of coal. 
Each square of this pedestal contains 
in gold letters the name of a mineral 
county. There is a beautiful grotto 
decorated with stalactites and illumin- 
ated by electric lights. Vitrified brick, 
limestone, jasper, mineral paints, clays, 
lead and zinc ores, etc., are also dis- 
played. Vermont has space in a part of the 
east gallery, and exhibits fine granites, etc. 
Near her section is shown a large outline map 
of the United States. The north and north- 
east portions of the gallery are devoted to 
chemical exhibits. The central eastern 
portion shows asphalt and cements, and 
here the Acme Cement Co. makes a fine 
display. The western gallery is largely 
given up to private foreign displays. 
Louisiana has among her other mineral 
displays a statue of Lot's wife carved from 
a single block of rock-salt. The figure is of 
heroic proportions, being nearly seven feet 




high, and is finely proportioned. Alabama 
and Georgia show splendid samples of iron 
ores, coal, manganese, and gold, besides 
other minerals. Russia's display is char- 
acteristic, with samples of malachite, gold, 
platinum, copper, gems, etc. North Caro- 
lina, while exhibiting coal, iron, gold, etc., 
makes a specialty of fine mica. Ohio makes 
a fine display 
of stone, clay, 
iron, coal, and 
petroleum pro- . ./^ 

ducts. New M ^/i^m^LJ^ '^^ ^-=^=i^fi^* vV/ 
Hampshire has?jpjM»l^^^^^™ii S; 
exquisite sam- 
ples of granite 
and building- 
stone. Eng- Ohio Mineral Exhibit. 

land has on exhibition a copy of Bar- 
tholdi's " Liberty," carved from rock-salt, 
and twelve feet high. Washington, West 
Virginia, and Pennsylvania claim the largest 
single block of coal. South Dakota has 
gold, silver, coal, iron, etc., and makes a 
display of tin ore which she considers as 
her specialty. An opalescent grotto rep- 
resenting the crystal caves of Central 
America is the mineral pavilion of Hon- 
duras. Peru, Chile, Costa Rica, Paraguay, 
Ecuador, Colombia, Guatemala, the Ar- 
gentine Republic, and other foreign na- 
tions have sent excellent displays. Italy's 
marbles for statuary, monuments, and deco- 
rative purposes are beautiful. The colored 
marbles of Tennessee, which sends coal, 
iron, and other minerals, are lovely, as are 
also those of Georgia. Every species of 
mining tools and machinery, safety ap- 
pliances, chemicals, etc., are to be seen by 
those interested, as are also steam gigs, 
tables, and other washing and separating 
machines, stamp mills, smelters, ore- 
crushers and roasters, retorts, tramways, 
slag-pots, barrows; in short, everything 
used in mining, cleaning, sorting, and con- 
verting ores into metals. 

Among the handsome pavilions of the 
Exposition is the one used for the display 
of the Barber Asphalt Paving Co., to be 
seen in the northeast gallery of the Mines 
Building. It is constructed of natural, un- 
stained Mexican mahogany, and is deco- 
rated with beautiful Corinthian columns, 
fluted and crowned with acanthus-leaved 
capitals and surmounted by a high paneled 
entablature. The pavilion contains a relief 
model of the wonderful Trinidad asphalt 
lake and its surrounding scenery of land 
and water. There is also a collection of the 
products of this asphalt lake, which has fur- 
nished, from its inexhaustible supply, the 
material for the construction of 721 miles of 
street pavements in many American cities. 
There are also samples of pavements from 
ten principal American cities cut direct from 
the streets. The outlay in the cities of the 
United States for this style of pavements — 
unequaled for their smoothness and quiet, 
elasticity and durability, and the ease with 
which they can be cleaned and repaired — 



64 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



represents an investment of $33,000,000 of 
municipal funds. This company alone has 
laid 422 miles of the above 721 miles of 
asphalt streets. The making of asphalt 
streets has become a large and important 
industry, giving employment to nearly 5,000 
men. The processes of mining and refining 
the product of the lake and making it into 
pavements is worthy of the investigation of 
all, especially of those interested in town 
and city improvements and the beautifying 
of streets, avenues, etc. Persons who have 
visited the chief cities of Europe and the 
United States realize how great is the dif- 
ference between the smooth, clean, and quiet 



machinery therein shown exemplify Ameri- 
can inventive genius and mechanical skill. 
Not confined, as are England and some other 
countries, to ores of the economic metals, 
these exhibits include samples of the pre- 
cious and semi-precious metals, as well as 
coal, iron, etc. ; and some of the deposits (as 
may be learned from the pictures of such 
ore bodies as Pilot Knob and Iron Mountain, 
in Missouri's pavilion) are inexhaustible. 
Gold, silver, and copper are found in hun- 
dreds of different localities, and even tin in 
paying deposits is claimed for one of the 
Dakotas. Coal-measures exist in a large 
number of the States, as do vast deposits of 



-:x:^zmM:^m wx^t^-^ 





Barber Asphalt Paving Co.'s Exhibit. 



asphalt pavements and those constructed of 
granite and wood blocks, brick, and other 
materials. Nothing tends to please citizens 
or impress a visitor more favorably than 
good streets, and with asphalt for their ma- 
terial, to have such has become apossibility. 
A block of 18,000 square feet of this pave- 
ment is laid along the north front of the 
Mines Building, where those who are not 
familiar with asphalt pavement may exam- 
ine it for comparison with other kinds of 
roadways. 

The great diversity of ore exhibits in the 
sections occupied by the States of the 
Union displays the immense wealth of our 
mineral deposits, as fully as the tools and 



lead, zinc, and iron. Salt and saline waters 
may be found in almost every State and 
upon the Pacific Coast; and there, as well as 
in some of the States and Territories east of 
the Coast Range, are beds of soda and borax, 
and large deposits of gypsum, asphaltum, 
tripoli, kaolin, etc. 

When it is taken into consideration that 
the immense wealth and power of England 
have been derived as largely from her mines 
of coal, tin, and iron, and their manufact- 
ured products, as from all other sources 
combined, and when it is further remem- 
bered that the mines of that great nation 
neither compare in the extent nor variety of 
their products with those of the United 



THE MINES AND MINING BUILDING. 



65 



States, it is far from easy for even the most 
sanguine of statisticians to figure on the vast 
power and wealth that are bound to accrue 
to this country from the mineral treasures 
which now lie locked up in nature's strong 
boxes deep down in the bowels of the earth. 
It is a matter of fact, known to all mining 
operators, that the lodes and deposits of 
precious and economic minerals that have 
been already explored are but an infinitesi- 
mal part of the vast deposits yet undiscov- 
ered, and that each year adds greatly to our 
wealth in that direction. Even in the dis- 
tricts of Colorado, Montana, etc. , containing 
gold and silver — the metals most eagerly 
sought, but which, contrary to the belief of 
most men, are not the sources of a nation's 



the wealth and power of this grand young 
nation, the greatest and most prosperous the 
sun shines upon. 

The visitor has now completed his hurried 
survey of the wonders of the mineral king- 
dom, and noticing on the west of the Mines 
Building, near its southern extremity, Dr. 
Henderson Hayward's restaurant (M i6) — 
which is similar in character to the one he 
successfully operated at the Centennial Ex- 
position in Philadelphia — proceeds from the 
Mines Building but a few paces south to 
reach the handsome Central Terminal Rail- 
road Depot of the Exposition (O 17), which 
Jies due west of the Administration Building 
and forms the western end of the Court of 
Honor, of which the Mines, Electricity, and 




Commerce " Group on Administration Building, Karl Bitter, Sculptor 



greatest wealth — new discoveries are being 
constantly made in ground that has been 
crossed and recrossed by thousands of pros- 
pectors. As an instance, take Leadville. 
For twenty years the miners of California 
Gulch worked under the shadows of the 
mountains of "the great carbonate camp" 
without a dream of the Golconda that lay 
beside them, until by a lucky accident one 
man was tempted to have an assay made of 
the "gray sand" which lay around so 
plentifully. 

When such facts as these are taken into 
consideration, where is the prophet who 
shall dare to place upon record his estimate, 
not of the hundreds or thousands, but billions 
of dollars' worth of future capital which 
must flow out from the earth's bosom into 
every channel of trade and commerce, 
stimulating the industries and adding to 



Manufactures and Liberal Arts buildings 
form the north side, the Machinery and Agri- 
cultural buildings the south side, and the 
Peristyle the eastern end or side. Within 
this square is the beautiful sheet of water 
known as the Basin (M 21). 

How to provide depot room for the vast 
numbers who would come to the Fair was, as 
may well be believed, one of the most per- 
plexing of the many difficult problems which 
had to be solved by those having the ad- 
ministration of the Exposition in charge, as 
it was early decided to give to all of the rail- 
ways sufficient facilities to enable them to 
land passengers within the grounds. Their 
deliberations resulted in the building of this 
magnificent passenger station, which is able 
to care for and properly distribute the im- 
mense crowds that are daily passed through 
it by the twenty-one railway systems directly 



66 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



tributary to Chicago, and whose normal 
capacity is gorged by the 2,000 addi- 
tional systems in the country which act as 



its outer walls. West of this building the 
Perron, or train-shed, extends 100 feet east 
and west by 600 feet north and south. Here 




Central Railroad Depot. 



feeders to the Chicago systems. The archi- 
tecture of this building is of the mixed 
Roman-Corinthian style, modeled after the 
famed baths of Caracalla in Rome, corre- 
sponding to that of the Peristyle at the op- 
posite end of the court. It was designed by 
Mr. C. B. Atwood, the able Designer- 
in-Chief of the Exposition. The sta- 
tion is divided into three sections, the 
central portion being 200 feet long. 
This forms the great vestibule through 
which the trains are emptied. The 
eastern and western sections are three 
stories high, and contain the waiting- 
rooms, check-rooms, lunch-counters, 
and the general railway and custom- 
house offices. On the second floor, 
the full circuit of the central section, 
is an immense gallery 25 feet wide and 
600 feet long. It is reached by two 
broad stairways from the main floor. 
The frieze of clock-faces, twenty -four 
in number, in the upper part of the 
great hall shows the time at that num- 
ber of the principal cities of the world. 
This hall is modeled after that in the 
baths of Caracalla at Rome. Three 
grand loggie, 25x60 feet each, open 
to the east. Immediately in their front 
stand, on massive pedestals 25 feet 
high, 16 feet wide, and 60 feet long, 
two 80-ton locomotives of the latest 
style and most perfect finish. Above 
the station rise two immense balls of 
glass and iron 10 feet in diameter, with 
clock-dials facing in every direction, 
showing local time. Around the balus- 
trade above the cornice are a series of 
statues 14 feet high. From many staffs 
towering above the building float the flags 
of all nations, and the names of the principal 
American railroad towns are embossed on 



the thirty-five tracks entering the station 
end, and here are to be found the ticket- 
offices and entrance -gates. As we have 
seen, all railroads other than the trains from 
Chicago on the Illinois Central Railroad and 
those of the South Side Elevated Railroad 




Interior of Central Railroad Depot. 

arrive at and depart from this artistic and 
conveniently situated depot. 
Leaving the main entrance of the Central 



THE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. 



67 



Depot, the visitor pauses to notice on his 
left the artistic booth erected for the dis- 
pensing of Chocolate Menier, and then 
passes into the wide plaza by which all per- 
sons coming by rail enter the Fair. 

To the left as we leave the Central Depot 
loom the shorter fa9ades of the Electricity 
and Mining buildings; on the right rise the 
graceful traceries and pinnacles of Machinery 
Hall. Before us the large square Adminis- 
tration Building stands, appropriately de- 
signed as a great porch of entrance, and 
crowned by its beautiful golden dome, 
almost as lofty as the dome of St. Paul's 
Cathedral in London; and, one might say, 



stone of the Exposition. Its position ren- 
dered the building equally conspicuous on 
every side, thus demanding uniformity of 
design with an expression of generous hos- 
pitality and welcome, and a composition so 
dignified and concise that the numerous sur- 
rounding domes and minarets would not 
detract from its grandeur and unity. 

It is in its main body an octagon, sur- 
mounted by a dome inclosing an inner one, 
the diameter of which is 120 feet, with a 
height of 250 feet, while the outer measures 
275 feet from floor to apex. 

This main body is pierced at right angles 
by two grand passages across the great 




"War" Group on Administration Building. Karl Bitter, Sculptor. 



almost as graceful as the dome of the 
Florentine Cathedral itself. 

Before us looms, impressive in its 
grandeur, the golden dome and graceful 
proportions of the sculpture-bedecked 

ADMINISTRATION BUILDING 

(N 18), that masterly architectural creation 
of Mr. Richard M. Hunt of New York. 
Well has it been termed "the gem and 
crown " of the whole Exposition. Mr. Jarvis 
Hunt of Chicago (himself no mean designer 
of choice edifices, as witness Vermont's 
artistic home) thus practically writes: 

The Administration Building,, placed as a 
center to the principal group, is the key- 



reception hall, through which the visiting 
peoples are ushered forth and introduced to 
the art and civilization of the United States, 
as evidence both here and beyond. 

At the four corners are pavilions eighty- 
four feet square and four stories high, in 
Avhich are the various bureaus of administra- 
tion. 

On entering the rotunda the eye is carried 
above the arched and grilled entrance por- 
tals to the frescoed panels beneath the bal- 
cony which caps the interior cornice; then 
upward to an order of pilasters, supporting 
the paneled and ornamented ceiling of the 
first dome. Through the opening at the 
crown one sees the magnificently frescoed 
higher dome, from a skylight in the apex 



68 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



of which the entire rotunda is flooded with 
light. 

Swift elevators transport one up loo feet 
to a gallery, which connects on the outside 
with a wide and open colonnade, surround- 
ing the whole dome, from which one may- 
look down upon the many vistas formed by 
the different buildings, the beautiful lagoons 
with their many fountains and statues, and, 




' Fire Controlled 



Group on Administration Building 

beyond, the mighty waters of Lake Michi- 
gan. 

The exterior may be divided into three 
parts, the pavilion story, colonnade, and 
dome. The pavilions are treated in Doric 
simplicity, with the cornice sixty feet from 
the ground to conform with the height and 
style of surrounding buildings. Surrnount- 
ing this cornice on the three corners of each 



Karl Bitte 



pavilion are groups of statuary, expressive 
and in keeping with the dignity of their po- 
sition. Below, magnificent groups flank each 
entrance, while single figures cap the col- 
umns at this level on either side of the por- 
tals. 

The loggia story is an open colonnade of 
the Ionic order, with four domed and circu- 
lar stairway pavilions between the heavy 
piers, corresponding with the square pavil- 
ions below, while the richly colored walls of 
the inner octagon bring out the full beauty 
of the columns. Surmounting the piers are 
winged groups of a more ornate style and a 
row of bronzed flambeaux upon the cornice 
of the colonnade, forming a tiara around 
the brow of the mighty gilded dome, with 
its ribbed and paneled ornamentation. 

The different tiers produce a pyramidal 
effect, and with the masterly blending of 
architecture, sculpture, and frescoing, pre- 
sents a building of dignity, repose, and 
retiring grandeur. 

The architect is Richard Morris Hunt of 
New York. The sculptor is Karl Bitter. 
The painter, William Leftwich Dodge. 

Chicago. JARVIS HUNT. 

Decorations, Dome, and Statuary. — In no 

other building on the grounds is there so 
much magnificent decoration; in none of the 
others was so much attempted. The Admin- 
istration Building is principally for show — 
except the four corner pavilions, in which the 
offices of the Fair managers are located — so 
neither gold-leaf nor gold dollars were 
spared in making it beautiful. 
• There is no question of the grandeur 
and beauty of the interior. There is 
one flaw that detracts not a little. 
Dodge's huge and artistic painting, 
which crowns the whole work, can not 
be seen to advantage, owing to some 
fault in the construction. It is impossi- 
ble to get a full view of the picture from 
any accessible point. It can be seen 
only in pieces, a few figures at a time, 
and the effect is almost spoiled. Too 
\ much of the picture is cut off by a lower 
dome, and standing directly in the cen- 
ter of the floor one can hardly see the 
work at all. 

The rotunda at the base is octagonal 
in form and about loo feet across. The 
gilded, frescoed walls rise to a height 
of about 250 feet, sloping in from half- 
way up and meeting around a center 
skylight that looks like a great Cyclopean 
eye. From the ground-floor rise eight 
grand arches to a height of about forty 
feet. Four of these lead away in rotun- 
das to the corner pavilions, and through the 
others open the doors from the outside. 
Each of the former is supported by two mass- 
ive pillars toward the side, between which, 
half-way up, is a balcony, or gallery, looking 
out on the floor below. 

In the panels between these grand arches, 
set in the wall well toward the top, are six- 
teen huge bronze plates. In these are writ- 



70 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



ten, in gilded letters, the names of the great 
countries of the earth, all of which have rep- 
resentations, great or small, in the big Colum- 
bian show. Extending around the dome, at 
the top of these arches is a strip of huge 
white molding, handsomely carved, and 
with its cuts and crevices worked in gilt. 
Resting on this molding are eight huge 
panels, one at each side of the octagon, and 
each one has a gilt slate, supported by two 
winged female figures. 

On each slate is the record of some great 
discovery or event in the history of the 
world's progress. They are thus recorded: 

The mariner's compass came into general 
use in navigation about 1272. 

Gunpowder was first employed in Euro- 
pean warfare about 1325. 

Guttenberg introduced the art of printing 
from movable types in 1450. 

Copernicus explained his theory of the 
solar system in 1543. 

Newton published his discovery of the law 
of gravitation in 1687. 

Watt patented his invention of the con- 
densing steam-engine in 1769. 

Jenner discovered the principle of vacci- 
nation in 1796. 

Morse perfected his invention of the elec- 
tric telegraph in 1837. 

Above these panels is a row of light terra 
cotta colored panels, through the tops of 
which, at regular intervals, are let in small, 
square latticed windows. Farther up, on 
another stretch of molding, are printed the 
names of men whose discoveries and inven- 
tions have been of great importance in the 
progress and development of the world. 
The names inscribed are: 

Ptolemy, Plato, Descartes, Humboldt, 
Miller, Gay-Lussac, Herschel, Franklin, 
Henry, Agassiz, Galen, Harvey, Archi- 
medes, Newton, Copernicus, Aristotle, Kant, 
Lyell, Priestley, Lavoisier, Kepler, Ampere, 
Cuvier, Lamarck, Vesalius, Hunter, Leib- 
nitz, Galileo, Bacon, Werner, Murchison, 
Berzelius, Liebig, Volta, Faraday, Linnaeus, 
Darwin, Hippocrates, Laplace, La Grange. 

Beyond these is a row of plaster medal- 
lions showing the heads of the different 
types of women of the world, and still far- 
ther up, at the summit of the first dome, are 
eight panels, each having a handsome plaster 
group. The central figure in all of these is 
a woman with outstretched arms, and hold- 
ing in each hand a wreath with which to 
crown some one of the figures bent before 
her. The central figure is the genius of 
the World's Columbian Exposition, the 
initial letters of these words being in- 
scribed over her head; and the kneeling fig- 
ures in front represent literature, the 
sciences, arts, and industries, upon which 
recognition and honor are being bestowed. 

It is upon the outer and upper dome that 
Dodge has painted his picture, " The Glori- 
fication of the Arts and Sciences." The 
idea there carried out is in the representa- 
tion of Apollo sitting on a lofty throne and 
conferring honors upon the victors in war 



and the leaders in science and in art. The 
form of a warrior is bent before him, and 
other favorites approach on the broad steps 
that lead to the throne. In the procession 
which extends around the dome are figures 
representing music and poetry, and the 
arts, sciences, and industries. There are 
also four winged horses drawing a model of 
the Parthenon, and from over it are winged 
females drawing back the canopy from the 
amphitheater in which all such gatherings 
were held by the ancients. 

Around the dome on the outside appears 
the roll of honor of the great discoverers. 
On the north face are the names of De Soto, 
Cook, and Ross. On the northwest face 
appear those of Tasman, Cabot, and Drake. 
The west face holds the names of Wilkes, 
Hudson, and Cartier. On the southwest side 
are inscribed the following: Magellan, Bal- 
boa, and Vespucci. South, we find Da Gama, 
Dias, and Marco Polo. On the southeast 
face, Raleigh, Erik, and Rubriquis are in- 
scribed. The east face commemorates the 
ancients Ibn Batuta, Nearchus, and Hanno, 
while the northeast face honors the heroic 
and courtly La Salle, the missionary ex- 
plorer Livingstone, and Franklin. 

Sculpture. — With the exception of the 
Agricultural Building no single edifice ap- 
proaches the Administration Building for 
profusion of sculpture or richness of design. 
Describing it in detail, its able author, the 
sculptor Karl Bitter of New York, says: 

The Administration Building is decorated 
by twenty-eight groups and a number of 
single figures and relievos. Bas-reliefs of a 
larger size are especially used for adorning 
the interior of the dome. The most remark- 
able are those groups which are placed at 
the sides of the entrances. They are each 
thirty-four feet high, and represent the four 
elements — "Fire," "Water," "Air," and 
' ' Earth. " At the one side of an entrance we 
see the element in its natural, unsubdued 
condition, and at the other side it is repre- 
sented as in the service of man and subdued 
by him. 

At the side opposite to the Central Rail- 
road Depot there is exhibited the element 
" Earth." The first group appears crowned 
with the figure of an old but powerful man, 
who, resting his sturdy fist on his knee, is 
staring forward. It is to allegorize the bulk 
of a mountain, the imposing form of a rock. 
Beneath this figure is standing a fierce 
fellow, who, leaning on a chopped mammoth- 
tooth, looks at his wife, who is wrestling 
with an ape for fruit. Thus it is to' represent 
the earth in its original relations to man, 
who lived like the animals. 

At the other side the opulent, stately 
figure of a woman is proudly lifting in the 
air a crown, pearls, and precious stones, whilst 
with the other hand she lets droop her 
vesture in rich folds. She will show that 
man forced from the earth all that was ex- 
quisite, valuable, and desirous to him. 
Beneath her is a strong man breaking a rock 
in order to get at the raw materials, which, 



THE ADMINISTRA TION BUILDING. 



71 



completely manufactured, she is holding in 
her hand. At her right side is standing a 
youth, who, with a smile, carries upon his 
shoulder a basketful of fruit and grain. 

Opposite to the Machinery Haii is to be 
seen the element "Fire." The fury and 
demon-like nature of the uncontrolled ele- 
ment is shown by a female figure pushing for- 
ward, holding in her outstretched right hand 
a snake , toward the spectator. She is resting 
on the form of a man, who, with full, sensu- 
ous face, represents the storm, and who 
seems to force the woman in the direc- 
tion where his arm is pointing. Be- 
neath there is crouched the figure of a 
woman with a malicious expression se- 
cretly trying to set fire to a pile of wood. 

At the other side of this entrance 
" Genius" is lifting a torch as a symbol 
of light, the best gift rendered to us ', 
by fire. A smith who has stricken a 
demon with his hammer to the feet of 
" Genius" is intended to represent the 
usefulness of fire for the daily usage of 
man. 

Looking toward the lake and the 
beautiful lagoons are placed the groups 
representing " Water." Neptune, as the 
mythological representation of this ele- 
ment, stands as the center figure, and 
rules with mighty outstretched hand 
the agitated waters; beneath him a 
daughter of Nereus, in her bold play 
with a Triton, shows us allegorically 
that which we admire in water masses. 
Emerging from the depth to the crest 
of the wave, her hair tangling in the 
white foam, the daughter of Nereus 
grasps the locks of the Triton and pulls 
him over. His anguish shows that he 
is compelled to submit and that soon 
the smooth uprising will disappear 
under his mighty crash. 

As a counterpart, showing the ele- 
ment in its subdued state, we see a 
vigorous youth in a boat carried on the 
breast of the water, which is now forced 
to lend its strength to carry man, with 
an oar in hand pushing his way on- 
ward. Another draws to the surface 
Nereus' daughter, and tears from her 
the pearls which she has so long guarded 
at the bottom of the sea. 

At the fourth side, opposite to the 
Mining Building, we find placed the 
element "Air. " Two maiden figures are 
in dancing motion between the clouds. 
One of them is turning her body as 
though to show the twirling of the wind. 
Overhead there are two Cupid-like figures 
of children also contesting in play. 

As counterpart a man is eagerly holding 
in his hands the model of an air-ship. By 
his enthusiastic features is plainly seen ' ' he 
nas succeeded." The genius which rises 
behind him seems to be lifting the ship. 
Beneath the inventor is the figure of a 
youth as the assistant of the aeronaut, who 
IS looking in ecstasy upon the success of the 
work. 



The Administration Building has four 
wings, popularly called pavilions. They 
are decorated' by twelve groups, each 
pavilion having three, allegorizing the ele- 
ments, their capacities, inclinations, and 
dispositions which nature renders to man. 
Strength, patriotism, religious sentiment, 
diligence, charitableness, 4ove of liberty, 
satisfaction by pleasure, respect for tradi- 
tions, etc., are thus symbolized. Special re- 
gard is thus paid to the character and the 




Statue, "Victory," Administration Building. Karl Bitter, Sculptor. 

principles of the American nation. In the 
highest points, at the sides of the four 
smaller domes which surround the main 
dome, there are finally placed eight more 
groups, allegorizing the extreme culminating 
points of human culture, as art and science, 
mdustry and commerce, war and peace, 
theology and justice. In constructing these 
groups, of course more consideration was 
paid to the decorative eflfect than to an 
accurate representation of the theme. They 



72 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



are located at such a height that the boys 
sounding on the trumpets, who are bending 
forward at each side of the middle figures, 
exhibit more architectonical lines than 
pretty forms of their bodies. The leading 
motive of these groups, with their winged 
female figures and rich decorative additions, 
is to display a most charming interruption 
to the architectonical masses. 

Above each entrance there are standing 
two single figures, which belong to the 
representation of the elements beneath 
them. 

Inside, in the uppermost part of the dome, 
just below the ceiling-piece, can be seen 
bas-reliefs representing " Columbia" sitting 
upon a throne. She distributes laurels as a 



celebrated Invalides, which holds the tomb 
of the great Napoleon, at Paris. The richly 
and tastefully decorated interior of this 
building affords offices for the administra- 
tion officials, bank, fire, and police depart- 
ments, and of course is not complete with- 
out a magnificent restaurant. 

Banking Facilities at the Fair. — On the 
main floor in the southwest pavilion of the 
Administration Building the Chemical Na- 
tional Bank of Chicago has the exclusive 
privilege of conducting a model bank, with 
safe deposits in the basement, immediately 
beneath the banking-room. A special feat- 
ure is made of the payment of transfers for 
foreign visitors, and a novel and complete 
system of identification is used. The books. 




Fine Arts" Group on Administration Building. Karl Bitter, Sculptor. 



symbol of recognition to the different in- 
dustries shown below her. Among these 
bas-reliefs there is a circle of winged genii 
holding tablets with inscriptions referring 
to the most prominent inventions. 

A number of female figures symbolical of 
Victory, stepping forward and carrying 
palms of peace, are placed upon the columns 
at the entrance to the dome, animating in 
spirit and sentiment, and rendering to the 
sum total the impression of entire perfection. 
KARL BITTER. 

New York. 

The dome of this building is visible for 
miles, being coated with aluminium bronze, 
and greatly resembles in appearance the 



etc., are shown to the foreign and out-of- 
town bankers and the bank exhibited as a 
model. 

The Statue of Columbus. — As the vis- 
itor leaves the magnificent Administra- 
tion Building, possibly after having taken 
a superb bird's-eye view of the grounds, 
buildings, and water-ways from the outer 
galleries encircling the huge golden dome, 
the heroic statue of Columbus, modeled 
by Miss Mary T. Lawrence of New 
York, is immediately before him. It is 
thus described by Mrs. Schuyler Van 
Rensselaer : ' ' The design of the statue— its 
character and pose, and general conception 
of Columbus, whom it is meant to express — 
are due to Mr. St. Gaudens. With the ex- 



AN ART CRITICS PEN PICTURE. 



7? 



ception of the head the carrying out of this 
design has been altogether Miss Lawrence's 
work; and when I say that Mr. St. Gaudens 
is entirely satisfied with the result, she is 
highly praised. It was his first idea to 
show Columbus with one of the Pinzon 
brothers on either side of him, but there 
was no time for the execution of so large a 
scheme, and instead we have Columbus 
alone, dressed in full armor, but with bared 
head, as he plants his feet for the first time 
on the soil of the New World and takes pos- 
session of it in the name of Spain and of the 
cross. The right arm is extended, bearing 
an uplifted sword, and the left arm is raised 
and clasps the staff of a great flag, which 
will spread behind the figure and far out on 
its further side. 

' ' The pose of the figure is simple and nat- 
ural, yet vigorous and impressive, and the 
characterization of the head seems to me 
happily realized. Columbus was above all 
a man of imagination. This main fact is 
expressed in the action and the face of this 
statue. It does not show us simply a trium- 
phant discoverer, as the figure in Mr. 
French's chariot rightly; does, nor is it an 
attempt at portraiture without special char- 
acterization of any kind, like the one on top 
of the new Columbus Monument in New 
York. It is Columbus as he may well have 
looked when, worn and saddened by the 
trials of his voyage and those which pre- 
ceded it, he felt that he was planting the 
cross in a new world." 

The view from the front of the Administra- 
tion Building is perhaps the grandest vista 
in this ' ' White City of magnificent dis- 
tances." To the artistic and the art critic it 
affords the finest field for graceful diction. 
It is appropriate, therefore, here to present 
the very interesting and valuable article 
especially written for Rand, McNally & Co. 's 
* ' A Week at the Fair, " by Mrs. Schuyler Van 
Rensselaer of New York, one of the best 
known art critics of America. The noted 
authoress of that noble volume, "English 
Cathedrals," has nothing but praise for 
the " White City" as a whole — praise from 
her able and artistic pen being in this re- 
spect ' ' praise indeed. " Entitling her grace- 
ful criticism " The Fair Grounds," Mrs. 
Van Rensselaer says: 

The great French Exhibition of 1889, 
more beautiful than any of its predecessors 
in any land, was part and parcel of the city 
of Paris. Its transitory, festal character 
was, indeed, very evident, and contrasted 
with the monumental stability and serious- 
ness of the streets through which one passed 
to reach it. Nevertheless, the Fair build- 
ings were, broadly speaking, in architectural 
accord with the city's general aspect. From 
any point which overlooked them their 
beauty was greatly increased by the beauty 
of the encircling town. But for the gates 
and ticket-takers it might have been hard 
to divine where permanent Paris ended and 
its Exhibition grounds began. And this 
was doubly true because no place of entrance 



immediately gave the visitor a very fine 
point of outlook; he had to find his way to 
some more central spot before he realized 
the full splendor of the Fair. 

But here miles of suburbs filled with rail- 
road-tracks and half -built boulevards stretch 
between Chicago and the new " White Cit)^," 
and the separation in site is not more dis- 
tinct than" the separation ifi architectural 
character. Of course, the unity which was 
possible at Paris facilitated in one way the 
labors of the builders of its Fair. Yet gain 
in another way attended the division which 
exists at Chicago; for, accenting the exhibi- 
tion as a new creation for a sj)ecial purpose 
— as a fairy-land of beauty quickly wrought 
for a single summer's use — it permitted the 
builders to found and fashion in quite un- 
hampered ways. Even French architects, 
I think, might be glad of so fresh and free 
an opportunity. And at all events, as 
Chicago — despite the novel triumphs of con- 
structional science with which it will amaze 
foreign eyes — has not the architectural 
beauty of Paris, the independence of its- 
Fair, although determined by necessity, 
may certainly be accounted a piece of 
artistic good fortune. 

Working in perfect freedom, neither 
helped nor fettered by the close vicinity of 
a permanent town, our artists have created 
a more beautiful Fair than even the Parisian 
one of 1889. I do not think that any one 
who has seen the two will question this fact. 
And it is a fact which seems all the more 
creditable to our young nation, inexperienced 
in the management of vast artistic under- 
takings and unassisted by official organiza- 
tion and guidance, when we remember that 
all natural advantages in the way of site 
were in the Frenchmen's favor. 

At Paris there la^^ all ready for the Fair 
builders' hands the vast level Champ de 
Mars, already once put to similar service. 
Bordering it ran the wide River Seine, 
crossed by handsome bridges, edged by 
dignified buildings, and dotted with verd- 
urous islands. And on the opposite side 
of the Seine rose the imposing slope of the 
Trocadero Hill, crowned by its turreted 
palace, a permanent legacy from the exhibi- 
tion of 1878. No more convenient or more 
beautiful site for the erection of another 
Fair could have been desired, and those 
who dealt with it made the most of it in a 
very artistic way, greatly improving upon 
the aspect of the Fair of 1878. Their build- 
ings were beautifully designed, grouped, 
and decorated, and the whole impression 
made by the grounds on both sides of the 
river as one saw them from the bridge, from 
the top of the Trocadero Hill, or from a 
balcony on the Eiffel tower, was dignified 
and splendid as well as extremely gay, 
picturesque, and charming. 

Our Fair, I say, is still more beautiful; 
and what was its site two years ago? 

The first idea was to create the Fair half 
along the Lake Front within the city and 
half in the completed portion of Jackson 



74 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



Park, several miles away; but the landscape 
gardener, Mr. Frederick Law Olmsted, de- 
cided that something better than this might 
be done, and the chiefs of construction, 
Messrs. Burnham and Root, agreed with 
him. The whole of Jackson Park, they 
said, might be used, although only a small 
part of it had yet been improved. This 
part contained some pretty plantations of 
small trees and an ornamental sheet of 
water. All the rest was a dreary expanse 
of ridgy sand-dunes, divided by swampy 
hollows where the overflowing water of the 
lake often lay to a considerable depth. To 
transform this into solid ground, over an 
area half as large again as the site of the 
Paris Exhibition, would have been finan- 
cially if not physically impossible. And even 
had 'it been possible the result -would have 
been a flat, monotonous, barren site, in- 
capable of transfiguration into any type of 
beauty hitherto discovered by builders of 
great groups of independent yet related 
structures. 

But the presence of the lake inspired 
another solution. It was the waters of the 
lake which made the proposed site unfit to 
bear great buildings; yet a wide outlook 
over these waters was the only natural at- 
traction which Chicago could offer its Fair 
builders. Why might not their properly 
regulated presence within the borders of the 
Fair be made to compensate for the absence 
of that variety in elevation, that silver river, 
and those wide green lawns and umbrageous 
trees which constituted the charm of the 
Paris site? Nothing of the kind had ever 
been done before, but to the bold imagina- 
tion of these artists that fact seemed merely 
another favoring argument. And practical 
reasoning pointed in the same direction as 
artistic reasoning. Dig the proposed canals 
and basins extensive enough to make them 
dominate in the general effect, and the soil 
thus excavated would suffice to solidify the 
spots where the buildings must stand. 

Go now to the top of one of the big domes 
or towers and take a bird's-eye view of the 
Fair. You will see to the eastward of it a 
limitless expanse of water, and to the west- 
M^ard a limitless expanse of prairie, and will 
realize that where they met there might 
well have been, two years ago, not even a 
solid, ugly stretch of prairie-land, but only 
an ugly, treacherous marsh. Looking over 
this ground now — here with its straight, 
stately, wide canals and architectural ter- 
races, and there with its irregularly shaped 
lagoons and islands — you will understand 
that a great artist like Mr. Olmsted can 
absolutely create in a way which almost 
equals nature's own. To-day it seems a 
simple enough idea — this bringing in the 
lake to solidify the land; but it was one of 
those simple ideas which only a great man 
conceives for the first time, and one of those 
very practical ideas which only an artist 
conceives. I mean that, while a practical 
man might have seen the feasibility of the 
scheme, only an artist could have seen its 



desirability; and only a great artist could 
have foretold how diversified beauty — 
variety in harmony — might thus be secured 
even better than upon a more naturally 
advantageous site. 

It does not matter much by which of its 
entrances you approach the Fair — whether 
you come by water and, passing under the 
triumphal arch surmounted by the Dis- 
coverer group, find the huge golden statue 
of the Republic immediately before you; 
and past the long, wide reach of the Great 
Basin, flanked by the fagades of four im- 
mense palaces, see in the distance the 
America Fountain, and beyond it the 
square, solid mass of the Administration 
Building, surmounted by the vast dome 
which is the Fair's crowning feature; or 
whether you come by rail and, passing 
through the splendid vestibule which this 
building forms, stand in the Plaza, with the 
fountain in the foreground and the Basin 
beyond, finished by the towering America, 
and the colonnaded portico giving glimpses 
of the lake on the fair horizon. It does not 
matter, for in either case your point of view 
will have been carefully planned for as a 
first point of view. First impressions always 
count for much; and the way in which our 
Fair builders have thus provided only two 
great entrances, but have given each of 
them monumental magnificence, and opened 
in front of each the most splendid and har- 
monious of their vistas, is certainly one 
point where they have proved their su- 
periority to the builders of any previous 
exhibition. 

The harmony, the essential unity of this 
imposing vista from east to west or from 
west to east will be the first thing to impress 
you once you have absorbed the surprising 
imipression which architectural works can 
make by dint of mere colossal size, rich 
elaboration, and brilliancy of color. You 
will not believe that you are standing in a 
temporary pleasure-ground, constructed by 
many artists, uncontrolled by anything but 
their own sense of artistic fitness; or that 
you are still living in our prosaic, calculat- 
ing, commercial nineteenth century. This 
formally arranged portion of the Fair looks 
as though it had been built to please the eye 
of some beauty-loving potentate, able to 
bend all individual talents to a single task. 
And because of the harmony thus revealed 
on so grand a scale and with such richness 
of decoration, because the items of beauty 
and impressiveness are so many and varied 
yet so concordant, you will behold a sight 
which, I am unafraid to say, has not been 
paralleled since the Rome of the emperors 
stood intact with marble palace, statue, ter- 
race, bridge, and temple under an Italian 
sky no bluer than our own. You will feel 
that the Romans whom Augustus ruled 
must somewhere have built themselves a 
Venice, and that somehow you have been 
spirited back 2,000 years to see it. 

Of course, big as it is, our Fair is a small 
place compared to imperial Rome, and, fine 



AN ART CRITIC S PEN PICTURE. 



75 



though most of its structures are, many of 
them show faults which the Romans would 
not have committed. Nevertheless, I be- 
lieve that on no ^pot in the modern world 
has so impressive a panorama been unrolled 
as the one you will see when you stand near 
either of the entrances to our Fair, or, still 
better perhaps, on one of the bridges which 
span the long canal where it crosses the 
Great Basin. Here four vistas, to east 
and west, to north and south, open out be- 
fore you; three finished with rich arrange- 
ments of columns and statues, and one 
stretching away toward a distant green ex- 
panse and still more distant fa9ades and 
domes. 

It is worth while to question upon what 
depends the harmonious unity of these vis- 



proportions of the neighboring portico, and 
the dimensions of the adjacent buildings. 
Therefore she does not seem too large, for 
she does not throw smaller things ' ' out of 
scale." One thinks first of her beauty and 
of the way in which it helps the general 
beauty of the scene, and only in the second 
place of her extraordinary size. It is easy 
to imagine how the effect of the scene as a 
whole would be injured were she made 
smaller, or did she change places with the 
America Fountain. 

We should never have had so beautiful a 
Fair if features like this had been left to 
chance, to the caprice of individual artists, 
or had been determined upon only after 
other parts of the work had been done. 
They were determined upon in advance, 




Industry" Group on Administration Building. Karl Bitter, Sculptor. 



tas. It depends, in the first place, upon the 
existence of a definite, well-considered 
ground-plan for the Fair. No building, no 
fountain, bridge, or statue, looks as though 
it had been set down at random. If the posi- 
tion of one were altered, the effect of them 
all, we feel, would be injured. The small- 
est as well as the largest was set where its 
presence was required by the demands of 
the general scheme. Then scale has been 
as carefully considered as position. If each 
feature, large and small, is in the right 
place, so also each is of the right size. Alter 
the size of one and it would seem out of 
place. Alter its place, and it might easily 
seem of the wrong size. The golden Re- 
public was not built ninety feet tall simply 
that she might be very conspicuous, or with 
a mere desire to rival the colossi of Egypt. 
Her height was carefully calculated with 
regard to the size of the Great Court, the 



when the right relationship of all features 
could be considered, and each could be 
adapted to the requirements of its fellows. 
And in a similar way were settled not only 
the style and the dimensions of the great 
buildings, but also the size and general 
character of their chief features. The same 
height was adopted for all the main cornice 
lines, and the same height and span for all 
the great divisions of the walls. The Ad- 
ministration Building towers high above its 
neighbors, but you will notice that its first 
stage corresponds with them in height and 
general design, varying only — as they do 
among themselves — in the treatment of the 
broadly concordant features. As it is the 
main entrance to the Fair grounds, the Ad- 
ministration Building was rightly made their 
dominating feature. It serves nmiiy prac- 
tical i>urposes, but its chief purpose is sym- 
bolical — is to proclaim the Fair's immensity 



76 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



and dignity, and its builders' regard for 
beauty; to proclaim that our Fair has been 
organized for the glorification of art even 
more than for that of science and industry. 
Well expressing this idea, it strikes us as 
more original in conception than any other 
building on the grounds. As far as anything 
of the sort can be neAV^, it is a new atchitect- 
ural type. Nothing of the same kind had 
been designed before. Triumphal porches, 
magnificent great portals, the world has 
often seen, but never before a whole build- 
ing, of very large size, conceived as a vesti- 
bule. 

The fact that it is before all a monu- 
mental vestibule is clearly expressed by the 
great importance of its dome. The dome 
does not merely cover and complete the 
substructure ; the substructure really exists 
for its sake. It exists for itself — to shelter 
incoming multitudes, and by its soaring 
lines to explain the existence and the splen- 
dor of the Fair. The dome is the building, 
and this can not be said in a similar sense of 
any great dome previously built. 

It is, I think, one of the most beautiful 
domes which ever has been built; and when 
we remember that it is the chief feature of 
our Fair, while the Eiffel Tower, a merely 
scientific marvel, was the chief feature of 
the Parisian one, we realize in how truly ar- 
tistic a spirit our builders have worked. 
Within their domain no object appealing 
chiefly to the sense of wonder has been 
permitted. All the great features appeal — 
or, at the very least, were meant to appeal — 
chiefly to the sense of beauty; and I may 
say in passing that all the minor features, 
useful or commercial, which are scattered 
around among the large buildings have 
been much more carefully controlled in the 
interests of beauty than was the case at 
Paris. 

But despite the magnificence of its dome 
and the accordant expressiveness of its 
lower portions, the Administration Building, 
taken as a whole, is not as beautiful as the 
Agricultural Building. This is the most 
beautiful on the Fair grounds, excepting the 
Fine Arts Building, far away; the most in- 
teresting and satisfying when one studies its 
features and the manner in which they are 
combined, and much the most successful as 
regards its sculptural adornment. 

One of the most ingeniously admirable 
features of the whole Fair is the great colon- 
nade, which unites this building with the 
Machinery Building, across the southern end 
of the canal. It not only serves this pur- 
pose of unification, but also screens the 
stock yards from sight while supplying them 
with a dignified portal, and thus excellently 
finishes the great perspective of the canal. 
The contrast between the two structures 
which it joins is very striking yet harmoni- 
ous. The Agricultural Building is the more 
scholarly and refined, and its various por- 
tions are welded into a truer unity. But 
the other is the more imposing, the more 
magnificent, and, perhaps, the more dis- 



tinctly festal looking, while the Spanish- 
American character of its tall pavilions gives 
it a peculiar appropriateness on these Colum- 
bian Fair grounds. 

I need not refer to the unparalleled scien- 
tific triumph won by those who roofed the 
Manufactures Building, except to s^y that, 
the huge iron trusses seen in i£s interior are 
as worthy of admiration from the esthetic as 
from the mechanical point of view. The sim- 
plicity of its exterior is in true artistic accord 
with its vast size, for when a building is very 
large indeed, no architectural device is so 
effective as the extended repetition of simi- 
lar features. Greater variety, greater pict- 
uresqueness have been sought in the Elec- 
tricity Building than in any of its neighbors, 
not everywhere with entire success, yet still 
in a way which does not seriously mar the 
harmonious effect of the great Plaza and 
Basin. 

Passing down the canal beside it, and 
beneath a bridge, we enter the lagoon and 
the less symmetrically arranged portion of 
the Fair grounds; and at no point are we so 
much impressed by the skill of their plan- 
ners. It can not have been an easy task to 
discover how architectural formality might 
be contrasted with semi-naturalistic inform- 
ality and yet the whole scheme be kept an 
artistic unit, and no inharmonious perspec- 
tives mar the point of juncture. But a way 
was found, and nowhere from water or 
shore do we note incongruity or disharmony 
of effect. 

Architectural incongruities do indeed ap- 
pear as soon as we enter the lagoon. The 
Transportation Building is very simple in 
line and very gorgeous in color, yet not out 
of keeping with its associates; the Horti- 
cultural Building is especially successful as 
regards its dome, contrasting so effectively 
in shape and substance with the solider 
things around it; and the Woman's Building 
is refined and pleasing. But the United 
States Building is as bad as, in these days, 
nothing but one of our government build- 
ings is likely to be. It is bad in design, and 
bad in treatment and finish ; its only virtue 
is as an object-lesson, pointing the fact that 
a general reform is needed in the matter of 
our official architecture. And the Illinois 
Building, too big for its place because it 
shuts off the view of the Art Building, is 
also unsatisfactory in mass and crowned by 
a very ugly dome. But the scheme pre- 
pared for the architects by the landscape 
gardeners was extremely fine, and their 
special work in creating the island I do not 
need to praise. 

Round this island, pass beneath another 
bridge, and another sheet of water opens 
before you — the one which existed before 
the Fair was proposed. Its shores, too, are 
injured by the excessive si«^ of the Illinois 
Building, and by over-crowding in other 
places with foreign and State buildings, 
which do not harmonize with one another. 
Nevertheless it has not really been spoiled 
as a whole, and it beautifully plays its chief 



AN ART CRITICS PEN PICTURE. 



77 



role as a foreground for the surpassingly 
beautiful Art Building. 

You can not look at this too long or admire 
it too greatly. It is the finest thing on the 
Fair grounds, and the finest building of so 
classical a sort which the modern world has 
constructed. It is not just like any build- 
ing which classic nations themselves con- 
structed; it is much larger and more varied 
in mass, and its dome is a distinct innova- 
tion. But we feel it is justsuch a building 
as the Greeks might have built had they 
known about domes and had they wanted 
something of this size for a similar site and 
purpose. It is as carefully considered in 
feature as it is vigorous, yet graceful, in 
outline and mass; and its setting on the 



Fisheries Building, with its ingenious novel- 
ties in the way of decoration ; and then can 
retrace our course along the splendid espla- 
nade which makes the seaward finish of the 
grounds, eventually reaching the Forestry- 
Building, near their southern limits — a glori- 
fication, so to say, of " rustic " architectural 
methods. 

Many styles of architecture meet the eye as 
we thus make the circuit of the Fair, and many 
more if we leave its actual limits and survey 
the Midway Plaisance, where more purely 
commercial enterprises have been allowed to 
develop themselves. The effort to adapt 
some ancient style, or some modern kind of 
eclecticism, to the special purpose in view 
has not always been successful. But there 




Science " Group on Administration Building. Karl Bitter, Sculptor. 



brink of the little lake adds immeasurably 
to its charm. 

Behind it, alas, the grounds are very 
crowded. So many things had -to be built 
here, and they were built by so many differ- 
ent hands, that the effect is very much 
huddled and in many spots very inharmoni- 
ous. Still, some of the foreign buildings 
are fine, and all of them are interesting; 
and some of the State buildings, like New 
York's, Ohio's, and Minnesota's, deserve high 
praise, while others, like California's, have 
the value which attaches to intelligent adap- 
tations of old-time local ways of building. 

Then, leaving the center of the grounds 
and passing toward the lake shore, we find 
the picturesque individual and delightful 



are few distressing failures. Even where 
only a partial success has been obtained, an 
intelligent eye may gather much instruc- 
tion; and there are some very remarkable 
triumphs in all portions of the Fair grounds. 
The Art Building, as I have said, is ad- 
mirably, perfectly successful in its very pure 
and noble way; and I think the Roman- 
esque of Southern Europe has rarely been 
so artistically used in modern times as in the 
Fisheries Building. But taken as a whole 
the formally disposed southern portions of 
the grounds are of course the finest — the por- 
tions which have won our Fair the name 
of the " White City " and of the " Venice of 
the West." Here the landscape architect's 
scheme is most novel, most stately and 



78 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



splendid; and here we learn the meaning 
of architectural unity on an extensive scale. 
We see that such unity creates a general 
beauty of effect which architectural diver- 
sity can not rival, while also the special 
value of each work is enhanced by its con- 
cordant contrast with its neighbors. We 
see, too, that unity need not mean monot- 
ony or the extinguishing of personalities 
if the broad architectural path is wisely 
chosen. The allied yet not identical 
Renaissance styles chosen by the builders 
of this part of the Fair w^ere unquestionably 
the best for their purpose. In using them 
so harmoniously, yet so individually, they 
have shown us a panorama of beauty such 
as we had never even dreamed about be- 
fore; and their result should do much to 
prove to our people that beauty is a thing 
of priceless worth — typifying as it does the 
search for intellectual and spiritual rather 
than for material profit. No man or woman 
will come to Chicago this summer without 
recognizing that the Fair has been based on 
a serious recognition of the fact that com- 
mercial prosperity alone can not make a 
nation great; and the lesson thus taught 
must be of immense national service. 
Through the voice of the big, busy, prac- 
tical, money-making city of Chicago 
America herself declares: Lo, it is not 
Mammon you should worship, but the 
light-bringing, health-giving gods of intel- 
ligence, refinement, and beauty! And all 
America's children will listen, believe, learn, 
and practice, as they would in obedience to 
no voice except her own. 

M. G. VAN RENSSELAER. 
New York, 

With such a glorious panorama before her, 
well may this broad-minded, brilliant, and 
intellectual woman exclaim, with righteous 
indignation, in a recent contribution to The 
Forum: ' ' As a pleasuring-place Jackson 
Park will have attractions never before 
approached in our land; but as a place for 
self -instruction, self-cultivation, it will sur- 
pass any other spot in the world. And 
yet this is the place that those self-styled 
Christians who do not believe Christ's dis- 
tinct assertion that the Sabbath was made 
for man, not man for the Sabbath, desire to 
have closed on the one day of the week 
when our mind-hungry, beauty-starved, 
ignorant, but eagerly ambitious masses 
could best make use of its civilizing and 
uplifting ministrations." 

Sad, nay, almost sacrilegious, does it seem 
that in less than one brief year — 

"These cloud-capped towers, the gorgeous palaces, 

The solemn temples 

shall (Issolve, 

And like this unsubstantial pageant faded, 
Leave not a rack bv^hind."" 

Like the songs and sublime diction of 
that " sweet swan of Avon," they should 
endure " not for an age but for all time." 

Well does Mrs. Van Rensselaer aver, in 
speaking of this vast city of white palaces, 
that " to give a peep inside, to stop a few 



moments to criticise the decorations of walls 
and porticoes, to note the names of the 
world's great ones cut in panels, or to famil- 
iarize oneself with their features molded in 
staff, would need three afternoons at least, 
instead of one. To pause now and then to 
take in the beauties of the lakes and lagoons, 
to admire the Venetian columns with their 
curious carvings, to note the symmetrical 
sweep of the bridges and the magnificent 
stretches of buildings on every side, to drink 
in the infinite splendor of pillars and colon- 
nades, and pinnacles and minarets piercing 
the blue sky, would occupy a much longer 
time. 

"It will take," she truly observes, " a week 
or more to get even a crude idea of its treas- 
ures—a fact that in itself should outbalance 
all the narrow arguments of those Avho wish 
to deprive the working classes of their best 
days for visiting the Fair." 

In front of the Columbus Statue, on 
the verge of and facing the Main Basin, 
stands the finest and most artistic com- 
position on the Exposition grounds — 
the Columbian Fountain (N 19), designed 
by Mr. Frederick MacMonnies, and exe- 
cuted by him principally in his Paris 
studio. Resembling closely in symbolical 
design a remarkable sketch alleged to have 
been made by Columbus himself, in part it 
follows the general design of the fountain at 
the Paris Exposition. Its sea-horses recall 
the new Fontaine de la Federation, Toulon, 
but in its entirety the conception is infinitely 
superior, and in execution more artistic. 
Briefly, the design is as follows: The center 
part is designed as a medieval barge, drawn 
by huge sea-horses frothing and spouting 
foam and sea-water, and by centaurs be- 
stridden and urged on. Enthroned and 
above all sits Columbia, majestic in dignity 
and pose, the personification of liberty, free- 
dom, and power, with Father Time as 
steersman, "like Palinurus nodding at the 
helm." Assisting in the propulsion of the 
Ship of State, on either side are four female 
figures, representing the arts and sciences, 
gracefully pulling huge sweeps, or oars. At 
the bow of the barge, Fame, a beautiful fe- 
male figure, Avith a herald's trumpet in hand, 
proclaims with clarion note the advent and 
progress of the nation. The motto'' E pin- 
rib us 7(nujn''\one out of many) is graven on 
the pedestal supporting the principal figure. 
Marvelous in conception, masterly in execu- 
tion and design, the Columbian Fountain 
may well be regarded as Mr. MacMonnies' 
clief-d'oeuvre, and as a glorious triumph 
for a comparatively young sculptor. Snowy 
white, to match the "White City" it adorns 
and beautifies, it may be questioned 
whether its most entrancing appearance will 
not be when the sun has sunk beneath the 
horizon and electricity comes to man's aid 
and enjoyment. Then, when the powerful 
electric fountains on either side shoot forth 
their multicolored jets of water, when the 
spray is tinted in myriad rays and the huge 
search-lights lend a weird, wonderful bright- 



THE COLUMBIAN FOUNTAIN. 



79 



ness to the scene, the visitor watching the 
shadow chasing the ray across this beauteous 
group of figures will find some substantial 
excuse for that ancient conceit of Aristotle 
that ' ' originally in every block of marble 
there was a noble statue which would appear 
in all its pristine glory when the superfluous 
covering was removed by the touch of a 
true artist's hand." 

Two of the largest electric fountains ever 
made stand on either side of the Columbian 
Fountain. Their basins are each sixty feet 
in diameter. Water is furnished through 
a 24-inch pipe branching from a 36-inch 
main connected with the great Worthington 
pumps in Machinery Hall. The basins are 



change the combinations of water, color, and 
light is located in the Basin, and the oper- 
ators in charge are directed by signals from 
the tower on Machinery Hall that overlooks 
the Grand Canal. While the large number 
of jets and color-lights provided for the fount- 
ains make possible innumerable combina- 
tions, the set pieces will be the most beauti- 
ful. Great flowers, sheaves of wheat, fences 
of gold, showers of rubies, pearls, and ame- 
thysts will all be produced in effect by the 
combination of colored light thrown on the 
rising and falling streams of water. The 
Edison Company, which has the contracts 
for the fountains, as a part of its exhibit, 
made an outlay of over $100,000 for the dis- 




A View from the Colonnade. 



duplicates in every respect. Eighteen water- 
jets are grouped in a circle on the outer 
edge of the basin about the main central ori- 
fice, which throws a 2-inch stream to a height 
of 150 feet. Immediately around this are 
seven jets of less than an inch in diameter. 
Next comes another circle of six i^-inch 
jets mingled with still another series of ^- 
inch pipes. Individual jets, arranged for 
artistic effects, make a total of 152 streams in 
each fountain, all of which may be thrown 
into action at the same time. For the illumi- 
nation of the fountains thirty-eight power- 
ful arc lamps are required. Their rays of 
varying colors are deflected by parabolic 
reflectors. The mechanism which is used to 



play. The cost of operation is estimated all 
the way from $500 to $1,000 a night, but the 
returns from attendance increased by the at- 
traction of the fountains is expected to reach 
into the tens of thousands every night the 
fountains play. The night illumination of 
the Exposition is to be made a feature. 
Long rows of incandescent bulbs are ar- 
ranged along the sides of canals and la- 
goons. All the buildings surrounding the 
Grand Plaza will be ablaze with light, and 
powerful search-lights on lofty towers will 
turn the darkest night into day. 

The View of the Main Basin. — Standing 
by the MacMonnies Fountain, with his face 
toward the lake, or eastward, the visitor 



so 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



gazes upon the grandest view of the Exposi- 
tion, that of the Main Basin (M 21). Before 
iim, impressive in its altitude and grandeur, 
French's colossal Statue of the Republic, 
like a new Venus Anadyomene, rises from 
the rippling waters of the Main Basin. To 
his right are the graceful outlines of 
Machinery Hall, with the colonnade and 
obelisk in harmony and contrast. Then the 




■Statue of the Republic, Mam Basin. D. C. French, Sculptor. 

ornate and classic Agricultural Building 
projects into the picture, with decorations 
and sculpture bewildering in detail and de- 
lightful in attractiveness. The Casino, the 
•classic Peristyle, and the Music Hall, 
crowned with statuary and crested with the 
:grand Columbus Quadriga, partially obscure 
Lake Michigan's blue waters, but enhance 
their effect when viewed through column 
and snowy pillar. Two dwarf reproductions 




Henry Van Brunt. 



of the Temple of Vesta fill vacant corners, 
and the visitor's eye then reaches the colossal 
proportions of the Manufactures and Liberal 
Arts Building, severe in its massive sim- 
plicity. Then a long vista of lagoon, with 
the huge and rather inartistic dome of the 
United States Government Building, a deli- 
cate detail of Henry Ives Cobb's handsome 
Fisheries Building, and Illinois' huge, heavy 
dome close the left of the picture, with 
glimpses of lagoon and Wooded Island, 
bridges crowned with statuary, and last of 
all Electricitv's handsome, airy home. 

THE ELECTRICITY BUILDING 

(L 18) is thus described by its able archi- 
tects, Messrs. 
Van Brunt & ..*; 

Howe, of Kan- 
sas City: 

This building 
lies parallel 
with the Mines 
Building, is of 
nearly the 
same dimen- 
sions — 350X 700 
feet — and the 
contrast in the 
archite c t u r a 1 
character o f 
the two struct- 
ures illustrates the fact that the purposes of 
these two buildings exercised a controlling 
influence over the design of each. The Mine 
Building contains an exhibit of coarse prod 
nets and heavy machinery and appliances 
and consequently has been treated with 
broad, plain surfaces and large details, the 
aim of the architect having been to create 
an impression of breadth and repose. The 
Electricity Building, on the other hand, 
its contents are mainly of delicate form am 
finer structure, is naturally treated with 
corresponding refinement and delicacy of 
detail, and the idea of electricity itself has 
imposed upon the design a, quality of rest- 
lessness or movement obtained by frequent 
repetitions of vertical members and by a 
sky-line broken by ten towers, or campaniles, 
and four domes. 

As this building forms one of the group 
of seven buildings inclosing the Great Court 
of Entrance (the railway station on the west, 
the Peristyle and its pavilions ^n the east 
toward the lake, and Machinery and Ag/ 
cultural buildings on the south, and the 
Manufactures and Electricity buildings on 
the north, the Administration Building being 
in the center of the group), it is, like these, 
in a strict classic st}^le, having with them a 
common height of sixty feet to the top of 
the cornice, with other features agreed upon 
to obtain a proper degree of conformity, but 
without repetitions. 

The facades of this building are composed 
with a full Corinthian order of pilasters set 
twenty-three feet on centers, the main 
entablatures being broken around the 
pilasters so as to accentuate the vertical 



I 



% 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



elements, and in conjunction with the fre- 
quent light towers to give to the general 
design a movement which, in contrast with 
its neighbors, may be suggestive of the 
mysterious functions of electricity. 

The center of each front has a pavilion of 
entrance; that on the north, toward the 
lagoon, and those on the east and west being 
crowned each with two lofty towers. The 
four corners of the building are marked by 
lighter pavilions, finishing with open cam- 
paniles; and on the two long sides there are 
intermediate bays slightly projecting, with 
postern doors, and treated with low, square 
domes to relieve the uniformity of the archi- 
tecture without absolutely breaking the 
continuity of the order. 




Benjamin Franklin. 

On the south is the main entrance on the 
court. This, for the sake of distinction, is 
treated as a solid pylon, pierced by a 
triumphal arch, 58 feet wide and 92 
feet high, which forms the frame of a 
great semicircular niche, or hemicycle, 
covered by a half dome. In the center of 
this niche stands on a lofty pedestal _ a 
colossal statue of Franklin, who, in his dis- 
covery of the electrical properties of light- 
ning, happily associates a patriotic name 
with the progress of electrical investigation. 
The great Corinthian order is carried around 
this niche, which contains three main door- 



ways, and the half dome is divided by corre- 
sponding ribs into panels, and treated with 
Renaissance devices in relief against a 
background of greenish-blue. The upper 
part of this pylon is distinguished from the 
rest of the sky-lines of the edifice by a treat- 
ment of simple horizontal lines, and the 
main fabric is supported on the right and 
left by consoles or ornamental buttresses, 
two on each side, each being crowned with 
a statue fifteen feet high representing the 
functions of electricity as applied to the 
industrial arts. 

The north end, toward the lagoon — where 
the formal character of the court is aban- 
doned and a more picturesque treatment 
prevails, in sympathy with the features of 
irregular outline in water and land which 
prevail there — has its central entrance 
pavilion, containing a great arched window 
recessed between two semicircular or 
apsidal projections — these three features 
occupying together the whole of this front. 

Each bay of the fa9ades all around the 
building contains two ranges of windows 
corresponding with the interior stories. 
The lower range is decorated with a small 
Ionic order, which, when carried around 
these two apses, forms between them an 
open porch with a great balcony over it. 
The frieze of this inferior order contains the 
names of those who from the beginning 
have been associated with electrical discov- 
eries and inventions. Where the frieze of 
the main order is carried around the recess 
of the hemicycle it contains Turgot's famous 
epigram on Franklin: '■'Eriptnt cceloful- 
men sceptrumque tyrannis.^'' 

The main Corinthian order projects in 
front of the east and west central pavilions, 
with detached columns and pilasters, so as to 
form a portico crowned with a balustrade. 
The four main entrances on the center 
of each front are the architectural expres- 
sion of the main feature of the plan, 
which consists of a longitudinal nave 
115 feet wide and 114 feet high, crossed 
by a central transept of the same width and 
height, the roofs being supported by a series 
of steel arched trusses, set twenty-three 
feet apart. The rest of the building is 
treated with flat roofs and is in two stories, 
the upper story having the character of a 
gallery. The flat roofs are furnished with 
frequent skylights, so that the whole interior 
is abundantly lighted. 

The conventional decoration of the ex- 
terior of this building is relieved by repeti- 
tions of the electro-magnet and lamp, and 
other more or less familiar devices sug- 
gestive of electrical functions. 

The south front of the lower story 
forms an open arcade, corresponding in use 
to those provided in all the other buildings 
around the Great Court. 

VAN BRUNT & HOWE. 

Kansas City, Mo. 

Statuary and Decorations.— At the south- 
ern end of the building, in front of the hemi- 



THE ELECTRICITY BUILDING. 




/ 1 

/GENERAL 



^^GENERAL^ 



N^ ELECTRIC )|(r)|( ELECTRIC ]c 1 




MAIN FLOOR 

Ground Plan Electricity Building. 



A. 2 "C. & C." Electric Mo- 
tor Co. 

A 3 1 

B 1-2 ( Westinghouse Elec- 

F 1 , trie & Mfg. Co. 

H 1 J 

A 4-5 Western Electric Co. 

A 7 Taylor, Goodhue & 
Ames. 

B 3 Eddy Electric Mfg. Co. 

B 41 

C 1 I 

H 2 I 

J 1 \ General Electric Co. 

M 4 I 

N 1 I 

O 3 I 

B 5 Excelsior Electric Co. 

W\ Germany. 

D 2 Electrical Forging Co. 

J) 3 Schieren & Co.,Chas. A. 

D 4 Munson Belting Co. 

D 5 Page Belting Co. 

E 2 Belknap Motor Co. 

E 3 Elwell-Parker Electric 
Const. Co. 

E 4 Arnold Mfg Co. 

E 5 Mather, A. C. 

E 7 Queen & Co., Jas. W. 

F 2 Zucker & Levett Chem- 
ical Co. 

F 3 Union Electric Co. 

F 4 Commercial Elect. Co. 



F 5 Chicago Belting Co. 
F 6 Jewell Belting Co. 
F 7 Curtis Elect. Mfg. Co. 
F 8 Greeley, E. S. & Co. 
G 1 American Bell Tele- 
phone Co. 
I 1 Phoenix Glass Co. 
J 2 T 

p g \ France. 

Q 1-2 J 

L 1 Crocker- Wheeler Elec- 
tric Co. 

L 2 Jenney Electric Motor 
Co. 

L 4 Hansen & Van Winkle 
Co. 

L 5 Degenhardt, F. E. 

L 6-7 Brush Elect. Co., The 

M 1-2 Anthony Elect. Inst. 
Co. 

M 3 Fort Wayne Elect. Co., 
E. A. Barnes. 

O 2 Thompson Elect. Weld- 
ing Co. 

O 4 Helsler Electric Co. 

O 5 England. 

O 6 Russia 

P 1 Electrical Conduit Co. 

P 2 Standard Electric Co. 

P 4 Electron Mfg. Co. 

P 6 Canada 

P 9 Elliott Elect. Co. 

P 10 Wing. L. J. & Co. 



cycle which forms the main entrance, stands 
the heroic statue of Benjamin Frankhn, 
executed by the Danish sculptor Carl Rohl- 
Smith, a Danish-American, who certainly- 
had for his inspiration one of the most 
dramatic subjects in American historj^ — 
that of Franklin's discovery that electricity 
might be brought down, even with a child's 
plaything, from the angry heavens; thus 
laying the foundation for its subjugation as 
one of man's servants. Grasping with one 
hand his kite, which rests upon the ground, 
the other holds aloft the key with which this 
greatest of all nature's mysteries was un- 
locked. His head is thrown back. Glorious 
in its triumph appears the face, as if still 
searching the heavens, and the whole pose 
is one of mastery and power. While some 
critics have pronounced the statue over- 
drawn, all agree that it is full of freedom 
and power, and, considered in regard to its 
heroic surroundings as well as to the re- 
quirements of the plastic art, it is certainly 
one of the finest pieces of statuary on the 
grounds. 

Over the north entrance of the building 
are the names of the following great elec- 
tricians and discoverers in electrical science: 
Henry, Faraday, Morse, Siemens, Volta. 
To the left of the entrance: Bain, Joule, 
Cooke, Steinheil, Laplace, Priestley, Coxe, 
Cavendish. To the right of the entrance: 
Vail, De la Rive, Saussure, Varley, Gue- 
ricke. Field, Maxwell, Thales. Over the 
west entrance: Davy, Don Silva, Arago. 
Over the east entrance: Gauss, Jacobi, 
Wheatstone. At the south entrance: Names 
in the dome — Franklin (five times), Daniell, 
Ampere, Galvani, Ohm, Sturgeon. To the 
left of the entrance: Davenport, Weber, 
Ronalds, Oersted. To the right of the en- 
trance: Coulomb, Page, Gilbert, Somering. 

The following is the classification of ex- 
hibits in the Electricity Building: 

GROUP NO. 

122. — Apparatus illustrating the phenomena 
and laws of electricity and mag- 
netism . 

123. — Apparatus for electrical measure- 
ments. 

124. — Electric batteries, primary and second- 
ary. 

125. — Machines and appliances for produc- 
ing electrical currents by mechanical 
power; dynamical electricity. 

126. — Transmission and regulation of the 
electrical current. 

127. — Electric motors. 

128. — Application of electric motors. 

129. — Lighting by electricity. 

130. — Heating by electricity. 

131. — Electro-metallurgy and electro-chem- 
istry, 

132. — Electric forging, welding, stamping, 
tempering, brazing, etc. 

133. — Electric telegraph and electric signals. 

134. — The telephone and its appliances; 
phonographs. 

135. — Electricity in surgery, dentistry, and 
therapeutics. 



84 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



136. — Application of electricity in various 

ways not hereinbefore specified. 
137. — History and statistics of electrical in- 
vention. 
138. — Progress and development in electrical 
science and construction, as illustrated 
by models and drawings of various 
countries. 
The Main Exhibits.— The limits of this 
guide forbid more than a mere mention of 
some of the most important attractions of 
the Electrical Building. As is well known, 
steam as a motive power occupies a very 
secondary place, except as a means of 
generating electricity, which is used in every 
conceivable way to make the " wheels go 
round," and that very smoothly. 

The entire south one-third of Machinery 
Hall and its Annex is an immense generat- 
ing station, and although much of the 
machinery exhibit there is used as a service 
plant for the entire Exposition, it is as well 
an exhibit of the Electrical Department, as 
it is all entered for competition under the 
classification of the Department of Elec- 
tricity. Electrical power for any and all 
purposes is supplied from this point to all 
the buildings in Jackson Park. In this plant 
are found types of all dynamos, varying in 
size from the smallest to motors requiring 
1,000 horse-power each to drive them, and 
incidentally, engines that are the finest 
examples of the mechanical engineer's art. 
Belonging to the Department of Electricity 
solely as an exhibit are 1,500 horse-power 
engines of the triple-expansion-condensing 
naval t3rpe, with a direct connected dynamo, 
which largely furnishes the incandescent 
lighting for this building, which at night is 
one mass of light, as nearly one-third of the 
lights on the grounds are massed at this 
point. There are many novelties in this 
branch of the science, and a description of 
some of them will be of interest. 

Entering at the south door, where stands 
the Statue of Franklin, the first exhibit seen 
is that of the Bell Telephone Co., Block 18. 

This company 
f""^ t^"^ .f" \/' makes a dis- 
ai t: play that inter- 

ests every one. 
A complete 
central station 
is one of its 
features, so 
■ that the public 
may become 
intimately ac- 
quainted with 
the "Hello, 
Central." Mod- 
els of the tele- 
phone from its inception to the present time 
are another feature; and lastly, a model 
theatorium, in which visitors may listen to 
orchestras performing in New York or 
Boston. This does not mean that a visitor 
must keep a receiver glued to his or her ear, 
for the receiver is a mammoth telephone in 
the roof of the building, with a large 




Bell Telephone Co/s Exhibit 



resonator, which enables one to hear the 
sound as distinctly as if the orchestra were 
present, instead of 1,000 miles away. The 
next block going down the center is 19, the 
Detroit Electrical Works exhibit, with a fine 
display. Passing this, the south half of 
Block 8 is found, the General Electric Co. , 
which, as its name implies, does not confine 
itself to a single specialty. 

France occupies the two blocks in the cen- 
ter, both numbered 16; also one west and 
one northwest of the second or most north- 
ern block, besides displays in the north- 
western bay. 

The French exhibit the latest forms of 
arc lights as used in the light-house service, 
one of them of 200,000 candle-power. 

Turning back along an alley facing Block 
16 in this bay, on the right hand are found 
the exhibits of Belgium, Russia, Spain, and 
Mexico, Blocks 15, 14, 13, 12, in the order 
named. Next on the left is England, Block 
17, followed on the same side by the Heis- 
ler Electric Co., fractional Block 9, with a 
fine display; and again is seen a portion of 
the General Electric Co., fractional Block 
8. On the right hand, opposite these dis- 
plays, is the Thompson Welding Co., Block 
10, also occupying a space against the west 
wall. Its exhibit is sufficiently indicated by 
its name. On the left again are two blocks, 
numbered 8, occupied by the General Elec- 
tric Co. On the same side, to the south, is 
the Fort Wayne Electric Co., Block 7, which 
shows electrical machinery and apparatus 
for electric lighting, power transmission, 
and, in fact, for all purposes for which 
electricity is used. Opposite, on the right- 
hand side, is the National Electric Co., 
Block 6, also occupying a space next to the 
wall. The next two blocks, one on either 
side of the alley, are taken by the Brush 
Electric Co., Swan Lamp Co., and Short 
System of Railways. The small spaces 
against the western and southern walls, 4, 
3, and I, are held respectively by the Ger- 
mania Electric Co. , Hansen & Van Winkle, 
and the Crocker- Wheeler Electric Co. Block 
2, against the south wall, belongs to the 
Jenney Electric Motor Co., which also fur- 
nishes electric lighting and stationary motor 
machinery. Passing the door and going 
down to the alley next east of the right-hand 
main aisle, Block 21 is that of the " C. & 
C." Motor Co., also engaging generally in 
electrical machinery, while Block 22, also 
next to the south wall, belongs to the 
Sperry Electric Machine Co. The alley 
entered passes between two blocks, each 
numbered 23, held by the Western Elec- 
tric Co., engaged in furnishing lighting 
plants and other electric machinery. The 
next two blocks, one on each side, both 
numbered 24, show the Westinghouse Co.'s 
exhibit, in connection with which i^ shown 
the Pelton water-wheel; power generators, 
model cars, electric lights, etc., are dis- 
played. On the left is a fractional block, 
No. 25, the Excelsior Electric Co.; and next 
this on the left are a fractional and a 



THE ELECTRICITY BUILDING. 



85 



whole block, 
No. 8, o£ the 
General Elec- 
tric Co. Be- 
yond these, 
still to the 
left, are two 
large blocks 
(29), both used 
by Germany 
for her dis- 
play. 

From this country come 
three of the most perfect 
search-lights ever made — 
one of them the largest ever 
constructed, with a 73^-foot projector. 
This light, placed at a sufficient alti- 
tude, would furnish ample illumina- 
tion for a lawn-party or ball seven- 
ty-five miles away. As a matter of 
fact, a smaller light, by the same 
makers, exhibited at the Frankfort 
Exposition, did this identical feat for a Ger- 
man nobleman at a distance of forty-five 
miles. 

On the right, opposite Germany's first 
block, is Block 30, of the Electric Forging 
Co., another display whose name suffi- 
ciently indicates the exhibit; followed on 
the same side by Blocks 31, 32, 33, 34, be- 
longing in the order named to the Belknap 
Motor Co., Arnold Motor Co., and A. C. 
Mather. Block 39, in the northeastern 
bay, is that of the New York Insulated 
Wire Co. Around the bay are Blocks 40, 
41, 42, 43, 38, held by the Zucker-Leavitt 
Chemical Co., Riker Motor Co., Perkins 
Lamp Co., Akron Electric Co., and E. S. 
Greeley & Co. Going back along the east 
wall are found the following: No. 37, Page 
Belting Co.; 36, Munson Belting Co.; 35, 
Schieven Belting Co.; 28, Eddy Electric 
Co.; 27, Hornell Iron Works; 26, La Roche 
Electric Co. Italy has Block 11, on the west 
wall, near the northwestern bay. 

In the matter of display lighting exhib- 
itors have, in response to a circular sent out 
by the department, outdone themselves. 
Artistic designs of varicolored lights are a 
feature of nearly every exhibit, and one ex- 
hibitor has undertaken the task of decorating 
one end of the grand nave with a change- 
able design of incandescent lamps that has 
over six thousand lights in its composition. 
There are also incandescent lamps, of a size 
hitherto unthought of, which furnish as 
much light as the ordinary arc lamp. 

In the exact center of the building is 
Block 20, the Phoenix Glass Co.'s exhibit, 
which may be thus described: The conven- 
tional fountain as a center-piece of an ex- 
position here finds no place, and in its place 
is shown as an exhibit one that is perfectly 
dazzling. One of the largest cut-glass man- 
ufacturers in this country has been given 
the circular space in the exact center of 
the building for a Moresque pavilion made 
entirely of cut-glass of the various forms 
used in the manufacture of high-class elec- 
tric fixtures. This pavilion is 30 feet in 




diameter and 70 
feet high, illumin- 
ated with h u n- 
dreds of lamps, 
and is simply a 
mass of sparkling, 
flashing colored 
light. It is called 
the Edison Tower 
of Light, and is an 

exact reproduction of the German Tower of 
Victory. The designs have received the 
approval of Mr. Atwood, the architect of 
the Gallery of Fine Arts. 

The lower part of the structure is a colon- 
nade thirty feet in diameter, occupied with 
a display of crystal for electrical uses. The 
shaft for the colonnade, to a total height of 
seventy-eight feet, is studded with myriads 
of miniature incandescent lights, so arranged 
as to flash in various figures and colors. 
These little lights are only an inch and a 
half long each. 

The whole structure is surmounted with 
a mammoth incandescent lamp, composed 
of almost innumerable pieces of crystal. 
The lamp is eight feet in length and con- 
tains no less than 3,000 pieces of crystjil. 

Foreign countries have been placed in the 
north end of the building, on both floors. 
France, in addition to a space in the north- 
east bay, has the two north center spaces, 
and Germany the two spaces immediately 
east. 

In some respects the electrical exhibit 
made by Germany is the most remarkable 
of all. Dr. Walter Lobach, a well-known 



86 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



electrician, is at the head of it. The firm of 
Siemens & Halske, Berlin, exhibit a dy- 
namo of 1 ,000 horse-power, one of the largest 
ever constructed, and with it furnish part of 
the lighting and motive power to the Exposi- 
tion and to the German parts of it. 

The General Electric Society of Berlin, 
another vast concern of this kind, exhibit 
dynamos and electromotors made according 
to a new system, first practically tested at 
the General Electric Exposition at Frankfort 
two years ago, when powder was transferred 
for the distance from Frankfort to Lauffen, 
100 miles. 

Schuckert & Co. of Nuremberg place on 
exhibition the most enormous search-lights 
(used mainly for navy purposes) ever con- 
structed, six feet in diameter. These are 
placed on. top of the Manufactures Build- 
ing, at the four corners of the roof, and by 
means of powerful reflectors the pillar of 
light that will be sent forth from there will 
equal 200,000,000 candle-power. The light 
will be a pure white, producing a marvelous 
effect, and penetrating at night the atmos- 
phere as far as the Board of Trade Building 
down-town. 

The German Government Telegraph De- 
partment also has a comprehensive exhibit, 
including a historical one. In this is shown 
the first dynamo ever constructed in the 
world, dating from 1866, and made by the 
famous electrician the late Dr. Werner von 
Siemens. By the same inventor, too, is ex- 
hibited the first efficient Gauss-Weber tele- 
graph apparatus; also cables, electric instru- 
ments of precivSion, telephones, and other 
instruments of applied science. Altogether 
this part of the German Department at the 
Fair is represented by thirty firms in the 
electro-technical field and forty-three in me- 
chanics, optics, etc., and Berlin, Nuremberg, 
Cologne, Frankfort, and Hamburg are the 
cities most strongly represented. 

The rest of the ground-floor has been as- 
signed for the display of heavy machinery, 
and the galleries for the displaj^ of special- 
ties, light machinery, and testing instru- 
ments. As far as practicable, specialties 
have been grouped; all the wire men together, 
carbon manufacturers in one place, testing 
instruments in another, etc. 

The telegraph really marks the first im- 
portant application of electricity, and there 
are many historical exhibits in this connec- 
tion. The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, along 
whose right of way the first telegraph-line 
was laid, exhibits a life-size model of how 
its laying was accomplished. It is a fact 
not generally known that Morse made his 
first attempt with an underground cable, 
and there is shown a model of the original 
plow with a reel from which was unwound 
the lead-covered cable, with sixteen oxen 
drawing the same, and with wax-figures of 
Morse, Vail, Henry, and their assistants. 
In this connection is shown the original in- 
strument on which the historical message, 
"What hath God wrought," was received. 

These are not all of the wonders; for one 



finds mining-drills, a working locomotive, 
tanning, distillation, fire- works, and many 
other things, all operated by electricity, in 
the nine acres of displays in this building, 

Edison's kinetograph is found here in the 
American Phonograph Co. 's exhibit, and is 
a most marvelous exhibition. It is a spe- 
cially constructed camera and phonograph 
working in perfect unison. The camera 
produces forty-six pictures a second. By 
thus rapidly photographing figures in action 
upon a sensitive film, and adapting the 
phonograph to catch any sounds emanating 
from them, both sound and motion are re- 
produced, so that a spectator listening to a 
song or speech sees the gestures and facial 
action also. Sermons, plays, etc., are thus 
reproduced. Gray's telautograph, another 
electric marvel, is shown in the building. 
There are over seven hundred American ex- 
hibits, and displays from Germany, France, 
England, Canada, Italy, Belgium, Austria, 
Spain, Sweden, Mexico, and Russia', in the 
order of their importance as named. 

In private displays there are some that are 
exceedingly fine; notably those of the West- 
inghouse Co., the Bell Telephone Co., the 
Brush Co., the Heisler Co., the Sperry, the 
Thomson-Houston, and others. The Mac- 
kay-Bennett Cable Co. shows a complete 
working model of their Atlantic cable, with 
its terminal stations. Twenty-seven feet of 
water represent the 2,700 miles of ocean 
between these stations. 

The scientist says that electricity is life. 
Then Jackson Park will of a truth be a liv- 
ing thing. The darkness and gloom of its 
corners will be penetrated and dispelled by 
the electric light, and their stillness be 
broken by the noise of the electric railway. 
Its mammoth white buildings will gleam and 
glisten with electric lights, while upon the 
placid bosom of its waters will glide electric 
launches. Everywhere will the presence of 
the great discovery be felt. The elec- 
trical exhibit in the Exposition is infinitely 
larger and greater than anything of the kind 
ever before attempted. It would awe 
Franklin, Ohm, Morse, and all the rest who 
imagined they knew a deal about electricity. 

The display in the Electricity Building will 
be at all times interesting, and during the 
evening beautiful. On the west side of the 
building, and among the display of the Gen- 
eral Electric Company, is a room provided 
especially with lighting arrangements of a 
decorative kind, and so arranged as to 
change the amount of lights carried by vari- 
ous meters, so as to show their accuracy. 
This display is recommended to the gas com- 
panies, the accuracy of whose meters is not 
always infallible. 

Then there is a railway and motor exhibit 
that will attract attention. It contains all 
the modern railway work for street-car and 
street-railroad practice. There is one ele- 
vated-railroad locomotive that is built for 
high-speed railway work. It has the latest 
form of electric controllers, air-brakes, 
whistle, and automatic safety de\'ices. Its 



MACHINERY HALL. 



81 



gross weight is thirty tons, and it is designed 
for a maximum speed of fifty miles per hour. 
The engine is now running on the Boston 
& Maine Railroad, hauling trains from Lynn 
to seaside resorts — a distance of four miles. 

Mammoth generators, such as are con- 
stantly used in street-railway service, are 
abundant. Three of the largest are of 450 
horse-power, 300 horse-power, and 150 horse- 
power, respectively. There is a great quan- 
tity of electrical mining machinery of every 
description. One of the exhibits has as a cen- 
ter-piece a deep-mine pump with a 150 horse- 
power slow-speed electric motor, pumping 
water from a tank and delivering it under 
pressure to a Pelton water-wheel direct, con- 
nected to a multiface electrical generator. 
There is also a mining-hoist of 150 horse- 
power. 

Another display of considerable propor- 
tions is the display of insulated lighting 
systems for hotels and large business houses. 
The most modern type of direct connected 
compound engines and dynamos are shown. 

Inventor Edison has his goods well repre- 
sented. There is a display of no mean pro- 
portions of the Edison low potential three- 
wire system, including Edison tubing, Edi- 
son machines, and the Edison lamp. As a 
center-piece to his exhibit there has been 
erected an Edison Jumbo machine. At the 
time of its construction this concern was the 
marvel of the age. It was the first machine 
to be constructed on the modern principle of 
engine and dynamos being directly con- 
nected on the same shaft, and for eleven 
years it has run continuously in the Pearl 
Street Station of the New York Illuminating 
Company. 

The three-wire system might with pro- 
priety be placed in the collection of curios- 
ities, as it is one of the very few of Edison's 
inventions upon which there has been no in- 
fringement of patent. It is regarded as one 
of his great inventions; second, in fact, only 
to the lamp. 

Professor Thomsen, the electrician of 
the General Electric Company, has speci- 
mens of his work on hand in the shape of all 
the specialties of alternating supplies and 
devices. Tandem compound engines are 
directly connected to large alternating 
machines, near which is compact directly 
connected machinery for lighting merchant- 
ships, and supplies and devices for lighting 
and signaling. The system is used through- 
out the navy of this country. 

MACHINERY HALL. 

The wonders of the electrical world 
inspected, the visitor may well retrace his 
steps to the southern end of the building, 
and, recrossing the Grand Court of Honor 
in front of the Administration Building, 
approach one of the most graceful struct- 
ures of the whole Exposition, the classic 
Machinery Hall (P 19). It is from this direc- 
tion it should be neared, for if approached 
from either the Stock exhibit or from the side 



toward Stony Island Avenue, its exterior 
presents no indication of the beauty of its 
other two faces, as owing to its surround- 
ings in those directions its walls have been 
purposely left undecorated and of the plain- 
est description; but where its fa9ades face 
South Canal and the beautiful Administra- 
tion Court it is extremely rich and pleasing, 
courting the strictest comparison with those 
palatial neighbors, and is not out of keeping 
with the stately colonnades, classic porti- 
coes, and marble statues and fountains upon 
which it looks. The architectural design is 
copied from the best types of the Spanish 
Renaissance, and is thoroughly classic in all 
of its details. The cities of Seville and 
others of the land which sent Columbus 
upon his westward voyage have been se- 
lected and laid under tribute by the archi- 
tects, Messrs. Peabody & Stearns of Boston, to 
furnish the motive of the architecture of this 
building in honor of the Columbian anni- 
versary. The covered loggia at the first 
story furnishes a promenade-way around the 
building, and the material used for coating 
these fronts is the same as that used in all 
of the principal structures — staff. This 
has been stained a beautiful ivory tint, and 
the contrast with the subdued color-tints 
and gold-finish of parts of the exterior, such 
as the portico ceiling, is very beautiful. 

The Statuary and Decorations. — On the 
northern exterior, over the main entrance, 
appear the words ' ' World's Columbian Ex- 
position " in large gilt letters. Six large 
figures surmount this entrance (says Mr. M. 
A. Waagen, their able sculptor), each bearing 
a shield on which appear the faces of a num- 
ber of prominent inventors. Above these six 
figures, between the two high towers, are 
placed five figures thirteen feet high. In the 
center is ' ' Science, " and on her sides are the 
four elements, " Fire," "Water," "Air," and 
" Earth." Surmounting each of the towers 
are two large figures representing " Vic- 
tory" holding forth her emblematic laurel 
wreath. 

To the right of the north main entrance 
appear the names Joule, Giffard, McCor- 
mick, Hodgkinson, Fulton, Watt, Ericsson, 
Corliss, Tyndall, Fitch, and Whitney. 

To the left of the main entrance. Fair- 
bairn, Maudesley, Hoe, Hallen, Siemens, 
Stephenson, Nasmythe, Stevens, Evans, 
Trowbridge, and Symington. 

At each end of the north side is the in- 
scription "Palace of Mechanic Arts "; and 
over the east main entrance, in large gilded 
letters, is also seen " Palace of Mechanic 
Arts." On either side, in similar lettering, 
"MDCCCXCIII"(i893). 

Over the eastern entrance appears the 
frontispiece pediment; " Columbia," the cen- 
tral figure, seated on a throne, with a sword 
in her right hand and a palm of peace in her 
left. 

To her left is standing "Honor," with a 
laurel wreath ready for distribution. On 
one of the steps of the throne is seated 
"Wealth" (riches), throwing fruits and 



MACHINERY HALL. 



89 



flowers o^:.; of a horn of plenty. To the 
right and left are grouped inventors of ma- 
chinery and members of an examining jury. 
The corners of the pediment are filled by 
two groups of hons, representing brute force 
subdued by human genius, 
which is represented by two 
children. Above the pediment 
are repeated the five large fig- 
ures seen over the north en- 
trance. 

In the center is "Science," 
with beaming face, and a trian- 
gle in her hand. On her sides 
are the four elements, " Fire," 
" Water," "Air," and-" Earth." 
" Fire" holds in one hand the 
heavenly fire, lightning, and in 
the other hand the terrestrial 
fire, in the shape of a torch. 
"Water" is a female figure 
holding a dolphin that spurts 
out water. ' ' Air " is a floating 
female figure accompanied by 
the " Earth," with a bird in one 
hand and an air-screw in the 
other, the head surrounded by 
stars. ' ' Earth " is a female fig- 
ure accompanied by the moon, 
holding man in one hand and in 
the other a horn of plenty filled 
with fruits and flowers. 

The towers over this entrance 
are surmounted by figures sim- 
ilar to those described on the 
northern towers. 

To the right of the main east 
entrance are the names Gard- 
ner, Smeaton, Roebling, and 
Bolton. 

To the left of the main east en- 
trance are the names Newton, 
Eades, Trautwine, and Holly. 
Twelve smaller and similar 
figures are placed at each end 
of the six large skylights. Each _ 
of the three domes in the center r 
of the building is surmounted 
by figures. 

Most of the sculpture- work on 
this building was done by M. 
A. Waagen. 

The inscription " Palace of 
Mechanic Arts " appears at 
each end of the eastern side; 
also at the southern side. 

Classification. — The arrange- 
ment of the Machinery De- 
partment takes the form of 
eighty-six classes, collected in 
the following groups: 
Group No. 

69. — Motors and apparatus for 
the generation and trans- 
mission of power, hydraulic 
pneumatic apparatus. 
70. — Fire engines, apparatus and appliances 

for extinguishing fire. 
71. — Machine tools and machines for work- 
ing metals. 



72. — Machinery for the manufacture of text- 
ile fabrics and clothing. 

73. — Machines for working wood. 

74. — Machines and apparatus for type-set- 
ting, printing, stamping, embossing, 




and 



and for making books and paper work- 
ing. 

75. — Lithography, zincography, and color 
printing. 

76.— Photo-mechanical and other mechanical 
processes of illustrating, etc. 



90 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



'% 







L. W. Robinson. 



77. — Miscellaneous hand tools, machines and 

apparatus used in various arts. 
78. — Machines for working stones, clay, and 

other minerals. 
79. — Machinery used in the preparation of 
foods, etc. 
The Main Exhibits.— The inventive gen- 
ius of the closing decade of the century is 
displayed in Machinery Hall, and its interior 
is one huge mass of moving machinery. It 
is located in the southern portion of the 
grounds, and is in the center of the park 
from side to side. Over 850 feet long and 
500 feet wide, with an annex 550 feet in 
length and 490 feet in width, this vast 
structure has a floor space of more than 
seventeen acres, and was erected at a cost 
of $1,200,000. One of its features is that 
the vast arched trusses which support the 
roof of the main building are built sepa- 
^_,_^ rately of iron and 

steel in such a 
manner that they 
may be taken 
down and sold for 
use as railroad 
train -houses or 
State exposition 
buildings. The 
s team power 
which moves the 
multifarious 
pieces of machin- 
ery necessary to 
the proper display of these mechanical ex- 
hibits is supplied from a large power-house, 
adjoining this building on the south. Every 
engine and every dynamo is an exhibit, and 
in nearly every case the vast expense of in- 
stallation is borne by the exhibitor. 

The interior of the main building, spanned 
by the three great arched trusses, gives the 
-appearance of three immense exposition 
halls side by side, but all in one. 

A 50-foot gallery surrounds the interior 
of the structure. In each of the three naves 
a monster elevated traveling crane runs 
from end to end, and has been a most potent 
mechanical factor both in the construction 
of the building and in the installation of 
the heavy exhibits. They remain through- 
out the Exposition, and platforms erected 
on them enable visitors to view the bewil- 
dering scene of moving mechanism below and 
on all sides. Shafting for power is carried 
on the same posts which support these trav- 
eling bridges. 

The annex, though of immense propor- 
tions, is simple in design, and is modeled 
after a mill, or foundry. Constructed eco- 
nomically of wood, it is annular in form, the 
diameter of the outer radius being 800 feet 
and of the inner radius 600 feet. Electrical 
power alone is used in the annex, while in the 
main building steam is given an equally exclu- 
sive privilege. In this building is exhibited 
the largest and m.ost interesting display of 
electric power ever shown, electricity having 
made greater strides in the past decade than 
any other of the allied arts and sciences. 



What ten years more of research and 
study and invention will do to ameliorate 
the conditions and add to the pleasures of 
those who are at that time alive to enjoy 
them, may be faintly surmised from what 
has been accomplished in the decade just 
past. Electric fans for cooling houses, mo- 
tors for rapid transit, telephones, phono- 
graphs, etc., give one some idea of what 
this new servant of man may in the future 
be trained to do. 

To the thinking mind the exhibits in this 
hall must prove of immense interest, for 
they certainly represent the approaching 
culmination of human progress in the direc- 
tion of mechanic art, and of invention in an 
economic direction. To the philosopher the 
thought must inevitably arise, " Has the 
human mind a limit, beyond which training, 
experience, and experiment may never pene- 
trate ? " 

The interior of Machinery Hall, as has 
been said, presents the appearance of three 
immense pillared train-houses side by side, 
surrounded by a gallery on all four sides 
This gallery is fully fifty feet wide. The 
traveling crane was a necessity in Machinery 
Hall, for no other means could have sufficed 
to move the immense masses of machinery, 
the largest of which is the gigantic Allis 
engine, of 2,000 horse-power, which runs 
two dynamos, each lighting 10,000 incan- 
descent lights. This capacity can, if neces- 
sary, be increased 10,000 lights. One of the 
cylinders of this monster machine weighs 
thirty tons, and its entire weight is 325 tons. 
Into the 30-ton cylinder a man six feet tall 
can walk without stooping. The belts which 
run upon the Allis pulleys are each six feet 
wide, the largest ever made. The interior 
of the building is divided into squares and 
parallelograms, called blocks, or sections. 
If the visitor enter at the east end of the 
building, facing south canal, he will find the 
corner on his right, consisting of four blocks, 
or sections, occupied by Great Britain with 
her exhibits. (Area, 29,496 feet.) These 
are very numerous, though far surpassed by 
the American display. Next upon the right, 
occupying six sections, comes the display of 
Germany. (Area, 32,730 feet.) This is an 
exceedingly fine and complete exhibit, and is 
probably surpassed only by that of the 
United States. All of those exhibiting are 
large firms, and the space allotted to Ger- 
many is taken up so completely that with 
any attempt at spreading the exhibits would 
cover double the area on which they are 
now being crowded. Circular rope trans- 
mission, a new system of motive power, 
is practically illustrated for the first time, 
since one-half of the whole German machin- 
ery exhibit is propelled by it, a large engine 
made by Schichau, in Elbing, Prussia, fur- 
nishing the steam. The same firm, too, has 
a 1 ,000 horse-power steam-engine on view 
which sets the big Siemens dynamo in mo- 
tion. Textile machinery from Gladbach-on- 
the- Rhine is seen in a complete assortment. 
From Augsburg, Bavaria, comes a choice 



MACHINERY HALL. 



91 



display of rotary presses, and a Dusseldorf 
firm exhibits friction calenders with ten 
rollers. The huge Gruson Works, near Mag- 
deburg, make an instructive exhibit of 
mining machinery and gas-power engines, 
while R. Wolf of Magdeburg shows locomo- 
tives, some of them constructed according 
to new principles. 

It is impossible to enumerate every article 
in a display so large and varied, but the 
chief ones are gas-engines, water turbine- 
wheels, knitting-machines, circular saws for 
cutting iron, embroidering-machines, press 
for printing illustrations, rapid paper-print- 
ing presses, bookbinding-machines, flour- 
mill machinery, sawmill, turning-lathes, 
milling and mining machinery for ores, 
cements, etc., sausage-machines, textile ma- 
chinery, wire-machines, and a complete 
watch factory. 

Next to Germany on the right, and occu- 
pying a portion of the space allotted to 
Group 69, is found the display of Spain (area, 
1,315 feet). The exhibit is a small one, 
Spain of course not ranking with such na- 
tions as Germany and England in the man- 
ufacturing of machinery, etc. 

North of Spain's exhibit, also occupying 
a small portion of Group 69's allotment. 
New South Wales has placed her display, 
which is very creditable considering the 
comparative newness and undeveloped 
resources of that part of the world (area, 
1,436 feet). 

just west of New South Wales Italy's ex- 
hibit is found (area, 2,500 feet). This dis- 
play presents a very novel and creditable 
appearance. Passing southward along the 
alley at the end of the Italian display, and 
continuing on across the main aisle, the 
splendid display of France is encountered 
(area, 21,227 feet). Turning back toward 
the entrance, if the visitor wish to exhaust 
the foreign exhibits before beginning those 
of the special groups, on the left of the 
aisle is the small Swedish exhibit (area, 500 
feet). Russia's manufacturing industries, 
next on the right, will claim his attention, 
with a display covering an area of 3,000 
feet. After Russia, Mexico, occupying a 
small, narrow space in the side aisle back 
of the French and Russian exhibits, is next 
in order (area, 1,007 feet). 
_ Austria (area, 8,097 feet) takes up a sec- 
tion, excepting a small corner filled by 
Brazil, the latter having an area of 2,500 
feet. Having examined Brazil's display, in 
conjunction with that of Austria, Belgium 
will be found occupying a full section (area, 
1,500 feet). Canada has a section next to 
the entrance, just south of England (area, 
7,257 feet). South of the exhibits which 
have just been examined are the power 
plants, occupying the blocks or sections 
from A to O inclusive. At no other place 
or time in the world's history has such 
gigantic force ever been accumulated under 
one roof. The engines number forty-four, 
the Allis, the largest of all, occupying the 
space at the end of the main aisle. There 



are six other engines of very large capacity, 
viz., of 1 ,000 horse-power each. They are 
a Fraser & Chalmers triple-expansion, 
two Westinghouse-Church-Kerr compound 
engines, a Buckeye triple-expansion, an 
Atlas compound, and a Mclntosh-Seymour 
double-tandem compound. The others are 
from 150 to 650 horse-poAver. The total 
horse-power represented is nominally 17,510, 
though this could easily be increased to 
over 20,000. Still south of these gigantic 
engines lies the boiler plant, consisting of a 
continuous battery of huge steel boilers of 
the latest type, 800 feet long. As crude oil 
from the fields of Ohio is used for fuel, 
there is no smoke, dust, or dirt, as there 
would be were coal burned. The feeding 
of the oil to the furnaces is controlled by 
automatic pressure gauges, regulating the 
flow so that there can be no danger, such as 
might happen with careless firemen. The 
oil is pumped from .Whiting, Ind. The 
boilers represent such manufacturers as 
Root, Gill, Heine, National, Zell, Babcock 
& Wilcox, and Stirling. They are all of the 
water-tube pattern. Their feed water- 
pumps represent Dean, Barr, Knowles, 
Gould, Blake, Davidson, Cameron, Laidlaw, 
Wilson & Snyder, and Canton & Snow. 

West of the batteries of boilers lie the 
machine-shops, blacksmith-shops, etc., fully 
equipped for repairing and keeping in order 
the machinery used in the building. Hav- 
ing examined the motive power controlling 
the exhibits, the visitor will find at the 
center of the building an immense tank of 
water, in the center of which is a very 
pretty waterfall, and at either end a fountain. 
Here the various pumps, water-elevators, 
etc., make their tests as to superiority. 
This tank is about the center of Group 69, 
which is devoted to motors, hydraulic and 
pneumatic apparatus. This group occupies 
nearly all the space of the four blocks which 
center on the tank, also a portion of that 
taken up by the exhibits of Italy, Spain, 
Sweden, and New South Wales, and a part 
of Block 29, at the western end of the 
building. 

Immediately north of this group is Group 
74, where are displayed machines for type- 
setting, printing, stamping, and emboss- 
ing. 

Group 75, devoted to lithography, zincog- 
raphy, and color-printing, and Group 76, 
showing photo-mechanical and other proc- 
esses of illustrating, occupy the small 
block north of the western part of Group 74, 
and next to the lavatories, which are in 
Block 33, north of the center of the main 
display of Group 72. 

West of a portion of Groups 74 and 69 
(already examined) lies Group 72, devoted to 
machinery for the manufacture of textile 
fabrics and clothing. A portion of this dis- 
play will be found in the northern part of 
Block 8, which lies next to the machine- 
shops. 

At the northwest corner of this group is 
found Group 79. Here are displayed 



92 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



machines used in the preparation of foods, 
etc. At the extreme southwest corner of 
Group 72 (already examined) is found a por- 
tion of the display belonging to Group 69, 
the larger part of which has been visited; 
while just south of 72 lies Group 71. This 



It is only within the past ten years that 
the subject of ventilation has been consid- 
ered an important factor in the erection of 
public buildings, but during the past few 
years its importance, judged from a sani- 
tary point of view, has so attracted the 




V ork of Dod_ 

display consists of machine tools and 
machines for working metals. 

The Dodge Manufacturing Company 
shows a complete line of its modern power 
transmission appliances, including its cele- 
brated Dodge wood- split pulleys, with patent 
bushing system. A large pyramid of pul- 
leys is shown at the right of the exhibit, and 
on tables in the center of the space are 
found complete lines of models 
of pulleys for various uses, in- 
cluding the special four-arm 
wood pulley, for main driving; 
the iron center dynamo pulley, 
for electrical generating serv- 
ice; the iron center hardwood 
rim pulleys for main engine 
connections; the disk pulley, 
for use in flour-mills and duty 
places, and a number of small 
pulleys. On the line shafting 
are seen many of these pulleys 
doing all grades of service. On 
the Mather dynamos a number 
of large dynamo pulleys are 
doing heavy service. 

At the right of the space is 
shown a complete quill outfit 
for heavy line shaft work. At 
the rear of the exhibit a large 
illuminated picture, 7 x 10 feet, 
is a faithful reproduction of the 
company's works at Mishawaka, I 
Ind., as viewed by moonlight. I 
The ground plant covers sixty 
acres, and buildings contain 
over twenty-five acres of floor- 
age space. The view also shows the large 
lumber-yards of the company, which con- 
tain about four million feet of lumber for 
pulley construction. The annual output is 
300,000 pulleys. 



attention of architects and engineers that 
at the present time the necessity for thor- 
ough and scientific ventilation is appreciated 
as much as the proper heating of a building. 
Many devices are in use for the movement 
of air and for drawing off the poisonous 
gases generated by the occupants of a 
building, and many failures have resulted 
from the different experiments. At the 




"^ 



Andrews &: Johnson Cc 



present time it is generally conceded that 
satisfactory results in this direction can 
only be obtained by mechanical ventilation, 
or the movement of air by fans in connec- 
tion with blast and exhaust ducts. 



MACHINERY HALL. 



9^ 



Andrews & Johnson Co. , whose display is 
shown here, make a specialty of this kind of 
machinery, which is admitted by all to be 
tinexcelled. Their fans are in use in many 
of our public buildings, notable among which 
are: The Athletic Association Building, 
the Schiller Theater, Kinsley's Restaurant, 
Siegel, Cooper & Co.'s, and Chamber of 
Commerce buildings, and thirty-six of the 
public schools of the city of Chicago. 

Group 73, machines for working wood, 
occupies the south half of Blocks 12 and 13, 
south of Group 71, and extends into Block 
14 of Group 69, taking up the larger part of 
that section. Group 77, miscellaneous hand 
tools, machines, and apparatus, and Group 78, 
machines for working stones, clay, and other 
minerals, occupy Block 10, in the southwest- 
ern corner of the hall. Group 70, fire-engines, 
apparatus, and appliances for extinguish- 
ing fires, fills the southern part of Block 8. 

The Crown Pen Co., 78 State Street, Chi- 
cago, has a display near the center of Ma- 
chinery Hall, where the interesting proc- 
esses of gold-pen and 
fountain-holder making 
may for the first time be 
seen by all. In the side 
aisles are plate-glass cases 
filled with gold and foun- 
tain pens, pearl, ebony, 
and silver holders, and 
plush, chamois, and mo- 
rocco cases. Attractive 
salesladies are present to 
wait on visitors, as all of 
these goods are for sale; 
and the rapid cash system 
of making change is em- 
ployed, so that visitors are 
not kept waiting. The 
seats in the workshop are 
arranged amphitheatric- 
ally, so that every opera- 
tion of the workmen is in 
plain view of the spectators, who gather in 
large numbers to watch this, to them, mys- 
terious industry, where the crude materials 
are so rapidly transformed into finished pro- 
ducts. The pleasure to the visitor of owning 
a useful souvenir of the great Exposition, 
every operation in the manufacture of 
y^hich has taken place under his own eyes, 
is certainly a very novel one. This com- 
pany has another place in the gallery at the 
northeast corner of the Manufactures Build- 
ing. Everything is under the direction and 
personal supervision of Mr. Hugh T. Reed, 
president, and Mr. E. W. Burchard, the 
secretary of the company. 

In Group 77, Class 483, Section 10, 
umn No. D E 51, a Kennedy wire 
machine is found in active operation. 

In Section 29, Group 72, Class 334, 
umn O 50, John Best of Paterson, N.J, 
hibits a power loom weaving badges, book 
marks, souvenir pictures, etc. The badges 
will be sold for from 50 cents to $1, and con- 
sist of the following eight varieties: Home, 
Sweet Home, Mrs. Potter Palmer's picture. 



President Cleveland and the Capitol of the 
United States, Speed, Mrs. Cleveland's pict- 
ure alid the White House, Our Dead 
Heroes, The Columbus, a prize design. 

In Section 35, Column P 25, T. W. & 
C. B. Sheridan illustrate the power of one 
of their embossing presses for bookbinders' 
use by embossing on circular blocks of 
wood in bas-relief some of the more notable 
buildings that make up the marvelous col- 
lection known as the Columbian Exposition. 
Such buildings as the Manufactures and 
Liberal Arts, Mines and Mining, Adminis- 
tration, Government, Electricity, Horticult- 
ural Hall, and Fisheries are all brought out 
in miniature detail and done in artistic man- 
ner equal to the finest hand drawing, giving 
t|ie public an opportunity to witness how 
quickly and cheaply some of the ornamental 
woodwork, similar to that on the furniture at 
their homes, was made, and which they pos- 
sibly had previously imagined was carved 
by hand at great expense. These souvenirs 
are sold by Messrs. Sheridan, and will in 




Col- 
nail 

Col- 
ex- 



The Crown Pen Co.'s Exhibit. 

years to come recall the memories of 
1893. The process and machine here shown 
at work are the same as those used for em- 
bossing the handsome leather much used in 
the furniture trade as well as decorative art, 
and also for all embossed wall-paper made 
in this country. 

On each side of the landing near the eastern 
entrance of Machinery Hall is seen a colossal 
figure of a powerful Norman horse equipped 
in full harness. Standing by his side is a 
figure of a Western farmer in high boots 
and open shirt, his right hand grasping the 
bridle. Directly opposite these figures, and 
near the western entrance of the Agricult- 
ural Building, are two large figures of Texas 
steers, one on each side of the landing. 
They are driven by Indian women holding 
aloft whips in their right hands. These 
figures were designed by E. C. Potter. 

At the northwestern end of Machinery 
Hall the Fair grounds pumping-works are 
located, with a capacity of 40,000,000 gallons 
of water every twenty-four hours. The 
machinery used is from the establishment 



94 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



of Henry R. Worthington, New York City. 
There are four types of engines used — a 
triple-expansion vertical, a high speed, a 
vertical duplex, and a horizontal high -duty 
duplex. The water is obtained from a well 
in the center of the building, which is con- 
nected by a tunnel with the main lagoon. 

Among the novelties of the Fair is the 
Daily Columbian, issued from this build- 
ing. It is an 8-page composite newspaper, 
the official bulletin of the Exposition, and is 
made up as follows : Its first five pages con- 
sist of the first pages of the Herald, Inter 
Ocean, Record, Tijnes, and Tribune; its 
three remaining pages are filled with daily 
programmes, official orders, list of officers, 
exhibitors, etc. W. C. Gates is manager, 
and Major Handy, chief of the Department 
of Publicity and Promotion, virtually editor. 
Its first number is dated May i, 1893. . Price 
per copy 5 cents, or by mail $1 per month. 

Most of the blaze of light which illumines 



On the south wall of Machinery Hall is a 
marble switchboard 2 stories high, 78 feet 
long. This controls the main dynamos. 
Thence the cables lead to the Machinery 
Hall subway, which is fire-proof, 8 feet 4 
inches high, 15 feet wide. The wires are 
underground all about the grounds. 

Outside Exhibit of Machinery.— On the 
south side of Machinery Hall, between the 
machine-shop and boiler-house, is an exten- 
sive outside exhibit of machinery, occupying 
a. space co-extensive in length with the in- 
side exhibit of this department and running 
up to and alongside the structure of the 
Intramural Railroad, which here reaches its 
colonnade station. Characteristic and very 
interesting, it is well worth the inspection 
of the curious and general visitor, and it cer- 
tainly will merit the close observation of 
those interested in machinery of any kind. 
Proceeding to the eastern or south canal 
front of the Machinery Hall the visitor may 




Switchboard and Big Dynamo. 



the buildings and grounds at night is 
ground out in Machinery Hall. To one 
who enters that place it seems as if there 
were nothing but buzzing, whizzing dyna- 
mos there: every sort and size of dyna- 
mo — big ones and little ones, dynamos in 
full whirl and dynamos being built up. 
The biggest of them all is the match team 
of dynamos that is hitched to the gigantic 
Allis engine. There are two 72-inch belts 
from this engine. Each of these belts drives 
a Westinghouse dynamo that was built to 
develop 10,000 lights, but which can easily 
give 15,000. Then near by are ten more 
10,000-light machines, each driven by a 
1,000 horse-power engine. There are two 
4,000-light alternators run by lesser engines. 
The total power of these machines is 158,000 
lights. But that accounts for only one style 
of dynamo — the Westinghouse. There are 
multitudes of others. 



well pause for a moment to notice the 
Statuary encircling the Main Basin, and to 

spare a few seconds for the fine view of the 
water-ways and buildings obtainable from 
this point. In regard to the statuary, it 
consists principally of a characteristic series 
of native American wild animals modeled by 
Edward Kemeys and A. Phimister Proctor, 
and a series of six rostral columns designed 
and executed by Johannes Gelert. 

Referring to these rostral columns, the 
sculptor, Mr. Johannes Gelert, states that 
the principal idea intended to be conveyed 
was one of a great naval triumph, as the 
discovery of America truly was. To serve 
this prime motive there is a six-fold repeti- 
tion of the columns. On the pedestals are 
graven the names of great discoverers, and 
the shafts are adorned with rostra, or prows 
of ships and emblems of triumph. On the 
double capital stands the sailor's tutelary 



THE MAIN BASIN. 



95 



deity, the Neptune of the Latins , the Poseidon 
of the Greeks, resting in his divine power, 
full of proud triumph, well pleased with the 
grand results of his sailors' great discoveries. 

In addition to these triumphal columns is 
a display of statuary characteristically 
American, and it was in a moment of happy 
inspiration that the sculptors decided not to 
confine themselves to representations of 
inanimate forms and beautiful reproductions 
of ancient ideas, that were elaborated to 
their utmost extent by the ancient Grecian 
and Roman masters of this noblest and 
most imperishable of the arts. While mod- 
ern artists may hope to equal, it is utterly 
impossible for them ever to excel the ancient 
artists in the portrayal of the human figure, 
or in the evolution of graceful ideas as 
applied to columns, arches, and architect- 
ural ornamentation. The determination, 
therefore, to depart from conventional forms 
and introduce into the landscape the figures 
of American animals was indeed a happy 
one, especially when it is considered that 
out of every hundred visitors to 
the Fair, fully ninety are en- 
tirely unacquainted with such 
representatives of the wild 
beasts of our country as the 
grizzly bear, the buffalo, and 
the panther . These conception s 
may likewise serve another pur- 
pose, viz., to aid in the per- 
petuation of the forms of these 
animals long after they them- 
selves are extinct species. It 
is a fact well known to natu- 
ralists that many kinds of the 
marine and land animals of 
America are doomed, in a short 
time, to utter extinction; and 
prominent among them are 
those which are so ably represented here. 

Most lifelike and realistic are the animals 
surmounting the various bridges. Mr. 
Kemeys thus describes those for which he is 
responsible. " Old Ephraim," at the north- 
east corner of bridge opposite southwest 
corner of Manufactures and Liberal Arts 
Building, is a male grizzly bear guarding 
the approach to his lair. He has been 
marching down the canon, when his quick 
ear catches some note at discord with 
nature's harmonies. This rivets his foot- 
steps in their tracks, suppresses his breath- 
ing almost, and so he stands with set ears, 
straining eyes, protruding lip, expanded 
nostrils, impressible to the next touch which 
shall rouse his nature into madness. 

As down the glen he strode along, 

Vanished the black-tail's branching prong, 

And even the finch's low, sweet song 
Stopped in the pine above him. 

A Grizzly Grave-digger, at the southeast 
corner of bridge opposite southwest corner 
of Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, 
represents a female grizzly who has dug up 
the head of a wild sheep she had buried, 
and is pawing and playing with it, rolling it 



between her huge fore-paws, each garnished 
with claws curved like reaping-hooks set for 
some red harvest. All the varied nature of 
the bear is called into life. Aroused by the 
proximity of the dead game, she gloats over 
it in anticipation of the feast. Suddenly a 
magpie utters its cry of alarm — her play 
ceases. A Prairie King, on the northwest 
corner of bridge over lagoon between 
Machinery Hall and Agricultural Building, 
is represented by a bull buffalo walking 
round the outskirts of his herd on the out- 
look for some danger which threatens. An 
imposing figure with shaggy, grim frontlet 
and short, thick horns, the ponderous 
head low-swung to the rhythm of his 
walk, its sweeping beard almost touching 
the grass at his feet; a warrior of his 
tribe, whose towering front has stood 
guard when the savages of the desert 
have swarmed around. At Sound of the 
Whoop, on the southwest corner of bridge 
over lagoon between Machinery Hall and 
Agricultural Building, is represented by 




The Still Hunt. 

a cow buffalo, who, hearing the whoop of the 
coming red men, stands with uncouth head 
high-lifted and shaggy fore-legs gathered 
beneath her. From her thin, nervous hind- 
quarters to the tips of her sharp-curved 
horns all is tense as a bow-string, for there 
flashes in advance of those ringing screams 
a vision of the nude brown horseman of the 
plains, whose blotched mustangs are bear- 
ing them onward, the old-time destroyers of 
her race. The Still Hunt, on the northwest 
corner of bridge over lagoon opposite west 
entrance to Manufactures and Liberal Arts 
Building, is formed of a figure of an Ameri- 
can panther, which is placed as above, and 
signifies, as do all the animals for bridges 
executed by Kemeys, that they are in some 
way watching the approaches to the same. 
In fact, the gathering of the immense 
muscles, the limbs tremulous from restrained 
impulse, and concentrated gaze all tell 
their story, and leave no doubt in the be- 
holder's mind of the spring which will hurl 
the great cat upon his prey. At Bay, on 
the southwest corner of bridge over lagoon 
opposite west entrance to Manufactures and 
Liberal Arts Building, consists of a female 
American panther. Some one is approach- 



96 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



ing her fastness, and her first impulse is 
resistance. She has partly risen, and with 
planted fore-feet, straining quarters, and 
swaying tail displays her fangs, while her 
down-drawn ears, wrinkled face, and pas- 
sion-blinded eyes tell at a glance that she 
thirsts even now in her savage feline breast 
for the wild grapple of the coming contest 
in all its fury, its blood, and its death. 

Describing the statuary so ably executed 
by him, Mr. A. Phimister Proctor says: 

" Two sullen moose, with shaggy manes, 
disproportionately long legs, short, , thick 
necks, and ugly noses, stand one on each side 
of the bridge leading to the Agricultural 
Building. The animals' antlers are their only 
beauty, but the sculptor has given a faithful 
representation of them. Duplicates are on 
the colonnade. 

" With heads raised, and nervous alert- 
ness and attention expressed in every grace- 
ful line, four elks stand in front of the Ad- 
ministration Building, and others are placed 




Polar Bear. 

at intervals along the lagoon in attitudes as 
w^atchful as though they gazed upon the pur- 
ple heights of their familiar mountains. 

' ' Two polar bears stand on the west end of 
the middle bridge fronting the Administra- 
tion Building. They gaze across an imagi- 
nary field of ice, and sniff the air for indi- 
cations of seals or unfortunate Arctic ex- 
plorers." 

The treasures in the Fine Arts Building 
are guarded by kingly lions, the work of 
Mr. Proctor. The royal beast has been a 
favorite of architectural sculpture since the 
pomp and glory of the Persian Empire, and 
is used to excellent advantage in the present 
case. 

Mr. Proctor's most important works are 
the equestrian statues decorating the land- 
ing in the lagoon opposite the front of 
the Transportation Building. The cowboy 
is not the idealized hero of Eastern novels, 
but a true representative of the manly West- 
ern ranger. The horse, a typical bucking 
bronco, vicious eyes, and ready for a 
spring, is curbed in by the rider's muscular 
hand. One can feel the quivering rebellion 
shocking his blood and gleaming in his eyes. 



Grim-visaged and with tense listening ex- 
pressed in every muscle, the Indian gazes 
from under his shading hand out over the 
prairie. The sculptor of mountain-lions has 
caught the lithe sinuosity of the red man as 
well, and portrayed the subtle mental kinship 
between him and his horse. This statue is 
also in front of the Transportation Building. 
At the south end of South Canal, imme- 
diately in front of the great Stock Pavilion 
arch, stands an accurate reproduction of the 
famous Egyptian obelisk known as Cleo- 
patra's Needle. The original obelisk, pre- 
sented to the United States by the Khedive 
of Egypt, now stands in Central Park, New 
York. Its fellow was removed to London, 
England, twenty years ago and set up on 
the Thames embankment. These monu- 
ments are covered with hieroglyphics repre- 
senting scenes in the ancient history of 
Egypt occurring long before the historic 
era. All of those upon the ' ' Needle " in the 
New York park are faithfully reproduced in 
the obelisk here. As will be seen, 
the base of this obelisk is guarded 
by four immense lions, to which 
the sculptor, Mr. M. A. Waagen, 
has given a very lifelike appear- 
ance. 

Connecting the graceful Machin- 
ery Hall with the Agricultural 
Building is the classic Colonnade 
(P 21), designed by Mr. C. B. 
Atwood, and which, while serving 
as a screen for the useful but 
hardly ornamental Intramural 
Railroad and affording it a sta- 
tion, also hides the severely sim- 
ple outlines of the Live Stock Pa- 
vilion (P 20), a commodious struct- 
ure designed by Messrs. Hola- 
bird & Roche. It is an elliptical 
building, resembling in inside ap- 
pearance the arena of that noted amphi- 
theater the Coliseum in Rome. It is sur- 
rounded with tiers of benches accommodat- 
ing 15,000 spectators with seats. Here the 
prize-winning cattle are paraded for the 
inspection of admiring agriculturists, the 
judging takes place, and the numerous 
contests are held. A bureau of information 
for visiting farmers and agriculturists is lo- 
cated in this building. It is official, and in 
charge of the officers of the Department of 
Agriculture of the World's Columbian Expo- 
sition. Nearly every one of the States partici- 
pate in the Live Stock exhibit. The Depart- 
ment of Agriculture makes an interesting ex- 
hibit by taking the roadway from this pavilion 
to the Forestry Building and making a model 
road exhibit. It invited the makers of 
good roads to construct a model pathway 
50 feet in width and i ,000 feet in length. 
Manufacturers of brick used in paving, pro- 
ducers of granite blocks, owners of gravel- 
beds, contractors of cedar-block work, 
asphaltum, and other forms of road-con- 
struction material take sections of the road 
and prepare them in the manner most ap- 
proved by each. Then, to add a touch of 



LIVE STOCK EXHIBIT. 



97 



realism to the work, one section of the road 
is left in a condition of original depravity, 
and in the center of it a country wagon is 
carefully installed with mud and mire up to 
the hubs. If a picture so familiar is not 
sufficient to stir up slothful State legislators 
to a consideration of the needs of their con- 
stituents their case is indeed hopeless. 

The men who take part in this exhibit 
are given the status of exhibitors. Their 
work passes under the eyes of competent 
jurors, and is entitled to award. Not only 
contractors of street and road work take an 
interest in this model road, but good-roads 
associations, wheelmen's leagues, and 
manufacturers of road-making ma- 
chinery do, also. 

In rear or to the westward of the 
Live Stock Pavilion the visitor finds 
the offices of the Electrical Depart- 
ment (P 20) and a typical Loggers* 
Camp (P 20), 70 feet long and 20 feet 
wide. It is an exact reproduction of 
the camps Michigan lumbermen live 
in, and the daily bill of fare — corn 
bread, pork and beans, strong black 
coffee, etc. — will be the same as they 
have in the woods. Besides the camp 
there is also in this exhibit the largest 
load of logs ever put on a sled and 
drawn by a single span of horses. 
It contains 36,000 feet of lumber, 
weighs 145 tons, and was drawn a 
quarter of a mile down grade by a 
pair of horses whose combined weight 
is 4,000 pounds. It required nine fiat- 
cars to bring these logs to Chicago. 
They were cut and sent by Nester 
Bros., of Baraga, on the Sturgeon 
River. It was necessary to have 
eight car-loads for the camp. They 
are on the grounds. There was a sled- 
load of logs half the size of this one 
at the Centennial. It attracted a 
great deal of attention. This one is 
expected to create a sensation. Near 
the camp is a log train of five cars, 
and all about the place specimens of 
the tools used by lumbermen from the 
opening of the first camp in Michi- 
gan down to the present time are 
exhibited. Near this a huge Saw- 
mill (Q 19) is exhibited in working 
order and actual operation, occupy- 
ing a space of 125 x 200 feet. It 
shows the workings of these necessary ad- 
juncts to civilization, and is next to and con- 
nected with the logging camp. It lies 
between that and the oil exhibit on the south 
side of the Elevated Railroad. This sawmill 
is precisely similar to those in every-day use 
in the pineries of Michigan and Wisconsin. 

The visitor now meets with an exhibit of 
Oil Industries (Q 19) as the next building to 
the westward, with an area of 150 x 250 
feet. Crane & Co. have a store and supply- 
house for machinery fittings and tools 
<Q 19) in close proximity, while other por- 
tions of the outside exhibit of the Machin- 
ery Department are grouped around. 
7 



Warehouses, offices for various minor 
branches of the World's Fair staff, and other 
similar buildings are near by, and the visitor 
may well retrace his steps unless he cares to 
bear to the right and inspect the multitudi- 
nous sheds wherein the competing Live 
Stock Exhibits are housed (R 18-22). 

Live stock forms one of the most impor- 
tant displays at the Fair. The exhibition in 
this department opens June 12th, with the 
Kennel Show, and closes October 28th, with 
the display of fat stock. Cattle, horses, 
mules, sheep, swine, and poultry, and pig- 
eons and pet stock of all kinds will be ex- 




Group on Colonnade. M. A. Waagen, Sculptor. 

hibited in the arena of the big pavilion, 
erected especially for this purpose, during 
the progress of the Exposition. The pavif 
ion is an oval building adjacent to Agricult- 
ural Hall. The exterior is of staff and 
stucco, the interior an open arena 400 feet 
in length, with ten tiers of seats and a broad 
balcony. Four main entrances lead to the 
arena, and eight smaller doors open to the 
seats. An iron roof protects the spectators, 
15,000 of whom can be seated at one time! 
For the accommodation of live stock while 
the judges are in the arena, sixty-four stalls 
have been constructed under the seats on 
the north side of the pavilion. The rest of 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



the space beneath the gallery will be used 
for the offices of the Live Stock Commission 
and judges. 

The exhibition of live stock opens with 
the Kennel exhibit June 12, and closes 
October 28, 1893. It comprises the following 
divisions: 

A. —Cattle. 

B, — Horses, jacks, jennets, and mules. 



will be included representative stock from 
all parts of the world. 

All the great breeders of America, Europe, 
and Australia have individual exhibits. 
This is especially true of horses. The cattle 
exhibit from foreign countries has been lim- 
ited by United States quarantine restrictions. 
The greatest exhibit in all classes will of 
course be of domestic origin. Those who 



-^^ 




Live Stock Pavilion. 



C— Sheep. 
D. — Swine, 
E.— Dogs. 

F. — Poultry, pigeons, and pet stock. 
G.— Fat stock. 

2. The dates for exhibits of the various 
divisions are as follows: 

Divisions A and B. — Monday, August 21, 
to Thursday, September 21, 1893, inclusive. 
Divisions C and D. — Monday, September 
25, to Saturday, October 14, 1893, inclusive. 
Division E. — Monday, June 12, to Satur- 
day, June 17, 1893, inclusive. 

Division F. — Monday, October 16, to Sat- 
urday, October 28, 1893, inclusive. 

Division G. — Monday, October 16, to Sat- 
urday, October 28, 1893, inclusive. 

. ,, . ^«. T h a t t h e 

World's Fair 
Live Stock ex- 
.., ; hibit will be the 
y/:'-' greatest collec- 
m, tion of pure- 
^1/ bred animals 
•"". _ ever brought to- 
iS^-^, gether is gener- 
i^^ally conceded. 
;^_;^' When it became 
^«^^ known that the 
^l?^' Exposition au- 
i^:^" thorities would 
include a live-stock 
feature in the general 
exhibit the interest of 
all the principal 
breeders in the world 
was aroused. The 
triumph came when the Exposition managers 
agreed to exclude from the World's Fair 
everything except registered stock. It is cer- 
tain that the number of animals in each class 
may not exceed 2,000, and within this limit 




breed pure-blood animals, either as fanciers 
or from commercial motives, send their most 
worthy specimens. 

The classification of the Live Stock ex- 
hibit is as follows: 

GROUP NO. 

27. — Horses, asses, mules. 
28.— Cattle. 
29. — Sheep. 

30. — Goats, camels, and other domestic ani- 
mals. 
31. — Swine. 
32.— Dogs. 

33. — Cats, ferrets, rabbits, etc. 
34. — Poultry and birds. 
35. — Insects and insect products. 
36. — Wild animals. 




A Logging-Camp. 

Then proceeding in an easterly direction 
the visitor comes to the Outside Exhibit of 
Germany (Q 21), which is situated south of 
the Live Stock Pavilion. This exhibit con- 
sists of a large display of German porcelain 
stoves and statuary. A figure of " Hercules 
Upholding Alsenshe," sixteen feet high, on 
a pedestal of nineteen feet and beautifully 
modeled, is placed some thirty feet west of 
the entrance to the pavilion wherein the 
stove exhibit is placed. Directly east of this 



THE GREAT WHITE HORSE INN. 



99 



pavilion is seen the exhibit comprising a 
large statue of " Germania " made by an- 
other German cement firm. This is a model 
of the far-famed " Niederwald " monument, 
on the Rhine. 

Close by, and in the shadow of the Intra- 
mural road, is the Great White Horse Inn 
(6 22), a reproduction of a famous Eng- 
lish Inn at Ipswich, in Suffolk, celebrated 



of rustic wood and unique design. Club 
quarters for English visitors and represent- 
atives of this country are located on the 
second floor, under the title of Pickwick 
Club. Private dining and banquet halls are 
set aside for the exclusive use of the club. 

Across the roadway from the White Horse 
Inn is the French Bakery exhibit (P 23). 
This exhibit is southeast of the Live Stock 
Pavilion, and consists of a complete 
plant of machinery for baking bread, 
biscuits, cakes, etc. This machinery 
was exhibited at the Paris Exposition 
and created quite a sensation. There 
are five ovens capable of 100,000 loaves 
a day. The mixing, kneading, and 
baking is all done by machinery. 

On the left of the roadway, near the 
French Bakery and almost opposite the 
White Horse Inn, is the Windmill ex- 
hibit (Q 23), on the west bank of South 




by Dickens' descriptive power in * ' Pick- 
wick," and which before the time of railroads 
was the stopping-place for all coaches leav- 
ing London. Here drivers were changed 
and passengers were supplied with food. 
Probably this old inn in England has enter- 
tained more of the nobility than any other 
hotel. Frequent mention is made of it as 
far back as 1450, and as there is nothing in 
the Fair grounds showing the ancient style 
of English architecture of the fifteenth cent- 
ury as well as it does, it stands out as a con- 
spicuous feature of the World's Fair. 

There are no sleeping-rooms, but the en- 
tire building is set aside for restaurant, 
lunch-room, and club purposes. Dishes, car- 
pet, and furniture follow old English pat- 
terns, the picture-frames even being made 
of braided straw tied with ribbon. The horse 
over the entrance door is an exact model of 
the one which actually stood over the en- 
trance of the old White Horse Inn. The 
style of serving and cooking food is as much 
as possible after the old English manner. 

Fair Hebes in the form of bar-maids serve 
orders on the second floor. The finishing of 
the court and railing around the interior is 



The Great White Horse Inn. 

Pond, just back of Agricultural Building. 
Here are grouped mills of every style, 
from the earliest primitive structure to the 
latest air-motor. The quaint old Holland 
mill, built at the time of Washington's first 
inauguration, is particularly interesting. It 
now turns a chocolate-grater, and within 
the clumsy old tower rosy-cheeked Dutch 
maidens, in wooden shoes and gaudy dresses, 



100 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



of cocoa to the 



serve steaming cups 
thirsty. 

The mill is an exact copy of one which 
has stood in Amsterdam since 1806. The 
heavy timbers which cap the round tower 
are part of the original mill. The sail-shaft 
is of heavy wood, through which the arms of 



On the left of the roadway the viS?! 
now encounters a collection of buildings of 
decidedly foreign appearance. They repre- 
sent the French Colonies (Q 24), chief of 
which are Tunis and Algeria in North Africa 
and Tonquin in China. The three most prom- 
inent structures are the government build- 




F=i ""^ ?.h\'cVV-^>^ 



French Bakery Exhibit. 



the sails are mortised at right angles to each 
other. A series of cog-wheels made of wood 
run into each other at various angles, and on 
one of these is fixed the crank-pin operating 
the pumping-rod. The largest of these 
wheels is five feet in diameter. 

A balcony surrounds the tower about fif- 
teen feet below the top. The living-rooms 
of the family in such a mill consist of a par- 



ings of Tunis and Tonquin, and an Algerian 
caf6. The Tonquin building is the same 
one that was used at the Paris Exhibition of 
1889. Every piece of it was made and 
fitted ready to put together before it was 
taken to Paris. When the exposition closed 
it was sold to a French syndicate, which has 
had it on exhibition at various places. The 
fact that it is to be seen in Chicago this 




lor, a sitting-room, and a kitchen, 
walls of these rooms are covered with 
woven cloth, after the manner of the eight- 
eenth century, and the furniture of the 
rooms follows the Dutch styles of the 
same time. The mill is the exhibit of 
Blocker's Dutch Cocoa Company (Q 23), 
which has the privilege of selling cocoa to 
Fair visitors. 



summer is due to the efforts of Maurice 
Yvon, architect of the French government, 
who has the management of the exhibit in 
charge. The building is constructed in the 
form of a rectangle, and is covered with all 
sorts of traditional Chinese hieroglyphics, 
some of which date back beyond the time 
of Confucius. The windows are of a beauti- 
ful blue stained glass. A portion of the 



THE FRENCH COLONIES. 



101 



interior is made of walnut, which is carved 
in picturesque style. The Pavilion de la 
Tunisie is the largest of the three buildings. 
It has several apartments. The rear room 
is for the exhibition of colonial fur- 
niture. In the center is a large square hall, 
which is furnished by the Bey of Tunis in 
exact representation of a like apartment in 
his palace. On either side of the pavilion 
the thirsty visitor finds a shed, called 
" soucks " by the Tunisians, where he can 



ucts of each country. In making a 
pleasant promenade among the rich exhibits 
one sees the silks, the embroidery, the 
sculptural marble, the incrustations, and 
the bronze of Indo-China, the pit-coal of 
Tonquin, the rice of Cochin-China, the 
famous collections of the Emperor of 
Annam, the costumes of India with their 
brilliant colors, the minerals of New Cale- 
donia — nickel, chrome, cobalt, iron, and 
coal; and the rums and sugars of the West 
Indies. The Tunisian pavilion 
is of Moorish style. It has a 
very picturesque appearance 
with its four glittering domes, 
its mosque door, and its side 
galleries. Here the products 
of the hands of the African 
Mussulman are exhibited; also 
specimens of uniforms of the 
army. There are several little 
booths and stands and pavilions 
from which Tunisian, Alge- 
rian, and Chinese women and 
children sell oriental trinkets. 
Close by the French Colonies 




- r^^^'^^^'-^^^^^^^^^ 



Old Dutch Windmill. 



obtain cold drinks and tropical fruits. The 
Tonquin pavilion is a reproduction of part 
of the palace of Cochin-China, which was so 
much admired at Paris in 1889. 

Sculptural columns, a framework of 
beautiful wood and superb delf -wares of 
Cholon form the essential elements of its 
construction. All the French colonies of 
Indo-China, Asia, America, and Oceanica 
have their places marked off in this pavilion 
in a systematic order, which permits the 
visitor to catch with a single glance of the 
eye a complete view of the original prod- 



exhibit, on the right-hand side of the road- 
way, is the Model Workingman's Home 
(Q 23) erected by and under the supervision of 
the Pratt Institute of Brooklyn, N. Y. It is a 
pretty little semi-detached villa, and well 
worthy of inspection. In close proximity is 
the Log Cabin (Q 23), which is situated op- 
posite the French Colonies exhibit, and 
erected by Bernheim Bros., whisky dealers, 
Louisville, Ky. It is constructed, of logs, 
tile, and stucco, and is surrounded by a 
rustic fence and flower-garden. This cabin 
is occupied by the firm as offices during 



102 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



the World's Fair. Samples of their goods 
and an old still are on exhibition. On the 
same side of the road as the Log Cabin is the 
Restaurant " Forest King" (Q 23), also 
opposite the French Colonies exhibit. This 
building is 40 x 150 feet and one story high. 
The big " Washington stick," iii feet long, 
4 feet square, weighing 90,000 pounds, and 
of yellow fir, similar to Norway pine, serves 
as a lunch counter and bar. This piece of 




Christine, a Girl of Madagascar. 

timber was felled sixty-iive miles from 
Seattle, Wash., and was brought to Chicago 
on three flat-cars. As a tree it stood 225 
feet high, being 10 feet in diameter at the 
stump and 6 feet in diameter 148 feet from 
its base, where it was broken. The year- 



shadow of Uxmal's ruined arches, and in 
sight of " Rabida's monastic fane," is fitly 
and faithfully reproduced the most ancient 
civilization of the American continent. One 
enters a cavernous portal to find a repre- 
sentation (on a scale of one-tenth the actual 
size) of the wondrous and long-deserted 
cliff -dwellings of the Mancos Canon, Colo- 
rado. According to Sir Richard Owen, 
man first existed on the earth in the tertiary 
period, some fifteen thousand years ago. 
Here in Colorado he and many of his kind 
lived, builded with rare art, hunted and 
tilled the Mesa Verde many thousand years 
before the pyramids were raised, ages 
before the Norseman sailed, or the Genoese 
navigator conceived the idea of a voyage to 
the West. With an excellent exactitude the 
H. Jay Smith Exploring Co. have repro- 
duced the finest of the cliff- dwellings, con- 
structed rocky trails for the adventurous to 
traverse, and arranged a valuable collection 
of cliff relics for the inspection of the 
scientist, student, or curious. Admission, 
25 cents ; catalogue, 10 cents. 

After leaving the cliff-dwellers' mountain, 
the next exhibit attracting more than pass- 
ing notice, and adjoining the Anthropo- 
logical Building, is a large and picturesque 
log cabin, such as many will remember hav- 
ing seen in the backwoods district of Ken- 
tucky. 

The visitor more than likely will be sur- 
prised to learn that this is a complete sour- 
mash distillery, such as is found in many of 
the glens and picturesque woods of the 
' Blue Grass State." 

This is the exhibit of the Old Times Dis- 










Battle Rock, Colorado— Cliff-Dwellers' Exhibit. 



marks on this tree show it to be 442 years 
old. The restaurant has a seating capacity 
of 300. All kinds of eatables and drinks are 
served at moderate prices. 

The Cliff-Dwellers' Exhibit (R 24).— A 
few feet farther on and on the same side of 
the main road, and sheer from the smooth 
plain before us, rises a representation of 
Battle Rock Mountain, Colorado, and so 
realistic as to cause many an old frontiers- 
man instinctively to look around for the 
treacherous Utes. But it has other and 
more peaceful occupants. Here under the 
walls of the Anthropological Building, in the 



tillery Co. (R 25), of Louisville, Ky.,who 
were justly and fortunately selected to show 
the process of distilling sour-mash whisky. 

The yellow pine logs of which the build- 
ing is constructed still retain their bark, and 
the air of rusticity about the rude cabin is 
true to nature. 

Within, the process of hand-mashing the 
grain in small vessels, and running the mash 
through copper stills, will prove a great nov- 
elty to many — in fact to nearly every one — 
as there are few even of the old dealers, 
who are selling thousands of barrels yearly, 
who ever witnessed the process of mashing 



MINOR ATTRACTIONS. 



103 



and distilling hand-made sour-mash whisky, 
and who have but a faint and crude con- 
ception of the same. 



The process above mentioned in mashing 
and running the grain is identical with 
that in vogue in the noted distilleries that 




The Cliff Palace, Mancos Canon, Colorado. 



A bonded warehouse is also a feature of have made Kentucky so famous for magnifi- 

this exhibit. This warehouse has a storage cent whiskies. In fact, every employe was 

capacity of more than one thousand barrels, brought direct from the company's original 

and the working of the machinery of the plant in the Fifth District of the great Bour- 




Old Times Distillery Co.'s Log Cabin. 



Internal Revenue Department, as regards bon whisky distilling State. This is the only 
the manufacture of whisky, may be instruct- distillery at the Fair, and has a capacity of 
ively studied here. loo bushels per day. In the distillery is 



104 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



also an exhibit of moonshine stills, worms, 
and whisky captured by revenue officers 
in the mountains of Kentucky and Ten- 
nessee. 

On the right of the roadway and beyond 
the structure of the Intramural Railway Co. 
are the Dairy Barns (R 24) for the Jersey, 
Guernsey, and Shorthorn cattle. In these 
barns the cattle entered for the butter-mak- 
ing and dairy contests are housed, fed, 
cared for, and can be inspected. 

The broad acres of the Western farm, the 
dairies of New England and New York, and 
the centuries of experience of the hereditary 
dairymen of Switzerland and the Old World 
are to be brought into close competition in 
the Dairy Building (Q 24), which is 200 feet 
long and 100 feet wide, has been constructed 
at a cost of $30,000, and is in close proximity 
to the Dairy Barns. The desire to make the 
World's Columbian Exposition a great edu- 
cational enterprise from which the whole 
world is to drink at the fount of knowledge 
is nowhere better exhibited than in the Dairy 
Building. In addition to the exhibits from 
all countries of the world, arrangements are 
completed for a dairy school lasting through 
the six months, in connection with which a 
series of tests for determining the relative 
merits of different herds of cattle as milk 
and butter producers is also conducted. Be- 
ing adjacent to the Live Stock exhibit, in 
the southeastern part of the park, this build- 
ing is admirably adapted for that purpose. 
On the first floor, in the most conspicuous 
place, are displayed the butter exhibits, and 
just in the rear, in a space 25 x 100 feet, the 
model dairy and dairy school are con- 
ducted. Four hundred spectators can be 
seated in the amphitheater which sur- 
rounds this room. The cheese exhibits are 
displayed on the second floor, and here, too, 
is found a cafe in which dairy products of 
various kinds form a conspicuous place on 
the inefiu, and where the call of Cousin 
Hans for his odorous Limburger, or the de- 
mand of the Swiss or the Frenchman for his 
Frontage de Brie, will meet with instant 
compliance. 

A little to the east of the Dairy Barns are 
the Car Shops (R 25) of the Intramural Ele- 
vated Railway, and in the immediate south- 
east corner of the grounds are various offices 
of the different departments of the Exposi- 
tion, such as the Landscape Department, 
Sewage Cleansing Works (S 25), consisting 
of four tanks, in which by means of sulphate 
of ammonia the solid matter is precipitated 
and the purified water discharged at the top 
of the tank. The solids are then burned in 
the crematory. A Pumping House (S 26) and 
Oil Tank Vault (S 26), where oil used in the 
furnaces of the Exposition is stored, after 
being piped from Whiting, Ind. The last 
building nearest the Lake is Engle Gar- 
bage Furnace (S 27), located in the extreme 
southeastern corner of the World's Fair 
grounds. It is the only crematory or gar- 
bage furnace in actual operation on the 
grounds. Constructed on the latest im- 



proved plan, it has capacity to burn 100 tons 
of garbage daily. 

The visitor may then retrace his steps, and 
proceeding in a northeasterly direction in- 
spect the Power House (R 26), which fur- 
nishes the motive power for the operation of 
the Intramural Elevated Railway. 

The Power House has for its equipment 
some enormous pieces of electrical machin- 
ery. First there is a 2,000 horse-power 
cross-compound E. P. Allis engine, directly 
connected to a General Electric Company 
generator, the largest ever constructed. 
The shaft is of solid steel two feet thick, and 
weighs sixty tons. It is twenty-three feet 
long and with armature weighs 190 tons. It 
is impossible to make a shipment of such 
magnitude, so the shaft was shipped by the 
E. P. Allis Co. , and the fly-wheel and arma- 
ture were built in place in the power-house. 

In building the armature twenty -four tons 
of sheet-iron and three tons of copper were 
used. The commutator is seven feet in 
diameter and weighs four tons. The entire 
weight of the engine and dynamos is 296 
tons. In addition to all this there are a 750 
horse -power Allis engine, with a 500-kilowatt 
generator; a 750 horse-power, tandem, com- 
pound Greene engine; a 1,200 horse-power 
vertical compound Lake Erie engine directly 
coupled to a 750-kilowatt generator, and a 
Mackintosh & Seymour tandem compound 
engine directly connected to a 250-kilowatt 
generator. 

This unit will seem small in this station 
filled with tremendous machines. It is, how- 
ever, as large as the largest generator at the 
Paris Exposition. The same ratio of com- 
parison prevails throughout the entire Elec- 
tric exhibit as compared with the one at 
Paris. Where the plant at Paris was only 
between three and four thousand horse- 
power, the one at Jackson Park is 24,000. 

One feattire of the road's equipment which 
is sure to attract considerable attention is 
the compound engine and generator of 2,500 
horse-power. Next to the big Allis engine 
used by the Exposition Company in Ma- 
chinery Hall, this engine is the largest of 
any on the grounds. Its shaft alone weighs 
sixty tons, more than half the weight of the 
famous Krupp gun about which so much has 
been written. Its fly-wheel weighs eighty 
tons and has a diameter of thirty feet net. 
This alone proves a notable exhibit on the 
grounds. 

Toward the northwest the next building 
encountered is the Anthropological Building 
(Q 25), which occupies an area of 255 x 415 
feet. 

The building for the Ethnology exhibit is 
the new one erected since the Manufactures 
and Liberal Arts Building proved too small. 
The new building is called, over the main 
entrance, "Anthropology — Man and His 
Works." It is 415 feet long and 225 feet 
wide. The ground floor contains 105,430 ^ 
square feet for exhibits, aisles, offices,; -^ 
and lavatories, and the galleries 52,804 ' 
square feet. In the southern part of the 



THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL BUILDING. 



105 



ground-floor 30,000 square feet are taken up by 
two sections of Liberal Arts — the Bureau of 
Charities and Corrections and the Bureau of 
Sanitation and Hygiene. The rest of the 
ground floor contains the general Archaeolog- 
ical and Ethnological exhibits. The north 
end of the gallery 
holds the labora- 
tory of Physical 
Anthr o p o 1 o g y. 
Here are illus- 
trated the sciences 
of Anthropome- 
try, Psychology, 
and Neurology. 
The visitor may 
have his measure- 
ment taken and 
learn his place on 
the charts show- 
ing the physical 
Along the sides 




F. W. Putnam. 

characteristics of man. 



and southern end of the gallery are speci 
mens of the animal kingdom as an exhibit 
in natural history. 

On the ground-floor one of the largest 
spaces is given to the ethnological exhibit 
from Spain, which includes the interesting 
collection shown at the recent Spanish ex- 
position. Greece has a large space on the 
ground-floor in which are exhibited valuable 
specimens of Grecian art and archaeology. 
The latter include gods, goddesses, and 
many other idolatrous relics of the most 
ancient periods in Grecian history. 

Universal ethnology is illustrated in the ex- 
hibit from foreign countries. The principal 
foreign countries that have space are: Brazil, 
Canada, England, France, Greece, Mexico, 
Peru, Russia, Spain, Costa Rica, Paraguay, 
New South Wales, Argentine Re- 
public, and a special foreign ex- 
hibit from the Minister of Public 
Instruction in France. From the 
Vienna Museum comes one of the 
most valuable European collec- 
tions. Canada is represented in 
the outdoor exhibit and indoors 
by valuable specimens. British 
Guiana sends a colony of the 
Arrawak tribe of Indians, who ^ 
live in thatched huts in the out- ' 
door exhibit. 

The main American collections 
have been brought together as a 
special departmental exhibit under 
the personal supervision of Pro- 
fessor Putnam. Besides the special 
department collections there are valuable 
loans made to the department by State boards, 
historical societies, and museums. Among 
the principal States sending exhibits are 
California, Maine, Pennsylvania, New York, 
Missouri, Indiana, Kansas, Ohio, Utah, 
Wisconsin, Colorado, North Dakota, Louis- 
iana, and Washington. 

South of the United States the ethno- 
logical specimens include valuable memen- 
tos of the time of Cortez, which were col- 
lected in Europe by Mrs. Zelia Nuttall. 




These objects were taken to Europe at the 
time of the Spanish conquest, and include a 
series of Mexican shields. From the South 
Sea Islands there is a unique collection, 
made directly from the natives by Otto 
Finsch of Germany, during several years' 
residence on the islands. This collection 
includes ob- 
jects showing 
the methods 
of life, cus- 
toms, and 
dress used by 
the natives , 
long before I 
the adoption 1^ 
of ci vili z a-,»i 
tion. 
From Egypt 

and Palestine Ancient Pottery. 

there is an interesting collection, and from 
Africa there is enough to give the World's Fair 
visitor an idea of how Explorer Stanley's pro- 
teges live in various parts of the Dark Conti- 
nent. 

In the Anthropological Building the ex- 
hibits of the bureaus of hygiene and sani- 
tation, and charities and corrections, are 
well worth inspection. 

At the southeastern end of South Park, 
lying between the Dairy exhibit and the 
Agricultural exhibit of the French colonies, 
the visitor sees the weird Ruins of Yucatan 
(Q 24). Here is shown a perfect fac-simile of 
the figure of Kukulkan, the great feathered 
god; and other sculptures showing the artistic 
attainments of this vanished people. 

The central structure is from the ruined 
group of Labna, showing the Labna portal. 
The second section is the straight arch of 




Ancient Pueblo Pottery, 

Uxmal, reproduced from the east fagade of 
the so-called " House of the Governor," 
from the ruins of Uxmal. The third section 
includes the famous f a9ade of the ' ' Serpent- 
house," from the ruins of Uxmal. The 
fourth section is the north wing of the 
"House of the Nuns," from the ruins of 
Uxmal, and the fifth and sixth sections are 
other wings of the same famous ruins. 
There have also been reproduced two mono- 
liths and several loose specimens of sculpture. 
The casts for these Yucatan ruins were made 



106 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



of staff by means of papier-mache molds, 
and were taken from the original ruins by 
Edward H. Thompson, the United States 
consul to Yucatan, under Professor Put- 
nam's instructions. The ruins stand like 
some ruined temple of a forgotten age. 
There are six of these sections. Three of 
them show doorways square, V-shaped, and 
arched. In every case, however, the key- 
stone is lacking, and the original stonework 
was held in place by a fiat covering of stone 



results, has Professor Putman, the erudite 
chief of this important department, grouped 
his wards. " The proper study of mankind 
is man," once wrote that animated in- 
terrogation point, Alexander Pope, and 
here the pursuit of this particularly inter- 
esting study is facihtated by Professor 
Putnam's care. Commencing with the pre- 
historic cHif -dwellers, who faded from his- 
tory's pages when the earth was yet young, 
one passes to the Aztecs' early but abundant 




Ruins of Uxmal. 

secured by sheer weight of the stone above 
it. The bases of the walls are covered with 
vegetation as nearly natural as possible, and 
among it is planted the stones that had 
toppled off the original ruins. They are 
wonderful reproductions, and the effect is 
inspiring. 

All around the visitor, along the banks 
of South Pond, is grouped in picturesque 
and savage life the Ethnographical exhibit 
(O^ 24) of the Department of Anthropology. 
With historic accuracy, in strict chronolog- 
ical sequence and with most interesting 



civilization and art, as evidenced in 
their ruined fanes, and then proceeds 
to the representatives of the races found 
and dispossessed by Columbus and 
the hordes who followed him. Nearly 
every extant tribe is represented living 
in semi-barbaric state. Indians of every 
kind are exhibited in this department, 
and Professor Putnam has arranged 
the tribes geographically. Beginning 
with the Esquimaux from the extreme 
north, the groups descend by latitudes 
somewhat as follows: The Cree family, 
from the Canadian Northwest; Haida and 
Fort Rupert tribes, from British Columbia; 
Iroquois, from the Eastern States; Chippe- 
was, Sioux, Menominees, and Winnebago 
tribes, from the Middle and Northwestern 
States; Choctaws, from Louisiana; Apaches 
and Navajos, from New Mexico and Arizona 
Coahuilas, from Southern California, and 
the Papagos and Yakuis, from the extreme 
southern border of the United States and 
Mexico. 

Moving toward the lake, and passing be- 
tween the Anthropological Building and the 
peculiar wooden structure which hides Lake 



THE FORESTRY BUILDING. 



107 



Michigan's blue waters from view, the tour- 
ist enters at the southern end one of the 




most attractive structures on the Exposition 
grounds. It is 

THE FORESTRY BUILDING 

(Q 2 5) . For the purposes of the Exposition the 
Forestry exhibits are classed as part of the 
Department of Agriculture, while for con- 
venience the exhibits are installed in this, 



one of the most unique and interesting 
buildings on the Exposition grounds. It 
occupies an area of 208 x 528 feet, faces, and 
is close to Lake Michigan, and was designed 
by Mr. C. B. Atwood, Designer-in-Chief of 
the World's Columbian Exposition. 

More plainly than any other building on 
the grounds does the Forestry Building pro- 
claim its uses and purposes. In and of 
itself it is a magnificent display of forest 
products. Built entirely of wood and joined 
together with wooden pins, not a single nail 
or other piece of metal was used in its fram- 
ing or construction. It is surrounded on 
both sides and each end by a roofed colon- 
nade, upheld by pillars, each composed of a 
group of three tree-trunks lopped of their 
branches, but with the bark still on them as 
they stood in their native forests. Various 
States of the Union, Canada, and other for- 
eign countries contributed these columns, 
and this is one of the most unique colon- 
nades ever built. The walls of the building 
are of slabs of trees from which the bark 
has been removed, and the facings and 
other parts of the building are treated in 
a similar rustic manner. The roof is 
thatched with tan and other barks. Around 
the eaves is a cornice composed of inter- 
laced timbers of various sizes. The pillars 
of the colonnade are ninety in number, 
composed of 270 tree-trunks. Each of them 
bears a label giving its popular and bo- 
tanical name and the locality whence it 
came. Around the top of the building flag- 
staffs are arranged from which float the 
standards of the different countries repre- 
sented within. It is well to carefully no- 
tice these exterior exhibits before entering 
to inspect those inside. Passing around the 
south end of the building the visitor reaches 
the east or lake front, and in its center finds 
the main doorway, with a fine vestibule fur- 
nished and put in place by the Southern Lum- 
ber Manufacturers' Association. The vesti- 
bule is of cypress and yellow pine, polished to 
show the susceptibility of the woods of this 
section to use for interior decorations. The 
cost of this main vestibule was $10,000, and 
its grained woods are as beautiful as any on 
earth. 

Immediately to the left on entering is 
found Missouri's exhibit. For outside col- 
umns she furnished nine logs, making three 
groups. The varieties are white oak, red 
oak, ash, cypress, yellow pine, red gum, 
hickory, burr oak, and black walnut. For 
the interlaced outside work she sent thirty 
pieces of timbers of different varieties, and 
her inside display is a very fine one. On 
the right of the vestibule the first exhibit is 
that of Washington, her specialties being 
pines, firs, cedars, and other evergreen va- 
rieties. Next to Washington on the same 
side is Michigan's display. Here can be 
seen the largest load of logs ever piled tipon 
a single vehicle. The load weighed 300,000 
pounds (150 tons), and was pulled by two 
horses weighing 1,700 pounds each. The 
sleigh and load are shown just as they were 




Copyright, 1892, by Rand, McXally b Co. 



THE DAIRY BUILDING. 




Copyright, 1802, by Rand, McXally 4 Co. 



THE FORESTRY BUILDING. 



THE FORESTRY BUILDING. 



109 



in the forest. Across the aisle to the left 
opposite Michigan's display is that of West 
Virginia, which shows 250 specimens of her 
forest products polished and finished so as 
to show the grain, colors, and characteristics 
of the different varieties. The center of 
the building is now reached, and here each 
State and country has contributed one or 
more of her largest specimens to form an 
immense pyramid. North Carolina and 





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Xansas send huge black walnut logs; Ken- 
tucky an immense white oak, Missouri a 
.gigantic cotton wood, California and Wash- 
ington their titanic rosewoods and firs. 
Turning down the main north and south 
Avalk and going north on the left-hand 
side, in narrow sections facing Michigan 
.are the displays of Australia and Mexico. 
The exhibit of the former is inclosed in a 
stockade of planks nine feet high and many 



of them several feet wide. For six feet up 
from the floor these boards are all polished. 
In variety there are myrall, rosewood, red- 
bean, bloodwood, woolly butt, onionwood, 
and many others not found elsewhere. The 
largest log is a red cedar 6 feet in diameter 
and 9 feet long. Mexico shows manzanita, 
mountain ebony, violetwood, and many 
other curious and beautiful woods. Next 
to Mexico on the same side is Brazil, with 
a pavilion composed of trees whose inter- 
locking branches form its walls. The en- 
trance is through a beautiful rustic arch- 
way. Three hundred and twenty-one spec- 
imens of dye and ornamental woods are to 
be seen here. Across the road from this 
display is Ohio with a pavilion of Roman 
classic design, the columns being made of 
trunks of trees. These have been left in 
their natural state with the bark on them, 
and beech, sycamore, oaks, ash, hickory, and 
other species are represented. Eighty va- 
rieties of wood, 160 kinds of veneers, and 500 
varieties of medicinal plants are also shown. 
Next to Ohio is Kentucky with a very fine 
display. The paneled inclosure is entirely 
of native woods finished to bring out the 
grains and burls. It has four entrances, 
that from the east being under an arch 
formed from a section of a sycamore 
log sixteen feet in diameter. On the 
right is a section of a lo-foot yellow poplar, 
while on the left is a section of a huge white 
oak log. Thirty-four pyramids of six blocks 
each show the character, size, and varieties 
of her indigenous timbers. A relief map of 
the State, showing its lumber resources, 
values, logging-streams, etc., completes the 
display. Opposite Kentucky across the 
aisle is the exhibit of the Argentine Repub- 
lic with a grand collection of dye, building, 
and ornamental woods. On the same side 
of the main avenue, across an intersecting 
aisle, is Germany's exhibit. Their fine dis- 
play is rendered more interesting by the 
exposition of their tree-planting and preserv- 
ing, and other scientific forestry displays. 
In these matters this practical and econom- 
ical people probably surpass any other. 
East of Germany across the main aisle is the 
State of Minnesota, with a display consist- 
ing chiefly of the evergreen varieties of 
woods; and next to her are the exhibits of 
Spain, Cuba, and the Philippine Islands, 
whose display of ornamental woods is 
unique and beautiful. Again crossing the 
aisle Paraguay is found, displaying in her 
pavilion 321 varieties of timber from twelve 
inches to four feet in diameter. Barks, dye- 
woods, and other forest products are also to 
be seen. Turning east along the side aisle 
upon which the exhibit is located, at its end 
on the right is seen India's display, with 
many varieties of wood entirely strange to 
us. Turning back toward the east, the 
next display is that of Japan. The showing 
made by this empire is very creditable, 
and it is especially curious from the fact 
that this is the " first exhibit of native 
woods ever made outside of its own 



110 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



borders. Across the main north and south 
aisle and Pennsylvania is reached. Her ex- 
hibit is wonderful in the number of varieties 
shown. For a neighbor, she has Virginia, 
taking up the northeast corner of the build- 
ing with her display, which is a fine one. 
South of Virginia, across the side aisle, is 
Louisiana, opposite the rear of the Spanish 
exhibit. She has fine cypress and pine and 
quite a variety of deciduous woods; also 
Spanish moss for mattresses, etc. Going 
south along the north and south aisle upon 
which Louisiana faces, the next exhibit is 
that of Nebraska. Some of her display, 
notably that of forest trees planted by her 
farmers, is wonderful. Nearly all of the for- 
ests of this State are artificial, and a large 
part of them are upon prairie soil, showing 
what can be done by judicious planting and 
care. Turning to the left around this ex- 
hibit, back of Kentucky is found Wisconsin, 
another of the great pine-producing States. 
Her pavilion has hollow six-sided columns 
tapering toward the tops, and made of planks 
of various woods, planed, and oiled in their 
natural colors. These columns are twelve 
feet high, with plain hardwood bases, and 
hand-carved capitals of native woods, pol- 
ished but uncolored. 

North of the southern end of Wisconsin is 
the space allotted to North Dakota. The 
natural forests of this State are almost en- 
tirely composed of firs, cedars, and pines, 
with some aspen trees; but her tree claims, 
planted" artificially, show that any sort of 
timber common to this zone may be grown. 
South of North Dakota is Michigan, and op- 
posite is found Washington, a State whose 
chief production is lumber. She displays 
gigantic trees and the finest of building- 
woods, as w^ell here as in the building which 
she has erected in the State group on the 
grounds. The eastern vestibule has again 
been reached, and passing between the dis- 
plays of Missouri and West Virginia (al- 
ready inspected), next upon the left going 
south is New York. This State exhibits 
sections of every kind of timber indigenous 
to it, comprising forty-three species and 
eighty-five varieties. Across the aisle is 
North Carolina, making a display rich in 
varieties and the beauty and size of many of 
its woods. From Asheville comes a rustic 
settee made of rhododendron limbs and 
knots, varnished, but otherwise entirely 
natural. It is one of the finest displays 
in the building. Nearly every variety 
of evergreen and deciduous trees com- 
mon to_ the United States is here shown. 
Occupying the southwestern corner of 
the large section assigned to North Caro- 
lina is Indiana's exhibit, with quite a 
creditable display. Her pavilion is very 
pretty. Its exterior is of planed, uncolored 
native woods, beautifully paneled, and with 
delicate columns and ornaments. Utah with 
her fine exhibit lies next south of New York, 
and joining her on the south is Massachu- 
setts, with a collection of forty-seven vari- 
eties of trees native to that State. An aisle 



running west from the Utah exhibit has 
upon its left side the magnificent Morris K. 
Jessup collection of North American woods, 
embracing 428 species, collected at a cost of 
$100,000; and on its right the California ex- 
hibit. The redwoods, cedars, pines, etc., of 
this State must be seen to be properly appre- 
ciated, as no description will do them justice. 
At the south end of the building are private 
displays which will be noticed later on. Op- 
posite the Jessup collection, across the north 
and south main aisle, is Idaho, with a fine 
display somewhat similar to that of Wash- 
ington. North of Idaho is Siam, with a 
unique exhibit. Turning west along the 
south face Connecticut is next encountered, 
on the right of this cross aisle. Her display 
is chiefly remarkable for the singular growths 
of double trees, etc., that are to be seen. 
There is a hickory in the form of a perfect 
T, with upspringmg arms. Maples, horn- 
beams, etc., that have grown together are 
quite numerous. Having inspected Con- 
necticut's display, Oregon, just west of it, 
may be visited. She has a pavilion 10 feet 
square and 20 feet high, surmounted with 
an open cupola. The body of the building 
is of yellow pine, its roof of cedar shin- 
gles, and its four Doric columns of maple 
richly carved. The cupola columns are of 
carved oak. The panel work shows man- 
zanita, madrone, yew, laurel, myrtle, ash, 
maple, oak, spruce, balm, fir, sugar pine, 
cherry, and elder. Next north of Oregon is 
Colorado, with aspen, pine, juniper, spruce, 
piiion, cedar, hemlock, and other woods. 
Her timber claims present about every vari- 
ety of deciduous trees and evergreens. 
East of Colorado is the French display, rich, 
like that of Germany , in the scientific methods 
shown in forest culture, as well as in her fine 
exhibit of woods of various kinds. North of 
France, across an east and west aisle, is the 
exhibit of Canada, with the largest space 
granted to any foreign country. Every one 
of her provinces is represented, and her dis- 
play is a most excellent one. West of Can- 
ada lies Russia, with a large and varied ex- 
hibit, comprising an immense number of 
species and varieties. This is the last of the 
large exhibits, and the visitor walking back 
to the south end of the building will find the 
unique exhibit of the Indurated Fiber Ware 
Company and many others. A rare curi- 
osity is a slab of a mulberry tree which was 
planted by Shakespeare. There is, in the 
miscellaneous section, a collection of tree 
fibers, seeds, gums, barks, resins, vegetable 
wax, etc. Every method of logging, with 
the tools and systems used, is displayed. 
Mann Bros.' big wash-tub, fifteen feet in 
diameter, is quite a curiosity. 

Next in order is the Leather exhibit 
(P 24), north of the Forestry Building. The 
building is a very handsome one, 575 feet 
long by 150 feet wide, and two stories high. 
Nearly every nation, savage and civilized, is 
here represented by samples of its leather. 
To foreign exhibits the central space on the 
first floor has been allotted. At one end of 



CONVENT DE LA RABID A. 



Ill 



this floor we find every variety of leather; at 
the other, every style of its manufactured 
product, no matter where or when produced. 
Here we may behold the riding -boots of that 
great warrior Napoleon, and the queer but 
magnificent ones of Russia's dreaded ruler, 
Ivan the Terrible. These matters are sure 
to interest beholders whether ' ' in the trade " 
or not. The second floor contains i8o ma- 
chines showing the processes of manufactur- 
ing. These require 300 men to operate them , 
the power being furnished by six motors of 
25 horse-power each. The interior of the 
building is divided into squares, with pass- 
age-ways named after noted leather-produc- 
ing points. 

Leaving the Leather exhibit, and passing 
along the Elevated Railway toward the loop, 
upon the right is seen the Exhibit of Herr 
Krupp of Essen, in Germany (O 24), the 
greatest of all cannon manufacturers. This 
exhibit is especially interesting, since here 
is found the largest cannon ever cast, as well 
as many other wonderful evidences of me- 
chanical skill and ingenuity. The weight 
of the articles here exhibited amounts to 957 
tons, and they are valued at $1,000,000. 
First in interest is the monster 124-ton gun, 
which cost $50,000 to manufacture. Its 
length is eighty-seven feet, and compared to 
it our largest gun, forty-five feet long, seems 
scarcely more than a toy. The bore of this 
cannon is twenty-five inches, the projectile 
used weighs 2,300 pounds, and the cost of a 
single discharge is $1 ,250. Its range is from 
fifteen to sixteen miles, and if discharged on 
the Lake Front the concussion would shat- 
ter most of the window-glass in Chicago. 
The carriage for this monster weighs 38,500 
pounds, the frame 55,660 pounds, and to 
manage it requires an 8 5 -ton traversing 
crane. There was but one place on the At- 
lantic sea-board. Sparrow's Point, Md. ,where 
there was a set of hydraulic shears of suf- 
ficient power to handle this gun. In this ex- 
hibit are found other guns, such as an 8-inch, 
central pivoting gun; a 16-inch, 40-pound, 
quick-firing gun; a 5-inch, quick-firing, 40- 
pound gun, and smaller ones. Monster hy- 
draulic jacks for handling guns, armor-plates 
10 to 16 inches thick, iron cables, gun car- 
riages, etc., complete the exhibit, which re- 
quired twenty-one cars specially constructed 
of steel and iron to bring it to the grounds. 
Not the least interesting thing in this ex- 
hibit is the immense steel target 8 feet 
square and 16 inches thick, and show- 
ing the effect of a gun firing 12-inch balls 
which weigh 600 pounds. It is asserted in 
all seriousness by the German engineers ac- 
companying this exhibit that if the big gun 
were fired on the grounds the concussion 
would wreck every building in the park. 
Herr Krupp intends to present his monster 
gun to the United States Government for 
the defense of the great port of Chicago. 

The Old Whaling Bark "Progress" 
(P 24), exhibited by New Bedford, Mass. , lies 
in the southeastern part of South Pond 
close to the Ethnographical exhibit. This 



old craft, which was built in 1841, has been 
re-rigged, sparred, and painted. In its 
saloon are shown the articles usually ob- 
tained by or used in the whaling industry, as 
polar bear-skins, seal-skins, blubber, whale- 
bone, knives, harpoons, tackle, boats, etc. 
Here also are mementos of the terrible dis- 
aster of 1 8 71, when thirty-three whaling 
ships had to be abandoned in the ice, their 
crews being rescued by the " Old Progress" 
and other vessels. An admission fee of 25 
cents is charged to enter this concession. 

Within the south loop formed by the In- 
tramural Elevated Railway, just to the north- 
west of Krupp's exhibit, one finds the Indian 
School exhibit (O 23). The building is a 
plain structure erected by the United States 
Government, 185 x 80 feet and two stories 
high. This is the chief exhibit of the Bureau 
of Indian Affairs, and here we catch a glimpse 
of the North American Indian in the char- 
acter of a student, demonstrating the bene- 
fits of civilization. Between thirty and forty 
pupils will be kept here from the opening to 
the close of the Exposition. There will be 
relays of pupils from the different Indian 
schools, each detail remaining three or four 
weeks, to be succeeded by others. They live 
and do their own cooking in the building, 
and their regular routine of duties and les- 
sons goes on uninterrupted by their novel sur- 
roundings. The various religious denomi- 
nations engaged in educational work among 
the Indians here exemplify their methods of 
drill and teaching. To the humanitarian 
this exhibit possesses peculiar interest, es- 
pecially as he can here contrast, side by side, 
the red man as a savage wrapped in a 
blanket, and his child in the dress of civili- 
zation, endeavoring to master benignant 
mysteries. 

There now rises before the visitor a steep 
rocky slope, whereon, possibly in realization 
of Freiligrath's and Lord Houghton's poetic 
prophecies, the palm tree no longer " dream- 
eth of the pine" but stands in close proximity 
to its once ocean-separated affinity. At the 
summit stands an exact reproduction of 
the Convent of Santa Maria de la Rabida 
(Saint Mary of the Frontier) (N 23), where Co- 
lumbus found 
shelter in time of 
trouble and 
' ' begged a pit- 
tance for his 
child." Here he 
developed his 
theory of a west- 
ern passage to the 
Indies. The 
building is more 
closely connected 
with Columbus 
and his great work 
than any other. It cost $50,000, con- 
tains priceless relics of the gi-eat discov- 
erer, and is guarded night and day by 
United States troops. The reproduction 
and the collection of rare relics ot the Noah 
of our nation are in more than, a measure 




William E.Curtis, 



112 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



due to the indefatigable perseverance of the 
Hon. William Eleroy Curtis of the Bureau 
of American Republics, who traversed the 
whole of Europe searching for traces of the 
great Genoese admiral and procuring relics, 
maps, etc., for exhibition here. It maybe 
questioned if there are any persons on this 
continent who can speak with greater au- 
thority as to Columbus than this talented 
writer. The publishers of " A Week at the 
Fair" feel, therefore, that the subjoined able 
article from Mr. Curtis' facile pen needs 
little introduction from them. Mr. Curtis 
writes: 

A few miles north of Cadiz, on the At- 
lantic coast of Spain, about half-way between 
the Straits of Gibi^altar and the boundary of 
Portugal, on the summit of a low headland 
between the Tinto and Odiel rivers, which 
meet at its base, three miles from the sea 
stands a picturesque and solitary monastery, 
which tradition says was built in the reign 
of the Emperor Trajan, in the second 
century, and which we know was recon- 
structed in the eleventh during the Moorish 



New World, and from its docks on the 3d of 
August, 1492, Columbus set sail with his 
three ships. The ruins of the house of the 
Pinzons, who furnished one of the vessels 
and commanded two, are still pointed out, 
and the descendants of their family still are, 
as they have been for four centuries, the 
leading citizens of that region. A Moorish 
mosque, which was converted into the 
Church of St. George, still stands on the 
hill, just outside the village, just as it did 
when the alcalde in May, 1492, read from 
its pulpit the proclamation of the sovereigns 
commanding the people of Palos to furnish 
two ships for the use of Columbus. Above 
the altar is the image of St. George and the 
dragon, just as Columbus saw it; and on the 
records of the parish are the names of the 
sailors who accompanied him and received 
communion the morning of their departure. 
There also is the miracle-working image of 
the Virgin of La Rabida, one of the most 
famous effigies in Europe, to which they 
offered vows. 

It is not certain when Columbus first ap- 



% \ 



■^'ut%TTW, 




Convent of Santa Maria de la Rabida. 



occupation of Spain, and used for a fortress. 
They call it La Rabida, which, according to 
the best authorities, signifies an outpost on 
the frontier. When the Mohammedans 
were driven from Andalusia it passed into 
the possession of the Franciscan monks, 
who remodeled it again and rechristened 
it " Santa Maria de la Rabida," or the 
Monastery of St. Mary of the Frontier. 

Three miles above La Rabida, on the Rio 
Tinto, bounded on the one side by that 
sluggish stream and on the other by rich 
pastures and glowing vineyards, lies the 
little village of Palos de Moguer, once a 
flourishing commercial city, but now a 
lonely hamlet of a few short streets, deserted 
by all but a few fishermen and farmers. Its 
decadence began when a bar formed at the 
mouth of the river and forbade the approach 
of vessels. The water is so low that where 
fleets used to float sea-grass and rushes are 
now growing, and none but the smallest of 
fishing-craft can reach the town from the 
ocean. But at this port was organized and 
equipped the expedition that discovered the 



peared at Palos and the Monastery of La 
Rabida. Some authorities assert that he 
came there direct from Portugal in 1484 on 
his way to Moguer, where he intended to 
leave little Diego, then nine years old, with 
his wife's relatives, and obtain from them 
means to pay his way to the court of 
Ferdinand and Isabella to submit his plans 
for a voyage across the western ocean to the 
strange lands that Marco Polo had described. 
Others insist that he did not visit Palos 
until two years later, after his propositions 
had been rejected by the sovereigns, and 
he was leaving Spain for Genoa or Venice. 

At any rate, there is no doubt that, weary, 
hungry, and penniless, Columbus ap- 
proached the monastery one evening and 
asked for food and water for himself and 
child. He was given refreshments and 
shelter by the hospitable prior, who im- 
mediately became interested in his plans 
and theories, and from that date La Rabida 
was his asylum until he started on the most 
memorable voyage that was ever under- 
taken by man. Here, too, he received a 



CONVENT DE LA RABIDA. 



113 



joyous welcome when he returned in 
triumph from the newly discovered world, 
and the good monks, who had been his 
steadfast friends, sang a Te Demn of thanks- 
giving with a fervor that was never sur- 
passed in human worship. 

Thus was La Rabida, as a famous writer 
has said, " the corner-stone of American his- 
tory," and the Board of Directors of the 
World's Columbian Exposition decided that 
no more appropriate building could be 
erected for the shelter of the historical col- 
lection and the relics of Columbus than a 
fac-simile reproduction of this ancient and 
picturesque monastery. The work was in- 
trusted to Mr. H. D. Ives, of the firm of 
McKim, Meade & White, New York, who 
made the plans from drawings and photo- 
graphs secured by Mr. Curtis in Spain, and 
superintended the work of construction. 



secured, and all the ruins that remain of 
Isabella, the first town established in the 
New World, were brought from the Island 
of Santo Domingo by a United States man-of- 
war. There is also the original of the first 
church-bell that ever rang in America, 
which was presented to the people of Isa- 
bella by King Ferdinand, and many other 
interesting relics. 

Mr. Frederick A. Ober, the well-known 
author and naturalist, was sent to the West 
Indies in the spring of 1891, under the 
direction of William E. Curtis, chief of the 
Latin-American Department, with instruc- 
tions to follow the track of Columbus and 
obtain photographs and relics of all the 
places on the American continent which 
were visited by him or identified with his 
career. The work was well done, and the 
results of Mr. Ober's industry appear in a 




THE LANDING OF COLUMBUS. 
From the celebrated picture by John Vanderlyn, in the Rotunda of the Capitol at Washington, D. C. 



The collection consists of all the existing 
relics of Columbus, including the original of 
the contract with the sovereigns of Spain, 
under which the voyage was made, the 
commission they gave him as ' ' Admiral of 
the Ocean Seas," his correspondence with 
them, and many other priceless historical 
papers relating to the discovery and early 
settlement of America, which are loaned for 
■exhibition by the government of Spain and 
the descendants of Columbus. There are 
also original copies of the first publications 
concerning the New World, and a large 
number of equally interesting books, maps, 
and manuscripts borrowed from the archives 
•of the Vatican, the national libraries of 
England, France, and Spain, and private 
•collectors in Europe and America. One of 
the anchors and a cannon used by Columbus 
on his flagship the "Santa Maria" were 
8 



series of most interesting souvenirs and 
photographs which were enlarged by 
mechanical process. To these have been 
added views of ever)r place and building in 
Europe identified with Columbus, and the 
original or a copy of every picture of artistic 
merit or historical value in the entire world 
in which he appears as a figure. Thus the 
life-history of Columbus is given in a series 
of pictures and objects, from the several 
places that dispute the honor of his birth to 
the two which claim possession of his bones. 

To these has been added a collection that 
includes the original, or a copy, of every 
portrait of Columbus that was ever painted 
or engraven, eighty in number, and a model 
or a photograph of every monument or 
statue that was ever erected to his memory. 
W. E. CURTIS. 

Washington, D. C. 



114 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 




Anchor and Bell. 



The completeness and value of the his- 
torical collection and the erection of the 
Monastery of La Rabida is entirely due to 
the genius, industry, and energy of William 
E. Curtis, chief of the Latin-American De- 
partment of the 
Exposition and 
director of the Bu- 
reau of the Ameri- 
can Republics at 
Washington. He 
suggested the idea 
of such an exhibit, 
secured an appro- 
priation from Con- 
gress to pay the ex- 
pen se, visited 
Spain and Italy to 
obtain the loan of 
the autographs and 
other relics of Co- 
lumbus, and spent 
three years of hard 
labor in carrying 
out his plan. 
The following classification of the histor- 
ical collection will give a general idea of the 
contents of La Rabida: 

World's Columbian Exposition. — Histor- 
ical Exhibit, 
group i. — period of the discovery. 
Section A. — Geographical knowledge and 
the science of navigation at the time 
of Columbus. 

1. Maps, charts, and globes anterior to 

Columbus. 

2. Nautical and astronomical instru- 

ments, 

3. Models of vessels. 

4. Evidence of pre-Columbian dis- 

coveries. 

5. Arms, armor, equipments, etc., of 

the time. 

6. Books known to Columbus, and por- 

traits of their authors. 
Section B. — The court of Ferdinand and 
Isabella. 

1. Portraits, autographs, and relics 

of the sovereigns; pictures of 
scenes identified with their lives, 
their tombs, and monuments. 

2. Portraits and relics of persons identi- 

fied with the career of Colum- 
bus at court, or associated with 
the discovery. 
Section C. — Youth and early life of Colum- 
bus. 

1. Views of places associated with his 

birth and boyhood. 

2. Scenes identified with his career in 

Portugal and the Madeira Isl- 
ands. 
Section D. — The career of Columbus at the 
court of Spain. 
I. Scenes and places at Cordova, Gra- 
nada, Salamanca, Seville, and 
other cities identified with 
Columbus. 



2. The Monastery of Santa Maria de la 

Rabida; illustrations of the life 
of Columbus there. 

3. The port of Palos and its environs. 
Section E.— The first voyage of Columbus. 

1. Models and pictures of the caravels. 

2. Fac-similes of charts, nautical instru- 

ments, books, costumes, arms, 
armor, etc. , used on the voyage, 
and model showing the course 
of the voyage. 

3. The discovery and landing at Wat- 

ling's Island. 

4. Views and relics of Watling's Island 

and other places visited on the 
voyage. 

5. The construction of the fort at La 

Navidad. Views and relics of 
the place. 

6. Views of Lisbon and other places 

visited on the voyage home- 
ward. 

7. Reception of Columbus on his return 

to Spain; views of Barcelona. 
The scene of the Q%%. 

8. Strange things seen on the voyage. 

Fac-similes of relics brought 
home by the voyagers. 
Section F. — The second voyage of Colum- 
bus. 

1. Views of Cadiz, from whence he 

sailed. 

2. Views of the islands discovered on 

the second voyage, and evi- 
dence of cannibalism illustrated 
by old prints. 

3. Remains, views, and relics of Isa- 

bella, the first settlement in the 
New World. 

4. Explorations of the mountains of 

Cibao; El Puerto de los Hidal- 
gos; views of La Vega and 
Santo Cerro ; the cross of Colum- 
bus, Santo Tomas. 

5. The discovery of Jamaica; Santa 

Gloria and St. Ann's Bay; 
illustrations of association with 
the natives. 

6. The return to Santo Domingo; ad- 

ventures with the Indians; 
"Eat gold, Christian, eat gold;" 
founding of the city of San- 
tiago. 

7. Queen Anacaona, and the founding 

of the city of Santo Domingo; 
scenes in that city. 

8. Return of Columbus, and scenes at 

Burgos M^hen he was received 
by the sovereigns. 
Section G. — The third voyage of Columbus. 

1. Views of Trinidad and other places 

visited by Columbus. 

2. The mutiny at Santo Domingo. 

3. The arrest and imprisonment of 

Columbus; the castle in which 
he was confined; the admiral in 
chains. 

4. Reception by the sovereigns on his 

return to Spain; scenes at 
Seville and Segovia. 



CONVENT DE LA RABID A. 



115 



3. 



Section H. — The fourth voyage of Colum- 
bus. 

1. Scenes in Honduras and other places 

visited. 

2. The wreck at St. Christopher's Cove; 

the mutiny of Porras ; views of 
the place. 

3. The return of Columbus. 
Section I.— The last days of Columbus. 

1. His home at Seville. 

2. The death and burial; his will; the 

house in which he died. 
Removal of his remains; the cathe- 
dral at Santo Domingo; the 
cathedral at Havana. 

4. Monuments erected to his memory. 

5. The portraits of Columbus. 

6. Portraits of his family and descend- 

ants (genealogy). 

7. Relics of Columbus; autograph let- 

ters; the contract, commission, 
and instructions received by 
him from the sovereigns of 
Spain; letters from Ferdinand 
and Isabella. 
Section K. — The publication of the dis- 
covery. 

1. Copies of the first books about 

America; maps, manuscripts, 
fac-similes, and illustrations. 

2. Views of Saint Die, and the persons 

identified with the christening 
of the continent. 

3. Relics and portraits of Amerigo 

Vespucci and other explorers. 

4. Growth of geographical knowledge 

during the century following 
the discovery, illustrated by 
fac-similes, books, maps, charts, 
etc. 

The Bibliography of Columbus. 

group ii. — period of the conquest. 

Section A. — Archaeological and ethnolog- 
ical collections showing the condi- 
tion of the natives. 

1. Models of habitations; implements, 

utensils, and other illustrations 
of life and customs. 

2. Portraits and pictures, costumes, 

canoes, weapons, etc. 
Section B. — The conquest of Mexico. 

1. Illustrations of the condition of the 

Aztecs. 

2. Arms, armor, etc. , of the conquista- ' 

dores, showing how the natives 
were overcome. 

3. Portraits, pictures, and relics of 

Cortez and those who were asso- 
ciated with him. 

4. Maps, charts, and printed volumes 

illustrating the conquest. 
Section C. — The discovery and conquest of 
other portions of America. 

1. Collections showing the condition of 

the natives in other parts of the 
continent. 

2. Portraits and relics of other discov- 

erers and early voyagers. 



3. Maps, charts, and printed volumes 
showing the progress of civiliza- 
tion and the growth of geo- 
graphical knowledge. 

In the Convent of La Rabida is hung a 
map which has been especially prepared by 
the National Museum of the United States 
Government. Its purpose is to show the 
visitors the location and number of the dis- 
tricts, counties, towns, and places on the 
American continent named in honor of 
Columbus (105 in number), ranging from 
four in Canada to very many more in the 
United States. Each one is marked by a 
brass peg with a large, flat head. The map 
is an interesting feature, and one may well 
say on inspecting it that if the monks stole 
Columbus' laurels and placed them on Ves- 
pucci's brow, America has certainly done 
its very best to remedy the injustice. 

In the convent the Lowdermilk concession 
sell reproductions of many relics, photo- 
graphs, etc., and an excellent Columbus 
encyclopedia, entitled "Christopher Co- 
lumbus and his Monument, Columbia,*' from 
the press of the pubHshers of this guide. 

Near by are moored the Caravels of Co- 
lumbus, as to which Mr. Curtis writes: 

' ' The three caravels which composed the 
fleet of Columbus, the ' Santa Maria,* 
* Pinta,' and ' Nina,' were reproduced in 
the navy-yards of Cadiz and Barcelona, 
Spain, upon plans prepared by a commis- 
sion of naval architects and archaeologists, 
appointed by the government of Spain. This 
commission spent six months in study and 
investigation in order to make their models 
as exact as possible. The ' Santa Maria ' 
was built at the expense of the Spanish gov- 
ernment, and the ' Nina ' and ' Pinta ' at 
the expense of the United States, an appro- 
priation having been secured for that pur- 
pose by William E. Curtis, chief of the 
Latin- American Department, who suggested 
the reproduction of the famous little fleet, 
and had general direction of the enterprise. 
Lieut. W. McCarty Little, U. S. N., had 
immediate charge of the work, having been 
detailed as naval attach^ of the United 
States legation at Madrid for that purpose. 

' ' The ships made their first public appear- 
ance at Huelva, Spain, during the Columbus 
festivities there from October 10 to October 
14, 1892, and went down the bay to meet 
the Queen of Spain as she approached the 
city from Cadiz on the royal yacht. They 
were the most novel and interesting features 
of that celebration. On February 18, 1893, 
the little fleet started from Cadiz for America. 
The ' Santa Maria ' was under command of 
Captain Concas of the Spanish navy, and 
convoyed by a Spanish man-of-war. The 
'Nina' was commanded bv Lieut. J. C. 
Col well of the United States Navy, and 
convoyed by the United States cruiser 
' Newark.' The ' Pinta' was commanded by 
Lieutenant Howard, U. S. N., and convoyed 
by the United States cruiser ' Bennington.' 
They had a safe but not a very comfortable 
passage, and arrived at Havana about the 



116 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



middle of March, where the two smaller 
caravels were delivered to the Spanish 
authorities, to be manned and used by them 
during the naval reviews at Norfolk and 
New York, and to fly the flag of Castile and 
Leon, under which Columbus sailed. This 
was according to the original programme, 
which provided that the three caravels should 
afterward be taken to Chicago as a part of 
the Spanish exhibit, and toward the close 
of the Exposition be presented to the Gov- 
ernment of the United States to remain 
permanently in this country. " 

In South Pond, near the whaler "Prog- 
ress," is moored an exact copy of the famous 
Viking ship discovered in a burial-mound 
at Gokstad, in Norway, 1880. It was in a 
vessel like this that Lief, the son of Erik 
the Red, discovered Vinland, Markland, and 
Helleland on the coast of Massachusetts, 
years before Columbus sailed. 



tight compartments, where the men on 
watch can take refuge during rough weather. 
The rigging is very simple; one mast, which 
can be taken down, and one yard; that is 
all. But the vessel is not altogether depend- 
ent on this sail. During the calm the doughty 
Vikings can seize their mighty oars after the 
fashion of their ancestors. On each side, 
below the shields, are sixteen holes for oars, 
and along the inside are benches for the 
rowers. The rudder is, after the custom of 
the old sea-kings, carried on the right side of 
the vessel. 

The "Viking " presents a festal and unique 
appearance. It is seventy-six feet in length 
and rather broad for its length. The numer- 
ous shields painted in yellow and black, 
and the magnificent dragon's head in 
burnished gold, form a most striking and 
artistic effect. It will be an object of great 
interest to all visitors to the World's Fair, 



i 




Santa Maria. 
THE FLEET OF COLUMBUS. 



Pinta. 



The vessel was reproduced under the 
direction of Capt. Magnus Andersen (who 
sailed it from the coast of Norway), was 
brought through the lakes, and is exhibited 
in conjunction with the fleet of Columbus. 

The prow is adorned by a colossal su- 
perbly carved dragon's head, and the stern 
with an equally handsome dragon's tail. 
Both these ornaments are finished in burn- 
ished gold. Around the outside of the bul- 
warks are rows of embellished shields of 
great beauty, and almost amidships rises a 
roofing painted in red and white stripes 
This served the brave Vikings against wind 
and wave. Astern stands a massive " high- 
seat "for the chief, or "jarl." This chair, 
or rather throne, is covered with carved 
Runic inscriptions in old Norse style. The 
vessel is open, with the exception of a small 
deck fore and aft. There are two water- 



especially in the way of comparisons with 
the copies of the vessels in which Columbus 
sought America. 

The Return from the Exposition.— The 
evening will have approached ere the visitor 
has concluded his inspection of the many 
objects of interest mentioned in this chap- 
ter. He can conclude his first day's w^an- 
derings with a novel and most interesting 
experience — a trip around the system of 
the Intramural Elevated Railroad. The 
road is 6^^ miles long, and was built by 
the Columbian Intramural Railroad Com- 
pany at a total cost of $700,000, including 
power-house, rolling-stock, and everything 
to make it ready for operation. The fare is 
10 cents for the trip one way or any part of 
it, and 25 per cent of the gross receipts go 
to the Exposition. Electricity is the motive 
force, the trolley system being employed 



THE INTRAMURAL RAILROAD. 



117 



without the use of the overhead trolley. 
The current runs along a third rail under 
the car and between the two that carry 
the wheels. The trains on the Intramural 
Elevated consist of four cars each, the sepa- 
rate cars being provided with 133 horse-power 
motors. The front portion of the first car is 
fitted up as an engineer's cab. The trains 
are capable of a maximum speed of thirty 
miles an hour, but that time will not be 
made or attempted because of the short dis- 
tances between stations. The entire trip 
from one end of the grounds to the other 
and back can be made in twenty-one min- 
utes. 

There are ten stations in the park and 
nineteen stops for the round trip. The 
first station, directly southwest of the Krupp 
Gun exhibit, which the visitor now enters, 
is called "South Loop" (O 23); the next 
is "Forestry," at the Forestry Building; 
the third, "Colonnade," at the colonnade 
that connects Machinery and Agricultural 




Statue of Columbus on the Barcelona Monument. 

halls; the next, " Union Depot," at the ter- 
minal station west of the Administration 
Building, where outside trains come into 
the grounds; and next, "Chicago Junc- 
tion," where the Intramural meets the South 
Side Alley " L. " The next three stations are 
named after the streets at which they are 
situated. Sixty-first, Fifty-ninth, and Fifty- 
seventh. Next is ' ' Mount Vernon Station," 
near the Old Virginia Building, and the last 
is the "North Loop," near the lagoon be- 
tween the Government and Fisheries build- 
ings. 

Trains on the Intramural run three min- 
utes apart, and there are always sixteen 
trains on the road. The cars are similar in 
build to a large open street-car, with seven 



entrances from each side, seats facing front 
and back, and with room for ibo people. 
The same system of collection is employed 
as is used on the South Side " L," though 
the fare is twice as much. The road em- 
ploys about three hundred and fifty people. 

The Intramural structure is of wooden 
beams supported and strengthened by iron 
brackets. Its construction is similar to that 
of the Alley road. 

The trip on the Intramural road on a fine 
day is particularly interesting and attract- 
ive, affording as it does an excellent oppor- 
tunity to the visitor to obtain a rapid bird's- 
eye view or panorama of the greater part of 
the Exposition grounds. Retracing part of 
the route he has already followed on this, his 
first day at the Exposition, and stopping by 
the way at the Forestry Building, the vis- 
itor reaches the Colonnade Station and ob- 
tains a momentary view of the south and 
north canals, the mammoth buildings, and 
the beauteous lagoon. He then passes on the 
south side of Machinery Hall, and turning 
by its western extremity traverses on the ele- 
vated structure the numerous tracks of the 
Terminal Railroad Station. Reaching Chi- 
cago Junction (the next station) he can, if 
he prefer it, here transfer to the South Side 
Elevated Railroad and return by the same 
route as he arrived in the morning. Possi- 
bly, however, he will be loath to quit the 
cars, and continuing along the roof of the 
Transportation Annex reaches the western 
side of the Exposition grounds and proceeds 
in a northerly direction in close proximity to 
the fence. On his right hand is the huge 
glass dome of the Horticultural Building; 
then the Children's, Puck's, and the White 
Star buildings meet his view to the right, with 
the Woman's Building on the same side a 
little farther on. To his left now appears 
the Midway Plaisance stretching far away 
to the westward with its villages of many 
nations, which have well been summarized 
as "the world at a glance." Still going 
northward, and catching here and there a 
glimpse of the main and foreign buildings, 
the huge dome of Illinois is seen near Fifty- 
ninth Street, and the mission-like structure 
of California, so typical of San Luis Rey. 
A glimpse of the Art Gallery, classic and 
beauteous in its architecture, is seen be- 
tween the numerous and encircling State 
structures. Washington's huge log-house 
and lofty; flagstaff is a feature on the route. 
Here is Fifty-seventh Street Station, and the 
tired-out traveler descends from the struct- 
ure to take the Illinois Central Railroad 
train from South Park Station, or the Cot- 
tage Grove Avenue cable-cars, if of a more 
leisurely turn of mind. The routes have 
already been fully described. Tired, but 
not satisfied, the visitor now concludes his 
first day among the myriad wonders of the 
vast " White City." 



CHAPTER IV. 

THE SECOND DAY AT THE FAIR. 




at the foot of Van Buren Street, 
fare, and all particulars have 



F, and more 
than proba- 
bly it will, 
the visitor's 
second day 
at the Ex- 
position 
dawns fair, 
and the rip- 
pling wa- 
ters of Lake 
Michigan 
invitingly 
beckon him 
to embark, 
there can 
be no more 
agreeable 
method for 
reaching 
the World's 
Fair than 
by the 
steamboats 
leaving the 
Lake Front 
The route, 
been fully 



described on page 38. Proceeding to the 
pier, which is approached by means of a 
lofty viaduct over the tracks of the Illinois 
Central Railroad, the visitor can purchase 
admission tickets to the Fair when buying 
his steamboat ticket. The views on the 
voyage are varied and pleasing. The 
principal landmarks consist of the lofty 
buildings seen along the tracks of the 
Illinois Central Railroad Co. (fully described 
on page 37 of this guide). Arriving at the 
World's Columbian Exposition the visitor 
lands at the Main Columbian Pier (L 26), 
which is one of the notable sights of the 
Exposition. Directly in front of the Casino, 
it reaches out 2,500 feet into Lake Michigan, 
and is 250 feet wide. Here is where the 
excursion steamers receive and deposit their 
loads of passengers going to and from the 
World's Fair. And here is where thousands 
will go to loiter awhile, rest themselves, let 
the cool breezes fan their brows, and get a 
bird's-eye view of the long stretch of won- 
derful buildings, towering domes, and gHs- 
tening spires. A more delightful retreat, 
away from the pushing throng of eager 
sight-seers, can not be found. The view to be 
obtained from the farther end of this pier is 
something that will never be forgotten by 
those who take it. There are many points 
in the Exposition grounds where one can 
stand and admire landscape and architect- 

(118 



ural pictures unequaled in grandeur, novelty, 
variety, and beauty, but none of them quite 
comes up to the impression made when the 
picture is taken from a distance of 2,500 feet 
from shore. It can not be described by com- 
parison, for there is nothing like it in the 
world, there never was anything like it, and 
the present generation might be justified in 
presuming that there never will be anything 
like it again. In the immediate foreground 
looms up in all its outlined immensity the 
mammoth Manufactures and Liberal Arts 
Building, flanked by the chaste Corinthian 
columns of the graceful Peristyle, the white 
Music Hall, the airy Casino, the marvelous 
Agricultural Hall, and the long, many- 
windowed Forestry Building. Through and 
above the columns and figures of the Peri- 
style is seen the glistening dome of the 
Administration Building, hanging like a 
great ball against the sky. To the left, in 
martial ranks, stand the statues, steeples, 
and graceful proportions of Machinery Hall, 
apparently under command of Diana, who 
glistens in her golden array on the dome of 
the Agricultural Building. Stretching away 
to the north of the main structures of the 
Exposition looms up a city of strange-look- 
ing palaces, decked out in colors that blend 
harmoniously and give a delightful contrast 
to the acres of pure white that prevail in 
the other direction. 

By the water's edge rests the man-of-war 
"Illinois," partly hiding from view England's 
quaint, substantial red structure, over which 
floats peacefully yet proudly ' ' the flag that 
braved a thousand years the battle and the 
breeze." A little way beyond, rising to a 
peak, shine the roof and sentinel minarets 
of the German Building, flanked on the left 
and guarded in the rear by the domes and 
towers and gables of Uncle Sam's sub- 
stantial-looking edifice, the Illinois and 
Fisheries buildings, the Palace of Fine Arts, 
and a score of other structures. The whole 
forms a picture at once thrilling, inspiring, 
and entrancing. Truly the water face is the 
front door of the " White City." 

Extending from one end of the pier to the 
other up and down its center is a movable 
sidewalk (L 52), on which 5,610 persons can 
stand or sit and be carried along at differ- 
ent rates of speed, one half of the walk 
moving at the rate of three miles an hour 
and the other half just twice as fast. This 
walk is built on flat-cars, 315 in number, 
forms an endless train 4,300 feet long, and 
is propelled by ten ordinary street-car mo- 
tors. The wire and trolleys are underneath 
the track. On the faster platform are seats 
) 



120 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



capable of holding four persons each, and 
just as easily as the passenger stepped on 
from the stationary platform to the slower- 
moving walk can he step from this to the 
swifter. The fare is 5 cents a ride. Two 
thousand seven hundred feet long by 250 
feet in width, the surface of the pier spreads 
over 675,000 square feet of space, and 
50,000 people can move about on it with- 
out crowding. It is one of the longest 
in the world. The old Piermont pier on 
the Hudson River, built when the Erie 
Railroad terminated at that point and con- 
nected with steamers for New York, was 
about two miles long, extending into Haver- 
straw Bay. 

The Exposition pier has an area of 12% 
acres, and its general width is 250 feet, it 
was commenced September i, 1892, and 
finished by December 15th in that year. In 
that short time and at an unfavorable period 
of the year, when the lake is roughest, 3,000 
old piles were drawn, 8,000 new piles driven; 
3,000 feet of lumber, 6,500 cords of stone, 
and 151 tons of iron were used to build it. 
The pier is twelve feet above the level of 
the lake, while the depth of water along it 
varies from eight to eighteen feet. It stands 
on 3 5 -foot piles, driven about twelve feet 
into the bed of the lake. 

The pier traversed on the movable side- 
walk, the visitor now faces the Casino 
(M 23), at the southern end of the classic Per- 
istyle, one of the most beautiful architect- 
ural features of this " White City " of won- 
drous beauty. The Casino Building is three 
stories high, and is fitted up on a grand 
scale. Its ground-floor is in charge of the 
Bureau of Public Comfort, and contains 
baggage-rooms, checking-rooms, lavatories, 
parlors, and all conveniences. The public 
dining-room on the second floor has a table 
and seating capacity of 1,500 people; the 
wine-box is forty feet long, and holds 5,000 
bottles. The kitchen is on the third floor, 
where is also a gentlemen's caf6. The 
kitchen is 140 x 65 feet. The tables and 
chairs are of polished oak; the linen, china, 
and silverware of fine grade. To equip the 
dining-rooms required 40,000 yards of table- 
cloth, 50,000 napkins, 600 dozen each of 
knives, forks, and tablespoons, and 1,000 
dozen teaspoons. From 4,000 to 8,000 per- 
sons can be fed here every day. A band 
discourses music during meals. The 
restaurant is operated by a concessionnaire, 
and bids fair to be one of the most popular 
refreshment houses at the Fair. Deferring 
his inspection of the Peristyle for awhile, 
let the visitor enter 

THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING 

(O 22) , immediately west of the Casino. The 
Agricultural Building is an attractive 
structure 800 feet long and 500 feet wide, and 
has a floor space of nearly nineteen acres. 
It stands quite near the lake shore, and in 
form resembles the letter T, one por- 
tion being 500 feet long, and the other por- 



tion being 200 feet. The building cost $618,- 
000 and is so planned in its details as to give 
all the accommodations desired by the farm- 
ers. It is a single-story structure and of an 
order designated as the heroic by the archi- 
tects. The many groups of statuary that 
adorn the exterior of the building, combined 
with Corinthian pillars fifty feet high at the 
entrance, give the structure a striking ap- 
pearance. The main entrance to the Agri- 
cultural Building is sixty-four feet wide and 
the rotunda is 100 feet in diameter and sur- 
mounted by a glass dome that sheds a day- 
light clearness on all exhibits. On each 
corner and at the center of the building are 
attractive pavilions, the center one being 
144 feet square. A continuous arcade sur- 
rounds the building, and all through the main 
vestibule at the entrance of the structure 
is statuary illustrative of agriculture. The 
corner buildings are surmounted by domes 
nearly 100 feet high, and above them tower 
groups of statuary. Waiting-rooms, com- 
mittee-rooms, and the Bureau of Informa- 
tion are located on the first floor, and broad 
stairs lead from this floor into an assembly- 
room, having a capacity of 1,500, which is 
intended for the Congress of Farmers, Farm- 
ers' Mutual Benefit Associations, Farmers' 
Alliances, and kindred rural organizations. 
In the Agricultural Building all products of 
the soil, and also agricultural implements 
and machinery of all kinds, are exhibited. 
An agricultural experiment station in opera- 
tion is one of the most interesting features 
of the exhibit. The architects of the build- 
ing were Messrs. McKim, Meade & White of 
New York. 

Statuary and Decorations. — A great deal 
of the decorative work on the Agricultural 
Building finds its motive, as it should, in 
subjects native to America — as, for instance, 
the maize, potato, tobacco, etc. The great 
frieze showing the turkey, which should 
have been the emblematic fowl of this 
country instead of the eagle, is especially 
a happy thought. The grand entrance (on 
the north) is sixty feet wide, the vesti- 
bule into which it leads being thirty feet 
deep. The columns at its entrance are five 
feet in diameter and forty-five feet high. 
The eight minor entrances are each twenty 
feet wide. The roof is composed largely of 
glass. There are many groups of statuary 
adorning the exterior of this building, each 
group representing some agricultural sub- 
ject. Each of the four corner pavilions has 
its dome surmounted with statuary; four 
grand female figures, typical of the four 
principal races of men, supporting a mam- 
moth globe. The sculptor, Philip Martiny of 
Philadelphia, has contributed the following 
subjects: Twenty single "Signs of the 
Zodiac," twenty single figures of "Abun- 
dance," two groups of " Ceres," two groups 
of the "Four Seasons," four groups of the 
" Nations," four figures in each group, and 
four pediments representing " Agriculture." 
Over the main entrance is a handsome pedi- 
ment modeled by Larkin J. Mead of Flor- 



THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 



121 



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MAIN C > ^ I FLOOR 

AGRICULTURAL ' BUILDING 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR, 



ence, Italy, representing Ceres, the goddess 
of agriculture. 

The painted decorations of the Agricult- 
ural Building are the work of George W. 
Maynard of New York, who has chosen the 
Pompeian style as most appropriate for the 
architecture, which is classic, but not purely 
so. The main entrance has something of 
the appearance of a temple devoted to the 
worship of the deities under whose protec- 
tion the ancients believed agriculture to 
be. On the right, Cybele, the mother of 
Zeus and of Demeter, or Ceres, is presented 
in her chariot drawn by young lions, and on 
the left is her special prot6g6, King Tripto- 
lemus, to whom she gave a chariot drawn 
by winged dragons, with which he was sent 
forth to teach the peoples of the earth the 
art of agriculture. Between these are figures 
representing "Abundance " and" Fertility." 
Each of the corner entrances is decorated 
with figures on either side symbolical of the 
seasons, and above are friezes in which 
beasts of burden and other bucolic animals 
figure. 

Classification. — The following is the offi- 
cial classification of this department: 

GROUP NO. 

I. — Cereals, grasses, and forage plants. 
— Bread, biscuits, pastes, starch, gluten, 

etc. 
— Sugars, syrups, confectionery, etc. 
— Potatoes, tubers, and other root crops. 
— Productions of the farm not otherwise 

classed. 
—Preserved meats and food preparations. 
— The dairy and dairy products. 
— Tea, coffee, spices, hops, and aromatic 

vegetable substances. 
— Animal and vegetable fibers. 
— Pure and mineral waters, natural and 

artificial. 
— Whiskies, cider, liqueurs, and alcohol. 
— Malt liquors. 

— Machinery, processes and appliances of 
fermenting, distilling, bottling, and 
storing beverages. 
— Farms and farm buildings. 
— Literature and statistics of agriculture. 
— Farming tools, implements, and ma- 
chinery. 
— Miscellaneous animal products, fertil- 
izers, and fertilizing compounds. 
— Fats, oils, soaps, candles, etc. 
— Forestry, forest products, (In the 

Forestry Building.) 
The Main Exhibits. — The visitor enters 
the Agricultural Building by the main portal, 
and finds himself at once confronted by the 
display of the foreign countries. Let him 
proceed systematically and turn to the right 
hand directly he gets into the rotunda. On 
the right side of the alley-way is the exhibit 
•of Spain and the Philippine Islands, occupy- 
ing 3,684 square feet, filled with a character- 
istic display. Opposite this and on the 
same side is the exhibit of Chile (i ,207 square 
feet); and crossing an intersecting aisle, on 
the right-hand side is found Cuba (1,444 
square feet), her display characterized by 



magnificent tobaccos, in the leaf and manu- 
factured. Next to Cuba is British Guiana 
(1,793 square feet), its exhibit consisting 
largely of stuffed beasts, birds, serpents, 
etc. There are ant-bears, monkeys of many 
kinds, alligators, cranes, Surinam toads (the 
ugliest on earth), wild hogs, and other 
animals, and also a display of rubber and 
curious valuable woods. Opposite, Brazil 
has an entire block, with 7,355 square feet, 
and makes a magnificent display, chiefly of 
coffees and woods. Proceeding to the right 
one finds Haiti (989 square feet), showing 
cane, woods, etc. Opposite is Venezuela, 
with 1,512 square feet. Next to Haiti is 
Liberia (989 square feet), where are shown 
nuts of various kinds, small pottery-wares, 
war imj)lements, palm-oil, and soaps, coffee, 
native jewelry, etc. Cura9oa comes next, 
with 658 square feet, showing salt, fruits, 
jellies, sparge, coral, shells, Panama straw 
work, pottery, boats, models of native 
houses, nets, native furniture, leather, aloes, 
snuff, gums, musical instruments, petrified 
wood, native jewelry, women's work, woods, 
coffee, rice, salt, vanilla beans, the fine 
liqueur, made from the native orange peel, 
called "cura9oa," and all of the ordinary 
cereals. Peru is in close proximity, occupy- 
ing the corner, and has an area of 1,342 
square feet. On the opposite side of the 
aisle is Mexico, with the large space of 5,084 
square feet, showing pulque, aguardiente, 
sugar-cane, coffee, tobacco, cereals, etc. 
Through the aisle and down to the left, on 
the right-hand side, is found Japan, with 
3,038 square feet, displaying fine teas, silks, 
etc. Its rustic pavilion is exceedingly 
unique, and shows some very pretty effects 
in bamboo, cane, fiber ropes and twines. 
Honduras comes next, with 979 square feet, 
displaying rare woods, etc., and has Siam 
for a vis-a-vis, with an area of 702 square 
feet. 

Proceeding in an easterly direction, Brazil 
(already inspected) is on the left, and on 
the right is the Argentine Republic, oc- 
cupying 3,811 square feet; and next is 
Austria, with 4,461 square feet. Germany 
occupies both sides of the aisle, with a total 
area of 11,875 square feet. Her display is 
magnificent in this as in the other depart- 
ments. Her chief specialty is beer, and 
from every brewing town in every part of 
the empire are samples of this malt liquor. 
The center aisle, running from north to 
south of the building, has now been reached, 
and bearing to the right from the center of 
the building, another aisle is taken to ex- 
haust this section. Germany has been in- 
spected, and next on the right-hand side is 
the State of Iowa, with a fine pavilion 
showing her grains, grasses, etc. She makes 
a specialty of corn in her pavilion decora- 
tions, and it is seen of all sizes and colors. 
The columns, arches, and pediments are 
artistically decorated with corn, the bases 
showing flat panels of this grain. The 
bases of some of the columns are of heads of 
millet and grasses. Stars, flowers, etc., and 



THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 



123 



running garlands of floral designs are made 
of colored corn. There are also panels with 
margins of grains of corn and centers of heads 
of wheat, rye, etc. The central pagoda is sim- 
ilarly ornamented. She has 2 , loo square feet. 

Nebraska, with 2,040 square feet, has a 
pavilion with a fine display of cereals, 
grasses, and other farm products. Next is 
the "Wolverine State," Michigan (2,000 
square feet), and making a creditable dis- 
play, as does also Wisconsin, next on 
the left, with her fine pavilion, cover- 
ing 2,000 square feet. On the right is 
the already visited Argentine Republic, 
and on the left Minnesota, with 2,014 
square feet, showing a fine flour pavil- 
ion. On the right-hand side of the aisle 
is the exhibit of Uruguay, with 883 
square feet. Crossing an intersecting 
aisle, Paraguay is found on the right, 
with 1,665 square feet. Japan (already 
inspected) occupies the extreme right, 
and on the left is the French govern- 
mental teaching exhibit, covering an 
area of 3 , 3 1 5 square feet. This is a per- 
fect model of what an agricultural ex- 
periment station and agricultural school 
should be. Russia is France's neighbor, 
taking up, in three entire blocks, an area 
of 9,558 square feet, with wheat as her 
leading exhibit. 

Crossing over the aisle to the left, one 
again finds himself between States. 
Turning eastwardly is seen Massachu- 
setts, with 1,462 square feet, on the left, 
and the "Nutmeg State," with 1,260 
square feet, on the right. Then the 
' ' Granite State " stretches across the 
alley-way, with an area of 1,365 square 
feet. All of these have creditable ex- 
hibits. Proceeding, one finds Montana's 
exhibit, with an area of 2,045 square 
feet. On the right is North Dakota, 
with 1,978 square feet. The pavilion of 
North Dakota is beautifully decorated ; 
the panels of its inclosure are filled with 
artistic designs worked out in corn, 
seeds, and grasses. Farther on the 
land of Poco tieinpo (New Mexico) occu- 
pies 1,261 square feet on the left. Its 
exhibit is surprising to all. California 
is on the right, with 2,037 square feet, 
her space rich with honey, wines, fruits, 
brandies, grains, etc. Again the center 
aisle is reached, and bearing around to 
the right the " Sunflower State" (Kan- 
sas) is seen, occupying 2,680 square feet. 

The pavilions south of Kansas are oc- 
cupied with packing company displays. 
First is the Swift Refrigerator Co. , rep- 
resenting an elegant freight-car, its sides 
of plate-glass set in white wood, and its 
wheels and trucks gilded. Next is the North 
Packing & Provision Co. ,with two end towers 
and a central pagoda. The towers are sur- 
mounted by stuffed white pigs; the pagoda is 
crowned by a gilded star surmounting a 
circle, in which swings a bronze boar. Cud- 
ahy's exhibit, next in order, has a tower at 
each end, surmounted by a crowned hog 



sitting erect, and a central p3'ramid upon 
which is seen a partly nude man holding a 
long-horned bull. 

Armour has a pavilion of woodwork 
painted white. It has four corner towers 
and a larger central one, and makes a fine 
exhibit. Immediately behind North Dakota 
New Hampshire, the "Switzerland of Am.er- 
ica," is seen, and has 1,288 square feet. 
Next is the Territory of Oklahoma, an infant 




Races," Group on Agricultural Building 



p Martiny, Sculp or 



in years, yet with a fair display of corn, 
oats, wheat, and cultivated and wild grasses. 
The western corner shows American agri- 
cultural colleges and experiment stations, 
which occupy a space of 8,599 square feet, 
with Italy as a neighbor, having an area of 
6,236 square feet. Her exhibits are wines, 
liqueurs, oils, olives, fruits, etc. 



124 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



One-half of the building has now been 
visited, and the best plan is to walk back to 
the main door and take the first aisle to the 
left. The first exhibit on the left of this aisle 
is that of Ceylon, with 1,684 square feet; her 
exhibit consisting chiefly of teas, spices, etc. 
On the right is Great Britain, with a total 
area in this and the next aisle of 10,776 
square feet, her display being an exceed- 
ingly fine one, consisting of ales, beers, 
whiskies, gins, cheese, and other items too 
numerous to mention. Next is Australia, 
taking up both sides of the aisle, with a 
space of 8,587 square feet; her chief exhibit 
being wool, though she has other fine dis- 
plays. On the left Ecuador is found, with 
an area of 1,634 square feet, followed on the 
same side by Colombia, with the same area. 
Opposite Colombia, on the right of the 
aisle, is the Cape of Good Hope Colony, 
occupying 2,158 square feet, with ivory, 



tique oak woodwork and bases. These 
cases are filled with grains of all kinds, as 
are also the central cases of the exhibit. 
Next on the right is Ontario, occupying 
two blocks, 7,760 square feet in area, with a 
very large display, among which is to be 
seen an 11 -ton cheese, the largest ever made. 
It comes from Lanark County. Ontario 
has a fine pavilion, the arches and columns, 
of its outer walls festooned with garlands of 
grasses and grains in the stalk. The capi- 
tals of the columns are of the same materi- 
als. The inner temple, bearing the legend 
"Agricultural College of Ontario," is highly 
ornamented with seeds, grains, grasses, etc. , 
on a black velvet background, making quite 
a striking exhibit. 

Next to New York on the left is Indiana, 
with 2,052 square feet, on which is a 
pavilion containing a fine display of her 
agricultural products. Next to Indiana on 




" Cattle " Group on Agricultural Bl 

diamonds, ostriches, etc. Next, on each 
side of the aisle, are the exhibits of Algeria 
and the French Colonies, having an area of 
6,405 square feet. Next on the left is Hol- 
land, having an area of 2,048 square feet; 
and on the right is Sweden, with 1,716 
square feet. 

Passing around Sweden's display, that of 
Denmark is reached, covering an area of 
1,584 square feet. Passing the aisle upon 
which Denmark corners, the next one is 
entered. France, with 7,006 square feet, 
is first upon the right. Her display is a 
very fine one, the chief exhibits being rare 
wines, brandies, fruits, oils, canned fruits, 
liqueurs, etc. To the left, opposite France, 
is North Carolina, with 1,886 square feet; 
and New York, with 2,845 square feet. This 
State has a splendid pavilion, the wood 
used being oil-polished oak. At each cor- 
ner is a four-square arch with massive col- 
umns of antique oak, and between these 
corners run plate-glass show-cases with an- 



ilding. Philip Martiny, Sculptor. 

the same side is Kentucky, with an area of 
2,000 square feet. In her pavilion, waiving 
her claims to the finest horses, the best 
whiskies, and the prettiest women, she 
challenges the world to compete with her in 
tobaccos, of which she has the finest display 
ever exhibited. Kentucky's next neighbor 
on the same side of the aisle is Ohio, with a 
space of 2,000 square feet. In her handsome 
pavilion she shows many varieties of corn, 
wheat, and other grains and grasses, and 
her tobacco exhibit is very fine. Her pa- 
vilion represents a Grecian temple with a 
square front, two small wings, and a curved 
rear portico. All of the fronts are pillared. 
On the square front, facing the main aisle, 
are twenty-six pillars of medium size, on 
the wings twelve smaller ones, and on the 
curved portico ten very large ones. These 
are all made of glass cylinders, tapering 
toward the top, and filled with peas, beans, 
grains, and grass-seeds of every kind. The 
effect is very beautiful. A steel rod through 



THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 



125 



the center of the cylinders, concealed by the 
grain, etc., holds up the pediment of the 
temple. The bases and capitals of these 
columns are of gilded wood. 

The beautiful pavilion of Illinois is next 
on the left. She occupies 2,040 square feet 
•of space, and her grasses, cereals, and other 
products are as fine as any in the building. 
Pennsylvania, with 2,100 sqtiare feet, is next 
on the same side of the aisle. Her pavilion 
is a very artistic one, its ornamentation 
being a handsome combination of fruits, 
flowers, and geometrical designs, worked 
out in mosses, seeds, grains, etc. In the 
central pagoda is a representation of the 
liberty bell in these materials. The coat- 
of-arms of the State, over four feet high, is 
produced in seeds and grains, only the nat- 
ural colors being used. Over one arch is 
a gilded plow, and over another a cultivator. 
Vases and ornamental arches abound, and 
a keystone of glass jars filled with seeds is 
very fine. Two large round panels have 
centers of grains, representing the sun. 
Opposite this Great Britain has a block with 
an area of 6,025 square feet, already noticed. 

Turning to the left and walking to the 
second aisle, Arizona is first on the left, with 
1,261 square feet; and opposite is Wyoming, 
with 1 , 164 square feet. Passing on down the 
aisle, Utah, with 2,177 square feet, occupies 
the next block on the left, and Idaho, with 
2,010 square feet, the block on the right. 
Next to Utah on the left is Washington, with 
2,327 square feet, and opposite is New Jersey, 
famed for her peaches and small fruits and 
vegetables, with an area of 2,000 square 
feet. Missouri is next, and occupies both 
sides of the aisle with a larger allotment of 
space and a more varied display than any of 
the States. Her area is 3,240 square feet. 
She shows peaches, apples, and all sorts of 
fruits; all of the cereals and tame grasses 
and vegetables, and, next to Kentucky, the 
finest tobaccos. Her decorated pavilion is 
one of the finest in the building, and will 
repay a visit. She displays fruits from the 
largest orchard in the world, the Olden fruit 
farm, in Howell County. Her pavilion is a 
beautiful one, showing the Eads bridge at 
St. Louis, worked out in cane and decorated 
with cereals. She also displays a life-size 
horse made of grains, and a silken globe, 
upon whose surface is shown, in seeds of 
different kinds and colors, a map of the 
world, with its oceans, continents, bays, 
rivers, etc. The coats-of-arms of the State 
and of the United States are also worked in 
grains of many colors. 

Adjoining Missouri on the left is West 
Virginia, with 1,886 square feet of space; 
while Florida, with 1,176 square feet, filled 
with golden oranges and sub-tropical fruits, 
joins her on the right of the aisle. Turning 
to the right at the end of Florida's display, 
and entering the second aisle beyond, Vir- 
ginia is first upon the right, with 1,768 square 
feet. Her specialty is fine tobacco, though 
her other exhibits are excellent. To the left 
is Greece, with a space of 644 square feet. 



and the Orange Free State, with a space of 
471 square feet. Next on the left is Louisi- 
ana, with an area of 1,617 square feet. Her 
specialty is rice ; she also displays cotton and 
sugar, and her perrique tobacco is excellent. 
To the right of and adjoining Virginia is 
Oregon, with 1,764 square feet. This is a 
great wheat-producing State, though she 
has other specialties. To the left now comes 
a line of individual exhibits worth visiting. 
Next to Oregon, on the right, is Delaware, 
with 1,204 square feet; and Maryland, with 
1,288 square feet, follows. Among her ex- 
hibits are many curios. Next is Colorado, 
the " Centennial State," with 2,680 square 




"Abundance." Philip Martiny, Sculptor. 

feet in her area. Her grains, grasses, and 
fruits are especially fine. South Dakota, 
with a space of 1,552 square feet, is the last 
of the States, spring wheat being her spe- 
cialty. The Duluth Mill Company shows an 
old-fashioned hewed-log water-mill in opera- 
tion. It is in the gallery near the northwest- 
ern stairway, and is quite unique. A plow, 
formerly the property of Gen. Israel Putnam, 
of Revolutionary fame, and possibly the one 
he left standing in the furrow when called 
to arms, is shown by Connecticut. An Eng- 
lish Cheddar cheese forty-six years old is 
to be seen among the English exhibits. 
Scotch, Irish, Welsh, and American whiskies 
are plentiful; and American and German 
beers, English ales, and Irish porters and 



126 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



stouts abound. Anheuser-Busch, the St. 
Louis brewing company, has in the west 
gallery a miniature reproduction of its plant. 
Maillard of New York has also in the gal- 
lery a chocolate statue of Columbus, weigh- 
ing 1,700 pounds; also a copy of the Venus 
of Milo, and Minerva, each weighing 1,500 
pounds. Memphis shows 1,350 samples of 
cotton of all varieties. Vermont makes the 
finest maple-sugar display ever seen. The 
Pabst Brewing Company of Milwaukee 
shows a model of its plant made of pure 
gold, true to scale. The Hydraulic Press 
Manufacturing Company has a cider-press 
in operation with a capacity of 125 barrels 
per day. They retail their cider by the 
glass to thirsty visitors. O'Connell's tower 
at Cork is duplicated in a structure built of 
whisky-bottles. Minnesota's honey pyramid 
is eight feet high and weighs three tons. 
Colorado makes a big display of Manitou 
mineral water. Germany's display, in a 
splendidly decorated staff pavilion on the 
main floor, is, in this line, exceedingly 
fine. 



Another model is that of the old wooden 
" Marsh harvester," a machine with a his- 
tory. Invented by C. W. and W. W. Marsh 
in 1858, and manufactured by the Deering 
concern, it was the first successful harvester 
ever made. It cut the grain and elevated 
it to a receptacle where two men rode with 
the machine and bound it. It supplanted 
the old reapers, and furnished the basis of 
all modern self-binding harvesters. The 
next step in the evolution is represented by 
a model still more noteworthy. It is a rep- 
resentation of the first automatic binder 
ever built. It bound the grain into bundles 
which it tied automatically wnth wire, and 
dispensed with the labor of the two manual 
binders. Fifteen years ago William Deer- 
ing & Co. followed this invention with the 
automatic twine-binder, the first twine- 
binder ever made. This invention — since 
copied by every existing manufacturer of 
harvesting machinery — is represented by a 
full-size machine. It is clumsy and prim- 
itive, but it opened up a new era in the 
advancement of a dominant race, and led 




William Deering & Co.'s Exhibit 



The first mowing-machine, made by Jere- 
miah Bailey of Pennsylvania, in 1822, is ex- 
hibited by Samuel Worth of Marshalltown, 
Pa. 

Immediately south of the Canadian ex- 
hibit in the Machinery Annex of Agricultural 
Hall stands the exhibit of William Deering 
& Co., Chicago. This exhibit covers 2,000 
square feet, and includes a dazzling display 
of light-running, frictionless roller and ball- 
bearing twine-binders, mowers, and reapers, 
all finished in burnished silver and gold 
plate; besides machines for harvesting, 
binding, loading, and husking corn. In- 
cluded in the Deering display is an interest- 
ing historical exhibit, showing by means of 
models the stages of the development of 
this famous machine, from the somewhat 
primitive first binder to their highly per- 
fected and simplified machine of to-day. 
There are also shown models of the first 
reaper, made by the Gauls 1800 years ago, 
and also the reaper invented by Bell in 1826, 
as well as those invented by Hussy and 
other early inventors. 



up to the perfect mechanism which is indis- 
pensable to the civilization of to-day. 

The modern automatic twine-binder is rep- 
resented by two of the principal styles made 
by Deering to-day. The first and larger of 
these is the Deering Improved Steel Binder, 
a machine, we are told, whose light draft, 
great strength, and marvelous capacity has 
earned for it a reputation and a sale not 
approached by any other binder made to- 
day. The other and smaller is the Deer- 
ing Pony Binder, built light and low down 
to the ground for better adaptability to the 
demands of hilly localities. Not less inter- 
esting are the Deering mowers, for cutting 
grass, ranging in styles and sizes from the 
Deering Giant mower, which cuts a seven- 
foot swath, to the little one-horse mower 
that cuts only half that width. One of 
these, the Ideal, is a recent invention, the 
result of years of experiment in shop and 
field. Its mechanical arrangement is a mar- 
vel of simplicity, and one of its remarkable 
features is the fact that it is provided with 
combined ball and roller bearings, such as 



THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 



127 



are used in high-grade bicycles, something 
that has never before been done in the his- 
tory of harvesting machinery. The same 
bearings are also applied to the Deering 
Pony Binder, mention of which was made 
above. These bearings are found not alone 
on the show machines, but on all machines 
of the kind made by the firm for actual use 
in the field. 

One end of the great exhibit is occupied 
by a display of the hundreds of parts of 
Deering machines which are made in the 
Deering plant, while corresponding parts of 
competing machines are farmed out to the 
lowest bidder. This exhibit shows that 
William Deering & Co. make their knives 
and sickles and malleable castings, mowers 
and harvesters, where others buy them; 
and, in short, manufacture their machines 
from top to bottom ; and that too at the rate 
of 600 machines a day, or a machine for 
every minute of every hour of every work- 
ing day the year around. 

The plant, situated at Clybourn and Ful- 
lerton avenues, in the northern part of Chi- 
cago, covers fifty-one acres, employs 3,500 
men, and is famed as the largest agricult- 
ural implement plant in the world. 

In the gallery are also the following ex- 
hibits worthy of notice: 

Knox's Gelatine Company has a lovely lit- 
tle pagoda. It has delicate pillars, and a 
domed roof colored deep blue. 

The East India Spice Company has a fine 
booth, tiled and ornamented in vivid reds, 
blues, and yellows, and surmounted by the 
figure of an elephant. Near it is the Ne- 
braska Starch Company's pagoda, quite an 
ornamental structure. 

The Barnett Produce Company has a rus- 
tic booth, in strange contrast to its elegant 
neighbors. Near it is the pagoda of the 
Humbert Soup & Jelly Company; also Swift's 
butterine pagoda. 

Durkee &_Co. of New York display their 
spices, etc., in a fine pavilion of hand-carved 
wood. _ Huckin's soups are shown in a 
lovely little pagoda decorated in white and 
gold. Its central figure is a pedestal upon 
which rests a handsomely carved and deco- 
rated soup-bowl with a ladle resting in it. 

The Price Baking Powder Company has a 
fine large pavilion of birch stained to repre- 
sent mahogany. It makes a very effective 
display. The pavilion of the Oswego Starch 
Company is a gem. Its decorations are in 
white wood, with gilded ornamentation, and 
with panels of brass lattice-work. At each 
end of the central case is a tall fluted column, 
with a gilded globe on its capital, the globe 
surmounted by a gilded eagle. At each cor- 
ner is a large glass globe filled with bulk 
starch, while round- topped cases show pack- 
age goods. The central case has pillars 
made of hand-carved wood in high relief 
representing growing Indian corn and show- 
ing the stalks, blades, and a small por- 
tion of the ear with its grains disclosed 
through the parted shuck. At each end is a 
tall arch with hanging silken banners. Gil- 



lette displays flavoring extracts in a chaste, 
small pavilion painted a pure white. The 
H. J. Heinz Company of Pittsburg, Pa., has 
a magnificent pavilion of antique oak, hand- 
carved and oil-polished. At each of the 
four corners is a small pagoda. These are 
tenanted by beautiful girls — one French, one 
English, one German, and one Spanish. 
The T. A. Snyder Preserve Company has a 
very pretty pavilion. The American Cereal 
Company has a pavilion of graceful build 
and finish. It is of antique oak, with a 
stained-glass cornice upon which appears 
the name of the company and representa- 
tions of American cereals. The Wise Axle 
Grease Company have a novel exhibit of 
lubricating oils and greases, and furnish to 
the rural visitor a convenient place to rest 
and dictate their correspondence. 

The booth of the Lorillard Tobacco Com- 
pany is very fine. Its tone is a deep rich 
red, decorated with tracery of gold. The 
shafts of its columns have exterior glass 
plates showing the loose tobaccos with which 
they are filled. The bases of the columns 
have similar arrangements for displaying 
plug tobaccos. The small pagoda of Lozano 
Pandas & Co., erected to display their cigars, 
is very unique. Upon its crest is placed a 
model of the " Santa Maria," and all around 
its central room are beautiful onyx columns. 
Its base, which is triangular in shape, is 
supported by three gilded eagles. The 
Schlitz Brewing Company has a display con- 
sisting of a huge cask, with an opening on 
the main front like a railway ticket-window. 
At its two entrances are arches of beer-kegs, 
and at each corner columns of beer-kegs sur- 
mounted with globes, upon which stand 
staff statues. Above the cask, in its center, 
is a globe of staff, seventeen feet in diameter, 
upheld by four female figures of gigantic 
size. The equator of the globe is marked 
by a double line of colored lights. There 
are, about the corners and angles, twelve 
dioramas showing the brewery, and in one 
end of the cask a 9-foot canvas panorama. 
The cask is of antique oak, with handsome 
hand-carvings. Bergner & Engel of Phila- 
delphia have a fine pagoda of antique oak. 

Brinker's cotton-bale exhibit consists of 
miniature bales made from cotton produced 
by slave labor in 1863. These miniature 
bales, weighing about one-fourth ounce each, 
are done up in silk and satin coverings of 
different shades, nicely bound with polished 
brass hoops — lettered to indicate that they 
were sold at the Columbian Exposition — and 
are sold to visitors as souvenirs. A special 
feature of this exhibit is the old slave who 
assisted in the growing of this crop of cotton. 
The booth is built of these small bales. 
There are many other exhibits on the floor 
and in the galleries well worthy of a visit, 
but for which there is not room for even a 
mere mention. With the hints here given, 
however, it is not probable that any of the 
more important ones will be overlooked by 
the visitor. 

In painting the interior of the Agricultural 



128 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



Building four cars of white paint and one 
each of blue and yellow were used, and with 
this 574,720 square feet of surface was cov- 
■ered by brushes. 

Retracing his steps from the Agricultural 
Building and wending his way along the 
south front of the Main Basin the visitor 
pauses to inspect the heroic Statue of the 
Republic (L 22), by Daniel Chester French. 
If, as we are told, ages ago Themistocles 
complained that ' ' the monuments of the 
Ceramicus would not let him sleep," the 
memory of such a magnificent and colossal 
statue as this, backed as it is by the classic 
Peristyle and bordered by buildings beaute- 
ous in sculpture, bewildering in architectural 
grace, may well keep awake with pleasant rec- 




A Sign of the Zodiac. Philip Martiny, Sculptor. 

oUections and patriotic pride many in whose 
souls art and its ideal excellence have place. 
The form of the statue is clothed in a 
Grecian robe, but the head and features are 
distinctly modern and American. It is a 
keen type of face, thoughtful, almost severe, 
but with great elements of beauty. Upon 
the head is a wreath of laurel leaves — the 
common emblem of victory — and around it a 
halo of electric lamps, forming a semicir- 
cle of light, which will both illuminate and 
ennoble the figure when night falls. The 
arms are lifted, but not imploringly, for one 
hand holds a staff carrying the symbol of 



liberty — the Phrygian cap — and the other a 
globe surmounted by an eagle. The bird of 
freedom spreads its protecting wings over 
the nations of the earth. The little finger 
of "The Republic" measures just 2 feet 3 
inches from knuckle to nail. A better idea 
of the dimensions of the work will be had 
when it is stated that the distance between 
the chin and the top of the head is 15 feet; 
the arms are 30 feet long; the nose is 30 
inches long; the wedding-ring finger is \o% 
inches around; the length of the forefinger 
is 45 inches. There is room on the hand to 
hold four men of ordinary size. Inside the 
statue is a stairway for the accommodation 
of the attendant who will see to the lighting 
of the diadem. 

Were the statue alive, like one of Gulli- 
ver's Brobdingnagians it might grasp three 
or four men about the waist with one hand 
and hold them triumphantly aloft. Without 
the plinth it measures sixty-five feet. The 
statue was practically made in the Forestry 
Building studio. There Mr. French pre- 
pared his model, which was itself no small 
affair, being thirteen feet high. From this 
the statue was prepared in sections, each five 
times the size of the original. When the 
time came to erect it upon its pedestal in 
the Grand Basin, a frame of iron and .wood 
was built and upon this the sections were 
fastened in their appointed places. The 
total weight of the statue is thirty-five tons. 
The head alone weighs \\ tons. With 
characteristic and becoming modesty the 
able sculptor thus describes his grand cre- 
ation: " My colossal ' Statue of the Repub- 
lic ' stands at the easterly end of the great 
lagoon facing the Administration Building. 
The statue is 65 feet in height to the top of 
the head and rests upon a pedestal 35 feet 
in height. On account of the almost per- 
fectly symmetrical arrangement of the archi- 
tecture about it, I have treated the statue in 
a formal and almost archaic manner. The 
figure stands firmly upon both feet; both 
arms are raised; in one hand she holds a 
staff with liberty cap and streamers, in the 
other a globe surmounted by an eagle. On 
her head is a laurel crown, and a halo of 
thirteen stars, operated by electric light, 
encircles it. Her heavy robe, which sug- 
gests a lawyer's gown, is open in front, and 
reveals a breastplate of scale armor and a 
sword half -hidden by the drapery. The 
statue is made of plaster and gilded." 

Well did a critic say of it: " Monumental 
grandeur is the keynote of this work; dignity, 
nobility speak from every line of the form 
and draperies; sculptural repose could not 
be more admirably attained; and though the 
head is as individual as it is beautiful, here 
too monumental reposef ulness is dominant. " 
And well-merited is the praise of Mrs. 
Schuyler Van Rensselaer, who thinks that: 
' ' Its bulk impresses one much less than its 
beauty, for it is in scale with its surround- 
ings and in harmony with their form and 
spirit. It is not an independent work of art, 
it is a piece of architectural sculpture as 



PERISTYLE AND MUSIC HALL. 



129 



truly as though it had been designated for 
attachment to some building. It is an inte- 
gral part of the splendid architectural pano- 
rama amid which it stands. In this place a 
statue of the more usual kind — a realistic 
figure in a natural attitude of repose or in 
vigorous action, or a graceful ideal figure 
with flowing outlines, contrasted gestures, 
and varied masses, lights, and shadows — 
would have been distinctly inharmonious. 
This figure, with its almost rigid outlines, 
the parallel gesture of the two uplifted 
hands, and its majestic movement, so digni- 
fied as to be almost hieratic repose, is ex- 
actly what is wanted." 

In the rear of the ' ' Statue of the Republic," 
connecting with its classic columns the 
Casino and Music Hall, is the artistic Peri- 
style (K 23), designed by Mr. C. B. Atwood, 
resembling in the center portion the. Arc 
de Triomphe of the Place du Carrousel in 
Paris. 



not stand simply abreast and by themselves, 
guided only by the victory erect in her char- 
iot. Between each pair advances a female 
figure holding them to right and left by their 
bits. Thus those who face the Quadriga see 
at each end a horse, then a woman's figure » 
and in the center two horses. Even from 
words the interest of such a composition ap- 
pears. We see one of the most original and 
one of the most delightful sculptured con- 
ceptions of modern times." 

Heroic figures, fifteen feet in height, by 
the sculptor Theodore Baur, representing 
"Eloquence," "Music," "Fisher Boy," 
"Navigation," and "Indian Chief," many 
times duplicated, appear on the Casino, 
Music Hall, and Peristyle. The conception 
of these figures is strong and the sculptor's 
inspiration carefully carried out in their 
modeling. 

On either side of the arch are groups rep- 
resenting the genius of navigation and dis- 




The Quadriga Statuary on 'the Peristyle. 



French & Potter, Sculptors. 



The Peristyle is composed of forty-eight 
columns — twenty-four on either side . These 
symboHze the States and Territories. On each 
column is a figure fourteen feet high. Below 
are the names of the different States. This 
colonnade reaches 234 feet from each corner 
building to the Columbus portico. Over the 
water-gate and surrounding the Columbian 
Arch in the Peristyle, immediately behind 
the "Statue of the Republic," is the Quadriga 
representing " The Triumph of Columbus." 
Columbus stands in a chariot drawn by four 
horses, which are led by two women. At 
either side of the chariot is a mounted herald 
bearing a banner. 

Writing of this Columbus Quadriga, Mrs. 
Van Rensselaer well described it as embody- 
ing ' ' an idea which seemed radically novel. 
No one remembers to have seen a quadriga 
designed as this one is. The four horses do 
8 



covery, with supporting figures for each on 
the projecting prow of a vessel. These are 
the work of Bela L. Pratt of New York. On 
the landward and lakeward faces of the 
water-gate appear the names of three of 
America's chief explorers: Ponce de Leon, 
Jacques Cartier, and Ferdinand De Soto. 

Beneath this arch small pleasure-craft can 
enter from Lake Michigan and sail through- 
out the Fair on the waters of the lagoon. 
The Music Hall(K 22), 200 feet long and 140 
feet wide, is at the north end of the Peristyle, 
and contains an auditorium capable of seat- 
ing 2,000 people, with room for an orchestra 
of seventy-five pieces and a chorus of 300 
people. The finest music of the world will 
be heard in this building, its mission being 
to afford a hall for the fine singers and 
instrumental musicians who desire to gather 
here before an audience of their own kindred 



130 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



professions. The great public concerts will 
be held elsewhere, in an amphitheater ample 
to accommodate 15,000. The cost of these 
structures was over $200,000. The building 
is three stories high and is an architectural 
gem both as to interior and exterior. The 
style is Roman Ren- 
aissance. The main 
entrance is between 
lofty Corinthian col- 
umns, through a 
broad loggia, and 
under arched door- 
ways. On the main 
floor is the audito- 
rium, oval in form, 
with the stage over- 
looking the lake at 
the east end. In 
front of the stage is 
a level space with 
capacity for more 
than a thousand 
seats, while back of 
that rise tiers of 
seats. An orches- 
tra of 300 can find 
seats on the stage, while the hall, will 
seat 2,500 people. On the second floor, 
back of the terraced seats in the west 
end of the building, is a recital hall which 
may be made part of the main build- 
ing by raising the curtained intervening 




under the roof, can also be used to increase 
the seating capacity of the house. Below 
the cornices of the Casino and Music Hall 
are inscribed the names of the world's great 
musicians, composers, and singers. 

In the northeastern angle of the landward 
side of the Peristyle is located the Lowney 
Pavilion (L 22) — designed by Charles B. At- 




Music Hall Decoration. 



Spanish Guitarist. 

wood — which stands close to Music Hall, 
and between that structure and the Basin. 
The design for the pavilion comes from the 
Roman Temple of Vesta, and is quite artis- 
tically carried out. It is in form a perfect 
circle, 54 feet in diameter and 5 7 feet high. 
Twenty columns uphold a graceful dome 
glazed with many-hued tiles. The ground- 




wall. This makes a balcony-room in which 
a large orchestra can be distinctly heard. 
Recital Hall will be used for performances 
such as its name indicates, and as a jury- 
room where ambitious musicians will play 
before critics for awards. A flattened glass 
dome furnishes light for the main audi- 
torium. The galleries on third floor, running 
nearly the length of the building directly 



Co.'s Paviiior^. 



floor is a bazar devoted to the sale of choco- 
late bonbons. 

Near by is Baker's Cocoa and Chocolate 
Pavilion (K 22), a small but carefully planned 
and beautiful structure, with two main en- 
trances leading to a central hall used as a 
caf(3, where the celebrated breakfast cocoa is 
served by young maidens dressed in the 
costume of Liotard's *' La Belle Choco- 



COLUMBIAN GUARDS. 



131 



latiere." Small tables and chairs are placed 
about the room and everything is very- 
dainty. 

A Rolling Chair Around the Grounds. — 
Luxurious and restful traveling is to be had 






police stations, and here are located patrol 
wagons which enable officers to quickly reach 
any point. These wagons are strongly built 
and are drawn by fleet horses kept always 
in the very finest condition for service. 




Rolling Chair with Attendant. 

by the invalid or sybarite, the indolent, the 
halt, or the lame. At twenty-one pavilions, 
or more, in the grounds are stationed some 
2,500 Columbia rolling chairs, with neatly 
uniformed guides and attendants in charge. 
This feature is provided for by a concession 
granted to the Columbia Rolling Chair Co. 

Scale of charges for use of the Columbia 
rolling chairs, with attendant: Single chair 
(one person), ,i: 

75 cents per 
hour, 40 cents 
per half -hour, 
$6 per day of 
ten hours ; 
double chair 
(two persons), 
$1 per hour, 50 
cents per half- 
hour, $8 per 
day of ten 
hours. With- 
out attendant: 
Single chair 
(one person), 
40 cents per 
hour, 20 cents 
per half -hour, 
$3.50 per day 
of ten hours; 
double chair 
(two persons), 
50 cents per 
hour, 25 cents 
per half-hour, 
$4 per day of 
ten hours. 

Police Patrol Wagons. — Ample protec- 
tion has been provided for visitors to the 
Fair and others. About the grounds are 




Columbian Guard. 

Columbian Guards. — Other factors in pre- 
serving order are the Columbian Guards, 
strong, active men of good character, under 
strict discipline, somewhat similar to that of 
a soldier in active service. The duties 




Columbian Guard Patrol Wagon. 

of a guard take him all over the grounds, 
and thus in addition to his _ other ac- 
complishments it may be said that a 



133 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



guide is he in every sense of the word, and 
by whose advice the traveler may safely and 
surely abide. 

THE MANUFACTURES AND LIB- 
ERAL ARTS BUILDING 

(K 20). This edifice is rectangular in 
form, i,687x 787 feet, with a ground area 
of nearly thirty-one acres, and a floor and 
gallery space of forty -four acres. It is the 
largest building in the world, is the largest 
roofed building that was ever erected, and 
is the world's architectural wonder. In its 
con struction 1 7 , 000 , 000 feet of lumber ,12, 000 , - 
000 pounds of steel, and 2,000,000 pounds of 
iron were used, and it cost $1 , 700,000. Its cen- 
tral chamber is 
380 X 1,280 feet, 
surrounded by a 
nave 107 feet 
wide, and both 
hall and nave 
are circled by a 
gallery fifty feet 
wide. Any- 
church in Chi' 
cago could be 
placed in the 
vestibule of St. 
Peter's Church 
at Rome, but 
this building is 
three times as large as St. Peter's. The old 
Roman Coliseum seated 80,000 people, but 
this building is four times larger than the Col- 
iseum . In the central hall , a single room with- 
out a supporting pillar under its roof, 75,000 
people could be seated and each one given 
six square feet of space . The entire building 




James Allison, 



bridges, and there are 1,400 tons more of 
metal in it than in the great St. Louis bridge. 
In the skylights are eleven acres of glass — 
forty car-loads. Its aisles are laid off as 
streets and lighted with ornamental lamp- 
posts bearing arc lights. The roof of the 
central hall is 212 feet 9 inches high; the 
truss span, 354 feet. The weight of the truss 
with purlines is 400,000 pounds. In the 
central hall the Vehdome Column at Paris 
could be mounted on a seventy-four foot 
pedestal without touching the roof, which is 
only eleven feet lower than the Bunker Hill 
monument at Boston. It is but six feet 
lower than the top of the spire of Grace 
Church, New York, and ten feet lower than 
the great chimney of the New York Steam 
Heating Co. Its ground-plan is more thaDBi 
twice the size of the great pyramid of Cheops^' 
Six games of base-ball might be played at 
one time on this floor without crowding any 
of the players. The French Exposition of 
1889 had one tremendous building— its Pal- 
ace of Mechanic Arts; but that structure 
might be placed in this building and the 
Eiffel Tower laid flat upon its roof without 
touching the enveloping structure except 
on the floor. The standing army of Russia 
could be mobilized under its roof. The 
building is nearly two and a half times as 
long and more than two and a half times as 
wide as the Capitol at Washington. Its 
architect is Mr. George B. Post of New York. 
In design it is severely simple, yet massive 
and beautiful. Of course such a building 
could not be treated as ornamentally as the 
smaller ones, as this would detract from its 
immense size. The motive in its architect- 
ural inspiration was undoubtedly to impress 
the beholder with its solidity and grandeur. 




Textiles." Panel by Walter McEwen. 



would thus seat 300,000 persons. There are 
7,000,000 feet of lumber in the floors, and it 
required five car-loads of nails to fasten this 
215 car-loads of lumber to the joists. Twenty 
such buildings as the Auditorium, the 
largest in Chicago, could be placed on this 
floor. To grow the amount of lumber re- 
quired in its construction would take 1,100 
acres of Michigan pine land. The iron and 
steel in the roof would build two Brooklyn 



and not to subordinate these to considerations 
of mere beauty. Were the sight broken and 
the senses distracted by carved balconies, col- 
umned porches, and arabesques, the building 
would be seen in parts and not as one gigantic 
whole, and its immensity would be thus frit- 
tered away and lost to the spectator. As it is, 
the eye takes in at a glance its chaste, plain 
exterior, and the mind is thrilled by the idea 
of its stupendous size, solidity, and strength. 



134 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



When one sees the myriad exhibits in- 
stalled in this vast building alone, it is easy 
to comprehend the enormous nature of the 
task which has been so successfully per- 
formed by Mr, Joseph Hirst — the Secretary 
of Installation — in satisfactorily installing 
thousands of exhibits in the various build- 
ings in their proper and appropriate places. 
To Mr. Hirst's personal and indefatigable 
labors much of the 
success of the Ex- 
position is certainly 
due. 

It was in this vast 
building that on 
Friday, October 21, 
-1892, the Vice- 
President of the 
United States, the 
Hon. Levi P. Mor- 
ton (President Har- 
rison being at his 
dying wife's bed- 
side), dedicated the 
vast ' ' White City " to the use of humanity, in 
the presence of a multitude estimated at 1 50,- 
000, representative of every nation of the uni- 
verse. One of the most notable features of 
the Dedication Ceremonies was a recital of 
portions of the inspiring ode written by Miss 
Harriet Monroe. Selections were also ren- 
dered, to a musical setting, by a choir of 
4,000 voices. As a composition, this ode 
has been considered in parts as equaling 
"America "in its inspired and lofty senti- 
ment. The period prior to the dedication 
was not without humorous incidents, for 
on the first announcement by the direct- 
ory of an ode being required for the cere- 
monies, it was the old story of Camillo 




Joseph Hirst. 



factures and Liberal Arts Building are as 
follows: North entrance, Beokwith and 
Shirlaw. By Beckwith — ' ' Electricity as 
applied to Commerce," four females. By 
Shirlaw — "The Abundance of Land and 
Sea," four figures on nuggets of gold and 
silver, a branch of coral, and a huge pearl. 
East entrance, by Simmons and Cox. By 
Simmons — four 
nude men, a 
blacksmith for 
iron, a sculptor 
for stone, a man 
holding a coil of 
--/y rope for hemp, 
/;/%^ and so on. By 
/; ,'^ / f' Cox — a woman 
''\ Mbending a 
sword, r e p r e- 
senting the met- 
al-worker's art; 
weaving, by a 
woman holding 
a distaff; pot- 
t e r y, by a 
woman decorating a vase; building, by a 
woman holding a carpenter's square, with 
a partly finished brick wall at her back. 
South entrance, by Reid and Weir. By Reid 
— three seated figures of women against the 
sky, representing the art of design, and one 
seated man, a metal-worker. By Weir — 
female figures representing pottery, sculpt- 
ure, decoration, and textile arts. West 
entrance, by Blashfield and Reinhart. By 
Blashfield — sitting figures winged, allegor- 
ical of the arts of the armorer, the brass- 
worker, the iron-worker, the stone-worker. 
By Reinhart— seated figures representing 
the goldsmith's and decorative arts, with 




Miss Harriet IVionroe. 




"Tine Arts of War." 

Querno over again; hundreds traveled to 
Chicago or forwarded by mail their poetic 
lucubrations, and, as the object of Alexander 
Pope's sarcasm actually did, dozens offered 
to sing to the delighted multitudes their 
two thousand verses or more; one worthy 
estimating that his rhythmic version of 
Columbus' adventures would occupy six 
weeks or more in delivery ! 

The paintings in the domes of the Manu- 



Panel by Gari Melchers. 

vases of plants in the arches overhead. 
The subjects of Mr. Gari Melchers' panels 
over the southwest entrance are ' ' The Arts 
of War" and "The Arts of Peace." Two 
panels by Mr. F. D. Millet are located over 
the entrance at the northwest corner; they 
represent the weaving trades, the subjects 
being " Penelope at the Loom " and " The 
Return of Ulysses." Two panels by Mr. 
Lawrence C. Earle are placed over the 



THE MANUFACTURES BUILDING 



135 



northeast entrance, representing " Glass- 
blowing "and "Pottery." Mr. McEwen's 
panels, placed over the entrance at the 
southeast corner, typify "Music" and 
"Textiles." The subjects in all of the 




155 



156 

157 
158 




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^^^ c^Q.i^3EIisiCI 

GROUND FLOOR PLAN OF MANUFACTURES 
AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. 

decorations in this building are treated in 
classical style, and are very fine. Around 
the sides in a frieze appear the names 
of the States, with their coats-of-arms, 
and gigantic eagles, with uplifted wings, 
are poised on the pediments over the en- 
trances. In the Manufactures and Liberal 



Arts Building the classification is as follows: 

GROUP NO. 

147. — Physical development, training and 

conditions, hygiene. 
148. — Instruments and apparatus of medi- 
cine, surgery, and prosthesis. 
149. — Primary, secondary, and su- 
perior education. 
150. — Literature, books, libraries, 

journalism. 
151. — Instruments of experiment, 

research, photographs. 
152. — Civil engineering, public 
works, constructive architect- 
ure. 
153. — Government and law. 
154. — Commerce, trade and bank- 
ing. 
— Institutions for the increase 

and diffusion of knowledge. 
— Social, industrial, and cooper- 
ative associations. 
— Religious organizations, sta- 
tistics, and publications. 
— Music and musical instru- 
ments. 
The groupings in the Manufact- 
ures and Liberal Arts Building — 
Department H — (Manufactures), 
James Allison, chief, are as follows: 

GROUP NO. 

87. — Chemical and pharmaceutical 
products, druggists' supplies. 
" — Paints, colors, dyes, and var- 
nishes. 
— Typewriters, paper, blank 

books, stationery. 
— Furniture of interiors, uphol- 
stery , and artistic decorations. 
— Ceramics and mosaics (see 

Group 46). 
— Monuments, mausoleums, 
mantels, undertakers' goods. 
— Art metal work, enamels, etc. 
— Glass and glassware. 
— Stained glass in decorations. 
— Carvings in various materials. 
— Gold and silver, plate, etc. 
— Jewelry and ornaments. 
— Horology , watche s , clocks , etc. 
— Silk and silk fabrics. 
— Fabrics of jute, ramie, and 
other vegetable and mineral 
fibers. 
— Yarns, woven goods, linen, 

and other vegetable fibers. 
— Woven and felted goods of 

wool, and mixtures of wool. 
— Clothing and costumes. 
— Fur and fur clothing. 
— Laces, embroideries, trim- 
mings, artificial flowers, 
fans, etc. 
107. — Hair work, coiffures, and accessories 

of the toilet. 
108. — Traveling equipments, valises, trunks. 

canes, umbrellas. 
109. — Rubber goods, caoutchouc, gutta 

percha, celluloid, and zylonite. 
no. — Toys and fancy articles. 



90 



*-* 91 



92 



136 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



III. 

112. 




^ O 



-Leather and manufactures of leather. 
-Scales, weights, and measures (see 
also Group 151). 

113. — Materials of war, apparatus for hunt- 
ing, sporting arms. 

114. — Lighting apparatus and ap- 

pliances. 

115. — Heating and cooking appa- 
ratus and appliances. 

116. — Refrigerators, hollow metal 
ware, tinware, enameled 
ware. 

117. — Wire goods and screens, 
perforated sheets, lattice 
work, fencing. 

118. — Wrought iron and thin metal 
exhibits. 

119. — Vaults, safes, hardware, 
edged tools, cutlery. 

120. — Plumbing and sanitary ma- 
terials. 

121. — Miscellaneous articles of 
manufacture not heretofore 
classed. 

Entrances. — The Manufactures 
and Liberal Arts Building has four 
grand portals, planned after the 
great triumphal arches of Europe; 
one in the middle of each fagade, 
surniounted at its center with a 
casting of a gigantic eagle, the 
emblematic bird of the republic. 
These entrances are 80 feet high 
and 40 feet wide, and between twol^ 
of them — the north and south doors^ 
— runs a veritable street, Columbia 
Avenue, fifty feet wide, and stud- 
ded at the corners of each intersect- 
ing street or aisle with ornamental 
lamp-posts bearing electric lights. 
Across this street, at its middle, 
runs another, also fifty feet wide, 
from the eastern to the western 
door, thus dividing the interior of 
the building into four immense 
rectangular spaces, which are each 
further divided by other intersect- 
ing aisles, some running north and 
south and others east and west. In 
the center of the building, at the 
intersection of the two main streets, 
stands an imposing clock-tower, 
which will be described further on. 
At each corner are swung elevators 
in pairs, which ascend to the roof, 
carrying passengers for a prome- 
nade upon the walk extending 
around it. For the round trip up 
and down the elevator company 
charges a fee of 25 cents. 

The Main Exhibits. — Once in- 
side the building the view to the 
visitor will prove a revelation. 
Along the streets, for such they 
may well be called, are gilded 
domes and glittering minarets 



of 140 feet above the floor are suspended 
five enormous chandeliers, the largest ever 
conceived by man, whose thousands of 
arc lights glow with coruscations of cold, 
clear, white hght almost equal to that of 

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HT 



OF MANUFACTURBS 



. mosques, 
palaces, kiosks, and brilliant pavilions, min- 
iature indeed, yet producing the effect of a 
beautiful city inclosed by marble walls and 
roofed in with a dome of glass. At a height 



GALLERY PLAN 

AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. 

the sun itself. These electric chandeliers, 
or electroliers as they are technically called, 
are seventy-five feet in diameter, possess a 
candle-power of 828,000, and are securely 
fastened so that there is no danger of a fall. 



THE MANUFACTURES BUILDING. 



137 



or breakage of the wires. The best plan is 
to enter the building by the main southern 
entrance and proceed systematically with an 
examination of its contents, as, if only on 
account of its enormous size, this, more than 
any other of the buildings, will require a 
systematic method in the inspection of its 
exhibits. The interior having been gained, 
the visitor will naturally be anxious to reach 
the grand exhibits of France, England, Ger- 
many, and the United States as soon as pos- 
sible. To do this it is best to start straight 
north along the central street, Colum- 
bia Avenue. First on the left is seen the 
exhibit of Italy, which is very beautiful, 
being arranged in an immense show-case 
which is made in the shape of a pavilion 
and is ninety feet high. Bronzes, mar- 
bles, tapestries, silken fabrics, Venetian 
glasswares, inlaid woodwork and cabinet- 
ware are features of this display ; and of 
Venetian laces, both ancient and modern, 
the collection is magnificent. The Nether- 
lands exhibit comes next, on the same side 
of the avenue, and its pavilion presents a 
characteristic and beautiful display. Imme- 
diately following the Netherlands is the 
exhibit of Switzerland — a rarely beautiful 
one. The wooden paneling which sur- 
rounds this display on three sides is orna- 
mented by views of lake and mountain 
scenery of artistic excellence. The Castle 
of Chillon, immortalized by Byron; a view 
of the city of Geneva, and several fine 
Alpine views are presented. The exhibit 
consists chiefly of watches, watch -move- 
ments, wood-carvings, music-boxes, etc. 
The display of wall and wood carvings is 
the largest and finest ever made. Across 
the avenue, opposite Switzerland, the dis- 
play of Norway is seen. The panels which 
surround this pavilion have also been 
adorned with large canvas surfaces upon 
which are painted beautiful bits of Nor- 
wegian scenery, portraying rare vistas in 
" the land of the midnight sun." The tour- 
ist exhibit, consisting of hunting-articles 
and the conveyances peculiar to Norway, 
is calculated to excite interest, as are also 
the exhibits proper — silverware, gilt, en- 
ameled and plain, for table and personal 
ornament; marble, granite, wood-carvings, 
hand- woven rugs, portieres, embroideries, 
wood-pulp, school-instruction material, etc. 
Next to Norway on the north is the 
Russian exhibit, contained in a magnifi- 
cent pavilion seventy feet high. The work- 
manship on this building is wonderful when 
the crudeness of the tools of the Russian 
workmen is taken into consideration. The 
space covered is almost one acre. The dis- 
play consists largely of fine silks, furniture, 
jewelry, precious stones, etc. Across the 
aisle from Russia's exhibit is that of 
Denmark, which adjoins those of Switzer- 
land and Brazil. This pavilion has outer 
portals on three sides, and from its fourth 
side the spaces of Switzerland and Brazil 
may be entered. The main fa9ade and en- 
trance face Columbia Avenue, and represent 



the coat-of-arms of the city of Copenhagen, 
consisting of three towers; the central 
ninety feet high, the others sixty feet 
high. Each of the side towers has a clock — 
one showing Chicago time, the other Copen- 
hagen time. Over each of the two minor 
entrances is shown the coat-of-arms of Den- 
mark, six feet high. The north fa9ade has 
an entrance twenty feet high. The pavilion 
is decorated with beautiful landscapes from 
different parts of Denmark, Iceland, and 
Greenland, and its West India colonies; 
also with plaster reproductions of the fa- 
mous sculptures of Thorwaldsen. The pavil- 
ion is divided into three parts — the first 
devoted to a display of fine gold and silver 
ware and jewelry, the second to the display 
of porcelain, ceramics, and terra cotta deco- 
rative articles, and the third to woman's 
work, such as embroideries, laces etc. A 
treat for the children is the faithful repro- 
duction of the room in which Hans Christian 
Andersen, the child's aMthor par excellence. 




Entrance to the Belgian Exhibit. 

lived and worked. A life-size statue of the 
author and many relics of him are shown. 
The great sculptor Thorwaldsen also has a 
room devoted to his relics and works. 
Across an intersecting aisle from Denmark, 
but on the same side of Columbia Avenue, is 
the exhibit of Canada, adjoining that of 
England. The display is a large and cred- 
itable one, and exhibits the progress and 
material advantages of this province in a 
striking manner. Opposite Canada, across 
the avenue, is the pavilion of Belgium, which 



138 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 




was designed and framed by Belgian work- 
men and sent to Chicago, and here set up. 
The fa9ade fronting on the avenue is of the 
same height as that of France, which it 
joins, and is com- 
posed of a high 
central arch and 
two lower side 
arches. Its front- 
age is 140 feet. 
Among many 
other magnificent 
exhibits, the col- 
lection of bronzes 
and mammoth 
plate-glass is no- 
ticeable. A paint 
manufacturer ex- 
hibits a huge fe- 
male figure in por- 
celain, holding 
aloft a zinc tube 
of artists' colors. 
Samples of the 
iron houses the 
Belgian Paint Exhibit. Belgians are send- 

ing to the Congo country are shown , 
as are exhibits of faience, finely 
carved furniture, etc. Next to Bel- 
gium comes the French pavilion, 
the grouping and arrangement of 
the exhibits in which are probably 
more harmonious and symmetrical 
than those in any of the other dis- 
plays. There are rooms devoted 
to ceramics, others to bronzes, and 
others again to silk fabrics, pottery 
from Limoges and Sevres, etc. 
There is no confusion or jumbling 
together of dissimilar wares, indi- 
vidual competition being properly 
subordinated to the production of a 
grand national display, every part 
properly balanced, a combination 
of exquisite taste and most perfect 
harmony. A handsome group of 
statuary, ordered by the French 
government, adorns the center of 
the French pavilion. The group 
represents a heroic statue of ' ' La 
France " seated. On the body is . 
the cuirass of the French cavalry. 
The right arm is majestically held 
on high, while the left arm rests 
upon the table of the rights of 
man, against which the hand 
presses a naked sword. A large 
scarf encircles the waist and is 
knotted at one side. Above the 
erect and noble head, resting on the 
bands of hair, is a diadem. This is 
formed of three figures symbolic of 
liberty, equality, and fraternity. 
The figure of " La France " is sup- 
plemented by that of a French 
chanticleer, standing in an attitude 
such as cocks assume when tri- 
umphantly crowing. Upon the pedestal, are 
carved historic scenes, and incidents taken 
from the French Revolution. Gobelin tapes- 



tries, silk, cotton, and woolen goods and 

kindred fabrics have three rooms planned 

for them. These 

chambers are 

reproduc t i o n s 

of salons of the 

time of Louis 

XIV. and Louis 

XV. The ceil- 
ings are of staff, 
with marble pil- 
lars, crowned 
with bronze 
capitals. A 
broad frieze, 
just below the 
ceiling, is com- 
posed of floral 
garlands, and 
along its border -5-,v^«s) 
run the names -^^^1 
of the cities 
which have ex- 
hibits, as Lyons 




Statue of Limoges. 

Beauvais, Arras, Lille, Saint-Etienne, and 
others. Perfumes; rich sets of furniture; 




Statue " La France 



stained glass; the most curious specimens of 
photography, plain and in colors; a bridal 
group in wax, costumed in the latest Paris 



THE MANUFACTURES BUILDING. 



13» 



fashions; jewelry; ceramics; the ruins of Per- 
sepolis, reproduced in glass, and hundreds 
of other beautiful and interesting exhibits 
abound. In the gallery the French station- 
ery trades, library and school systems are 
displayed. Across the avenue from France 
is the exhibit of another of the world's great 
powers, England. Her pavilion is not so 
beautiful as are those of some of the other 
countries, but her exhibit in some lines, 
notably those of textile fabrics and pottery, 
may truly be called magnificent. Never, 
outside of her own realm, has she made such 
a display as is here to be seen. The most 
striking architectural feature is the repro- 



armor are of the Elizabethan era. Daniels 
of London and Doulton & Co. of Lambeth 
also have pavilions; the former exhibiting 
collections of fine china, the latter their mag- 
nificent pottery-wares. The Doultons have^ 
also erected a fine fountain, of pottery- ware, 
in front of Victoria House, and a terra cotta 
reproduction of the group, " America," from 
the Albert Memorial in Hyde Park, London. 
This reproduction is from the sculptor's 
casts, since destroyed by fire. A collection of 
the famous " Coalport china" is rich and 
beautiful. The "Columbus Vase" is a 
splendid piece of work, but the gem of these 
exhibits is the "Shakespeare Centerpiece."" 




Interior of the German Pavilion. 



duction, by Messrs. Hampton & Sons (the 
great English furniture manufacturing firm), 
of the historic banqueting-hall of Hatfield 
House, the seat of the Cecil family and 
home of the Marquis of Salisbury. In 
dimensions this pavilion is 40 feet long, 20 
feet wide, and 23 feet high, and except in 
size, being smaller, is an exact replica of the 
original. 

The coat-of-arms and all the carvings are 
reproduced in solid oak, and by a process 
known as ' ' fuming " the deep antique tone 
of age is imparted to the newer material. 
The floor is of alternate squares of white 
and black marble, and the furniture and 



This is of porcelain, fifty inches high, and 
richly decorated in warm, high coloring. 
Four figures by Schenk, representing His- 
tory, Poetry, Tragedy, and Comedy, orna- 
rnent the corners and support a vase with 
eight panels, whereon are painted, by 
Bouillemier, Shakespeare's heroines: Juliet, 
Lady Macbeth, Cleopatra, Desdemona, Por- 
tia, " Sweet Anne Page," Beatrice, and Cor- 
delia. The unison of the labors of the 
sculptor, painter, and potter has produced 
an artistic masterpiece destined to become 
historic. His peregrinations have now 
brought the visitor face to face with the 
building's centerpiece, the great clock-tower. 



140 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



It is 120 feet high with a base of 20 feet 
■diameter, which is formed of four square 
towers rising to a height of 40 feet, and 
each terminating in a dome. The archways 
of these lower towers culminate in a groined 
dome, over which is the first floor of the 
main tower. An ornamental balcony sur- 
rounds this story, its principal decorations 
being the shields of the States of the Union 

and the coat- 
of-arms of the 
South Ameri- 
can States. 
The tower at 
this point nar- 
rows to a diam- 
eter of twenty- 
four feet, and 
upon the next 
floor is placed 
the mechanism 
of the great 
clock, whose 
dials, seventy 
feet above the 
floor, mark the hours day and night. These 
dials are in the fourth story, and are seven 
feet in diameter. The fifth story is a round 
tower, whose arches support a dome 
twenty feet in diameter. In this story is 
placed the melodious chime of bells, which 
tell the hours with sweetest melodies. 
The lower balconies are used as music- 
stands. The clock is self-winding, and is 
furnished by the Self -Winding Clock Co. of 



Columbia Avenue enters the exhibit of 
Germany. This pavilion is the creation of 
Gabriel Seidel, of Munich, the most famous 




German Dolls. 




Lundborg's Pavilion. 

of German fresco painters and decorators. 
Its ground-plan is in the shape of three 




Pavilion, United States Section 

-New York. The bells of the chime were put 
in by the CHnton H. Mencely Co., Troy, 
N. Y. Having examined the clock-tower, 
the visitor crosses the central east and 
west street, and on the left-hand side of 



circles, touching each other, as if three 
gigantic hoops had been placed together. 
The exterior architecture is in the style of 
the sixteenth century Renaissance. In front 
is a German garden inclosed by an orna- 



THE MANUFACTURES BUILDING. 



141 



mental fence, passing which, the main 
entrance is reached through a grand arch, 
with ornamental columns on either side. In 
the interior sections both decorations and 
exhibits are very fine. In the rear of the 
Nuremburg display is an immense canvas 
covered with a fine painting, showing its 
market-place. Jewelry and silverware. 




Paints and Varnishes Exhibit. 



among the latter, plate presented to the 
emperors William I. and II., Von Moltke, 
and Bismarck, and generally commemora- 
tive of some battle or other great event; 
royal wares from various potteries; tapes- 
tries, porcelains, etc., make a grand display. 
The Bismarck collection of cups, medals, 
vases, and decorations, alone represents a 



a facade fronting the avenue, 65 feet high 
and 120 feet long. On the topmost central 
pediment stands the double eagle, emblem- 
atic of this empire. The plan of the exhibit 
is a central edifice flanked by smaller ones, 
on either side, all of them thirty feet deep. 
Thirty-four expert wood-carvers from Vienna 
exhibit their artistic work in all its branches. 
There is a splendid display of the delicate 
and graceful 
wares of this 'il 

artistic people, 
in gold and sil- 
ver, porcelain, 
pottery, textile 
fabrics, vases, 
statuettes, etc., 
making this one 
of the most at- 
tractive exhibits 
in the building. 
Across an inter- 
secting aisle 
from Austria, 
but still on the 
same side of Co- 
lumbia Avenue, 




Engine naade of Silk Thread. 



is a unique pavilion, the 
work of the patient and artistic people 
of Japan. In this building may be seen 
ancient and modern pottery, porcelain, 
and china-wares, from the most delicate 
cups and saucers, not thicker than the 
shell of a pigeon's QZ%., to the massive 
serpent and dragon vases and garden-seats, 
almost as strong as steel. A fine educa- 
tional exhibit, tinctured strongly with mod- 




Japanese 

value of $60,000. Ancient and modern 
wares, an unequaled school exhibit, and the 
great statue " Germania" — a special loan by 
the emperor—show how heartily Germany 
has entered into the spirit of this greatest 
of all international expositions. Next to 
Germany, on the same side of the avenue, 
Austria has placed her pavilion, and a right 
royal one it is, though hardly equal to those 
of France and Germany. Her building has 



Pavilion. 

ern progress; silks and other textile fabrics; 
wonderful paper building materials, decora- 
tions, and utensils; lacquered wares, dam- 
ascened swords, cutlery and other imple- 
ments, and many other exhibits, displaying 
rare scientific and artistic attainments, are 
shown here. Opposite this curious exhibit, 
and those of Germany and Austria also, and 
taking up the entire space in the northeast 
corner of the building, are the displays of 



142 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR, 



the United States exhibitors, more numer- 
ous and more wonderful than those of any 
other nation. Large as is their space, it is 
only one-tenth of what was originally asked 
for by American exhibitors. Of course it 
can not have the unity of a national display, 
such as those of France and Germany, but 
in originality, ingenuity, and mechanical 
genius it excels all others. The most strik- 
ing exhibit here is the pavilion erected by 
Tiffany, the jeweler, and Gorham, the sil- 
versmith, both of New York. It faces on 
the central space, where France, Germany, 
and England hold the other corners, and in 
its central front springs up a tall, fluted 
shaft, with a plain yet noble base and a 
grand Doric capital, surmounted by a globe, 
upon which is poised, at an elevation of loo 



this section the Pairpoint Manufacturing 
Co. has erected a miniature Grecian temple. 
The Meriden Britannia Co. 's pavilion is of 
rosewood, and circular in shape. Mermod, 
Jaccard & Co., St. Louis jewelers, and 
Edward Janssen, toy-maker, have fine dis- 
plays in the adjoining galleries. It is im- 
possible to name all of the meritorious ex- 
hibits, but a few of the most noticeable are 
as follows: The pavilions of James Kirk & 
Co., soaps; Lundborg, perfumery; The 
Hammond Typewriter Co.; The Reming- 
ton Typewriter Co. , which exhibits the 50- 
cent coin for which was paid $10,000; the 
Chicago Varnish Co.; Lawson- Valentine 
Varnish Co. ; Brunswick-Balke Billiard Co. ; 
Celadon Pottery and Tile Co. ; Barre Manu- 
facturing Co.; Monumental Bronze Co.; 




Scene in Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. 



feet, a golden eagle, America's symbolic 
bird. On the front of the base is the simple 
inscription: " Exhibit of the United States 
of America." At either side of the main 
entrance, in the corner, are groups of col- 
umns, bearing aloft single tall shafts, ter- 
minating in globes. Arches, surmounted 
with carved and sculptured pediments, and 
a roof with low, flattened domes, make up 
the rest of this palatial edifice, which cost 
its builders $100,000. The display in the 
pavilion represents a value of $2,000,000, 
and is truly regal; gold and silver wares, 
precious stones, rings, bracelets, chains, 
watches — in short, everything rare and 
beautiful in the jeweler's and silversmith's 
lines is exhibited. The collection of Ameri- 
can pearls will prove very interesting. In 



Rawson & Evans; G. E. Androvette Glass 
Co.; John T. Shayne Fur Co.; New Eng- 
land Whalebone Co. ; American Rubber Co. ; 
Mosler-Bahman Safe Co.; Roebling Wire 
Co.; Washburn-Moen Co.; Putnam Nail 
Co.; National Meter Co.; Fairbanks Scales 
Co.; the New England Pottery Co.; Lyon 
& Healy; the Chesapeake Pottery Co., 
with a display of 1,000 pieces, including its 
famous Lord Calvert vase, and many others. 
The best plan is now to cross the avenue to 
the west and complete the displays made by 
the United States exhibitors, then take the 
aisle back of the Japanese section and fol- 
low it south, looking at the rear of the dis- 
plays of Japan, Austria, Germany, England, 
and Canada, just west of which last lie the 
exhibits of New South Wales, India, Ceylon, 



THE MANUFACTURES BUILDING. 



143 



and Jamaica. New South Wales makes a 
strong display in all lines, and shows stuffed 
birds and beasts, rare coins, educational 
systems, and an immense collection of large 
and fine photographs. Over the entrance to 
her pavilion, beneath the coat-of-arms of 
the colony, is a photograph of Sidney har- 
bor, thirty-two feet long. Several of the 
others are eight feet long. There is also a 
beautiful collection of oil-paintings and 
water:Colors. Four specimens of the duck- 
billed platypus, that strange animal,^ half 
bird, half beast, are displayed. Ceylon has 
an octagonal building with two wings, facing 
north and south. The style of architecture is 
Dravidian and the material used is of the rare 
woods of that country, many of them worth 
$200 to $300 a ton, such as the yakahalu, 
the pelumbiya, the wewarana, sapa, ebony, 
and satinwood. Carved stairways lead to 
the entrances, which are guarded by cobra- 
hooded figures called doratupalayas (jani- 
tors). Other carvings, taken from designs 
found in the ruined temples with which the 
island is so plentifully sprinkled, are found 
on the balustrades, lintels, and architraves; 
hansas (sacred geese), makaras (fabulous 
beasts), jK«/^/^ (3: J- (evil spirits), padmas (lotos 
ornaments), and many others. The frescoes, 
representing scenes in the life of Buddha, 
are exact copies of those in the ancient 
temples, which are of the tenth and thir- 
teenth centuries. In the screen-panels are 
figures of Buddha. The floors are of inlaid 
woods. The exhibit of Jamaica is a charac- 
teristic one, as is that of India, which, in 
addition to its other specialties, displays 
some beautiful Cashmere shawls, probably 
the finest of all fabrics that emanate from 
the hand of man. Next to these British 
dependencies, and back of Denmark and 
Brazil, are several minor exhibits, each of 
them possessing sufficient interest to repay 
a visit and a careful investigation of their 
contents. Next come Spain and the Span- 
ish-American countries, with their dis- 
tinctive exhibits. Looms and fabrics, ham- 
mocks, saddles, silverware, and exquisite 
wood-carvings are among the displays. 
Siam, Portugal, and Mexico occupy space in 
the southwest corner of the building, and all 
have excellent exhibits, particularly our 
neighboring republic. Having now reached 
the extreme southern cross-aisle, the visitor 
will walk along it to the most eastern aisle 
running north and south. On the left-hand 
side of this, going north, he will find the 
Turkish and Hungarian displays, the former 
especially fine; and on the right hand, op- 
posite these, is China, with silks, china- 
wares, porcelains, lacquer and metal work; 
some of them of rare beauty and value. This 
section exhausts the floor displays, and the 
visitor will next find, in the galleries, the 
various educational and liberal arts exhibits. 
Almost all of the States of the Union and 
the foreign countries have displays here. 
Kindergartens, schools for the blind and 
deaf and dumb are noticeable. All of the 
leading colleges of the United States and of 



most foreign nations have very strong ex- 
hibits of their educational methods and 
systems. The Greek Letter societies have a 
separate exhibit. Several of the largest 
publishing-houses are represented, notably 
The Century Co., D. Appleton & Co., and 
Charles Scribner's Sons. These show man- 
uscripts of various distinguished authors, 
drawings for illustrations, prepared wood 
blocks (engraved), zinc etchings, photo- 
engravings, etc. New York shows the im- 
migration statistics for forty-five years. 
The College Fraternities' exhibit is a repro- 
duction, 10 feet square at the base and 
30 feet high, of the most famous speci- 
men of Greek architecture, the Choragic 
Monument of Lysicrates. The Catholics of 
the United States have an exceptionally fine 
educational exhibit. London publishers con- 
tribute engravings, fine art publications, 
and a collection of newspapers illustrating 
the growth of 
English jour- 
nalism. The 
great philan- 
thropic socie- 
ties of the 
world, chari- 
table organi- 
zations, prison 
reform socie- 
ties, societies 
for the pre- 
vention of cru- 
elty, cookery 
schools, etc., 
all have their 
exhibits in the 
galleries. The 
manual train- 
ing and art 

schools have Cooper Union Woman's Art School. 

fine displays. Societies for physical culture, 
as well as gymnastic apparatus, also have 
their homes in the galleries. The American 
Bible Society has a rare exhibit of ancient 
and modern Bibles — cheap and costly edi- 
tions — and Bibles printed in 300 different 
languages. This collection is extremely in- 
teresting and should be seen by all. The Bu- 
reau of Hygiene and Sanitation, somewhat 
cramped for space, is likewise situated in the 
galleries. The big Yerkes Telescope , incorii- 
plete, is in the south galleries, with the rest of 
the educational exhibit. Morris Steinert's 
collection of ancient musical instruments, 
upon all of which he plays, is very curious. 
He has a harpsichord of as early a date as 
1679. 

The Continental Stained Glass Works of 
Boston show, in a stained glass window, a 
beautiful reproduction of Hoffman's " Christ 
Disputing with the Doctors in the Temple." 
Spinning-jacks and looms for weaving all 
sorts of fabrics, from the finest handker- 
chiefs to the heaviest cloths, are in opera- 
tion in the building. Harvard University 
has a large gallery space, and its cabinets 
for the display of physiology, otology, bac- 
teriology, etc., are very interesting, espe- 




144 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



daily to scientists; and an extensive area in 
the gallery is occupied by Rand, McNally & 
Co. with an interesting and valuable exhibit 
of educational maps, etc. The American 
Bronze Co., which has its art foundry at 




kept regularly in stock at the main offices of 
this company. An examination will satisfy 
any one, particularly an expert, that these 
machines are equally desirable in the home 
and office, whether used for occasional 
friendly notes and letters, for the more 
volurninous correspondence required in 
counting-rooms and offices, or the constant 
heavy work of the professional copyist or 
typewriter. There are no cumbersome or 
complicated parts, so liable to break, and 
requiring constant attention ; the machines 




Statue of Lincoln at Rochester. 

Grand Crossing, Chicago, 111., is engaged in 
the industry of standard bronze casting, and 
makes a specialty of casting mammoth 
figures as well as small artistic bronzes; and 
in both they claim to equal the foundries of 
Europe. They do a large amount of work in 
statues, busts, and bas-reliefs in this endur- 
ing and artistic metal. They have a pavil- 
ion, with a very fine display, at Block 2, 
Section G, of the Manufactures and Liberal 
Arts Building. Among the other exhibits 
is shown the life-mask from which was mod- 
eled the statue of Lincoln unveiled at Roch- 
ester, N. Y., Decoration Day, 1892. The 
original is ten feet high, and is the work of 
the noted Chicago sculptor Leonard W. 
Volk. A cut of this statue, made from a 
photograph, is shown here. 

The Munson Typewriter Co., with head- 
quarters at 162 La Salle Street, Chicago, has 
space for its machines among others in 
the same class of exhibits in Section 2. 
This company makes the claim for its ma- 
chines that they are the only ones possess- 
ing interchangeable, all-steel type-wheels 
capable of writing every language. They 
are equipped with the universal key-board, 
and for ease in operating and speed capacity 
are not excelled by any other machine. 
Those exhibited at the World's Columbian 
Exposition, in the Manufactures Building, 
are not specially constructed machines, 
intended only for this display, but are taken 
from the general sale stock of the company, 
and differ in no particular from any of those 



Munson Typewriter, 

are indeed models of strength and sim- 
plicity. 

The Liberal Arts Building Grand View 
Tower and Roof Promenade is one of the 
most attractive features of the greatest 
building of the Exposition. A graceful 
open iron-work tower rises perpendicularly 
from the center of the main aisle (Columbia 
Avenue) to a height of 220 feet, passing 
directly through the center of the great co- 
rona of arc lights which illuminates the north 
end of the building. In the tower are four 
elevators for carrying passengers to a bridge 
extending to the roof promenade, which is 
an outside walk extending entirely around 
the highest point of the building, and from 
which can be had a series of views of the 
entire Exposition grounds, the lake clear to 
its Michigan shore, with the fleet of white- 
winged yachts gliding to and fro, and the 
steamers arriving and departing, all afford- 
ing a panorama which can not be equaled 
elsewhere in the world. No one can do 
justice to the Exposition, or get an adequate 
idea of the great Liberal Arts Building, un- 
less he takes a trip in these elevators. From 
the moment the elevators leave the ground, 
the passengers are treated to a constantly 
expanding picture of the interior of the 
immense building, until at their highest 
point the whole magnificent exhibit lies at 
their feet. Passing out of the elevators 
over a bridge spanning the space to the exit 
on the roof, the passengers can survey the 
spectacle inside the building at their leisure, 



THE MANUFACTURES BUILDING. 



145 




10 



and then going out onto the roof 
can stroll as the mood suggests, or 
(resting in the comfortable seats 
provided) drink in a panorama 
such as never before has been ac- 
corded to mortals. A dream of 
beauty indeed; a picture outrival- 
ing the most soaring conception of 
artist or of poet. 

The exhibits in this building are 
the most complete of their kinds 
ever seen ; the building containing 
more than double the amount of 
space ever before allotted to simi- 
lar displays. In the last French 
Exposition, held in 1889, the ex- 
hibits, while most excellent, did 
not compare, either in number or 
variety, with those to be seen in 
this gigantic building, and it is 
conscientiously believed that those 
interested in such objects will here 
find an opportunity for observa- 
tion such as never before offered, 
and such as may never again oc- 
cur. Being at peace with the 
whole world, no jealousy nor dis- 
like has prevented the participa- 
tion of all the nations of the earth 
in the Columbian Exposition. 

The Otis Company are erecting 
an electric elevator in the north 
end of the Manufactures Building, 
near the Japanese exhibit. The 
shaft has four cars, each capable 
of holding fifteen people. These 
elevators rise to a height of 220 
feet in one minute's time. 

On the terraces located upon the 
roof comfortable seats tor those 
who are wearied can be obtained, 
and from its height there is a fine 
view of the Exposition grounds, 
the lake, and the southern portion 
of the city. 

A charge of 50 cents per person 
is made for the round trip. 

In the artistic Isabella Booth 
(J 21), midway between the main 
eastern and southeastern entrances 
of the Manufactures Building, Mrs. 
W. R. Robeson sells reproductions 
of Columbus* coat-of-arms, taste- 
fully worked on useful and orna- 
mental articles, and for the deserv- 
ing and charitable object of build- 
ing a home for superannuated 
women teachers. North of this 
the visitor notices an old sixteenth 
century Dutch house, 40 feet square 
and 28 feet high, which stands at 
the northeastern corner of the Man- 
ufactures Building. It is a quaint 
structure with its squatty walls and 
high-pitched roof, and makes an at- 
tractive exhibit for the purpose for 
which it is intended, viz. ,the display 
of Van Houten & Zoon's Cocoas 
(H 20). On this eastern or lake 



146 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



front side of the Manufactures Building 
various small structures for band-stands, 
rolling-chairs, etc. , are located, and one of 
the finest promenades of the Exposition is 
laid out. 

Immediately north of the Manufactures 
and Liberal Arts Building the visitor finds 
the United States Model Army Hospital 
(H 19), an exhibit of the War Department, 
showing an army hospital in full shape and 
ready for operation in the field. The hospital 
forms an interesting and valuable exhibit. 

North of the Model Hospital, encircled by 
cool, green lawns, refreshingly free from the 
pop-corn, peanut, and other commercial feat- 
ures of the Exposition, the visitor reaches the 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT 
BUILDING 

(H 19), which is thus practically described 
by Mr. W. J. Edbrooke, of the firm of 
Windrim & Edbrooke of Washington, D. C, 
the supervising architect of the Treasury 
Department, under whose supervision the 
building was erected. 

The structure is of " modern Renaissance" 
architecture, the main feature being a hand- 
some dome 120 feet in diameter and 275 feet 
high to top of flagpole, while the building 
itself covers an area of 350 feet by 420 feet, 
with projecting central bays on each front. 

This building is occupied solely by United 
States Government exhibits, sent to the 
Fair by the Treasury, State, Navy, War, 
Interior, and Post 
Office depart- 
ments, the De- 
partments of Jus- 
Jl'MHHj^K. ti^® ^^"^ Agricult- 

ure, and the Fish 
Commission. The 
Fish Commission 
also has an exhibit 
on the grounds 
outside the build- 
ing. 
The elegant 
stairways leading from the east and west 
entrances to the galleries, where the offices 
occupied by the Government officials in 
charge of the various exhibits are located, 
are noteworthy; although, of course, the im- 
posing central dome, with its elaborate, 
artistic decorations, represents the main 
feature of the building. This dome is con- 
structed of steel and is supported on sixteen 
columns. It is deservedly ranked as a cred- 
itable and unique work of engineering. 

Special attention is called to the perfect 
architectural proportions and lines of the 
interior of the dome, and a personal exami- 
nation of all its details will reward any 
critic or student. From the dome galleries, 
to which the public is admitted, a very de- 
sirable view may be had of the general ex- 
position halls below and around the dome. 
The entire cost of the United States Gov- 
ernment Building was $325,000, or $2.07 per 
square foot of its floor area, or 3 cents per 




W. J. Edbrooke. 



cubic foot of its contents. The building 
was paid for out of the United States Treas- 
ury, according to special act of Congress 
authorizing and limiting the cost of this 
structure to $400,000. From the balance of 
the appropriation four distinct and separate 
buildings were erected on the ground, and as- 
signed for the special use of the United States 
Naval Observatory, United States Army 
Hospital Service, and for the Weather and 
Indian bureaus respectively. All the above- 
described United States Government build- 
ings are lighted by electricity and fitted with 
all modern improvements. 

It is of interest to add that the main floor 
of the United States Government Building 
equals 167,500 square feet, while the gal- 
leries represent a total of 33,500 square feet. 
Of the total of main floor and galleries 
175,500 square feetare designed for exhibition 
purposes, leaving 16,000 square feet of floor 
space for offices, corridors, etc. 

Around the interior of the dome runs a 
frieze composed of cupids bearing grain, 
fruits, flowers, etc., emblematic of the pro- 
ductions of the country. On the ground- 
floor are panels adorned with national tro- 
phies, and on the gallery-floor are eight 
panels representing the leading industries 
of the North, South, East, and West, and the 
various industries of each section. The 
North is represented by "Commerce," the 
West by " Agriculture," the South by " Cot- 
ton and Fruits," and the East by " Art and 
Science." Of the other four panels, one 
represents tapestry- work, one wood and 
stone work, one ceramic-work, and one 
metal-work. Over the south door is a paint- 
ing representing the cave-dwellers; over the 
north, one typifying the triumphs of liberty; 
over the east, a bird's-eye view of Chicago 
in 1893, and over the west, Chicago in 1492. 

Outside the building, over the east and 
west entrances,, are two pieces of statuary, 
called the "liberty groups," by A. Waagen, 
and huge bronze eagles surmount the pedi- 
ments of all the entrances. 

The Government Building has an exceed- 
ingly fine location; its eastern fapade having 
an unobstructed view of Lake Michigan, and 
its western face looking across the Wooded 
Island and the waters of the lagoon to the 
Horticulture, Woman's, and Choral build- 
ings; on the south it faces the gigantic 
Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building; 
and across an arm of the lagoon to the north 
is the beautiful Fisheries Building with its 
annexes. This building, as has been stated, 
covers an area of 350x420 feet. Its style of 
architecture is classic, and is largely mod- 
eled after that of Government buildings at 
Washington. Its leading feature archi- 
tecturally is the central dome, 120 feet in 
diameter and 1 50 feet in height. The floor 
space in the rotunda under the dome has but 
a single exhibit, occupying a space in the 
center twenty-three feet in diameter, which 
will be described when the interior is in- 
spected. This building is a very substan- 
tial one, being constructed of brick, iron. 



148 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



and glass. Adjacent to it, and a part of 
the Government exhibit, are field-hospitals, 
light-houses, life-saving stations, etc. Upon 
one of the building's fronts is a plaza 
where troops are occasionally drilled. The 
entire amount expended in this work was 
$400,000, but the cost of the buildings and 
exhibits together amounts to over a million 
and a quarter. Like that of all of the other 
buildings the interior space of this one has 
been carefully planned with a view to the 
uses for which it is intended. 



of the many on the grounds will he meet 
with a more agreeable surprise than in this. 
The exterior of the edifice gives to the spec- 
tator no hint of the variety and richness of 
the exhibits within, whether the beautiful 
decorations of the central dome or the dis- 
plays of the different departments be the 
subject under consideration. Entering at 
this doorway the visitor should walk a few 
steps toward the rotunda and turn, facing 
the door. Looking toward the gallery he 
sees suspended at its central point an Alas- 



PATENT OFFICE 



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PATENT 
OFFICE 



APPLIANCES 

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COTTON I 





VESSELS AND APPLIANCES 
FOR INVESTIGATION.OBJECTS 
ILLUSTRATING RESUTLS. ~" 
JNVESTISATION 



FORESTRY 
DIVISION 



DEPT. OF JUSTICE 




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DEPARTMENT OF STATE 




AND 



NATIO^AL MUSEUM 




ORDNANCE SECTION 
CARTRIDGE & STOCK 
MAKING MACHINES 



Bua. HIoMolly & Co., Sogi's, Chicago, 



Ground Plan United States Government Building. 



The Main Exhibits. — Its area has been 
judiciously allotted to and systematically laid 
out by the various governmental depart- 
ments, hence it is easy to plan for the vis- 
itor a trip through the many and interesting 
exhibits in such a manner as will save him 
considerable time and trouble, enabling him 
to know in advance where the objects of 
greatest interest are located, so that he may 
not expend his strength in useless turnings 
and doublings. Let him select the north 
door for his initial point and make his entry 
there. It is safe to say that in no building 



kan war-canoe, hollowed out of a solid tree- 
trunk, and painted with barbaric designs in 
red, black, and white. The model is a fine 
one, bespeaking for the constructors a high 
degree of skill in marine matters, and its 
decorations, while they evidence the savage, 
yet show considerable artistic taste. At the 
prow, looking inward, is a carved figure, 
probably of some god of fishing or naviga- 
tion, and at its rear, looking outward over 
the stern, is another; this has a frog's body 
with a head that is a cross between that of a 
wild boar and a wolf, and its looks are quite 



THE GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 



149 



fiendish. At various other points around 
this portion of the gallery are swung canoes, 
all differing in type, from a rather common 
wooden one to one of walrus-hide stretched 
on a wooden frame, and presenting a curious 
similarity to a structure of thin bone. Ris- 
ing from the highest central point of the 
gallery is a representation of a ship's top- 
mast, with a lookout holding a spy-glass 
and standing in the rigging. To the right of 
this central figure a bowsprit projects from 
the gallery, and at its extreme end stands a 
sailor ready to cast a harpoon. To the left the 
bow of a whaleboat seems starting from the 
gallery, another dummy, dressed as a har- 
pooneer, aiming his lance for a death-thrust. 
Turning toward the west the Fisheries 
exhibit is entered, and here one is greeted 
at the outset with a neat little bit of comedy. 
First he comes to a fancifully equipped an- 
gler, armed with an elegant split bamboo 
rod and a landing-net, who is wading along 
in a trout-stream. A little farther on is a 
barefooted negro resting against the stump 
of a tree, a common willow pole in his 
hands, from which depends a cotton fishing- 
line with a pin-hook on it. The darky's 
head is thrown back and he is sound asleep, 
evidently enjoying the heat of a broiling 
summer sun. This dummy, like the casts of 
the fish to be mentioned presently, is made of 
a comj)osition of glue, glycerine, and some 
secret ingredient, and very nearly resembles 
the texture of the human flesh, not only in 
looks, but in feeling and elasticity, and is 
much more lifelike than wax or plaster. 
On every side are rods, reels, boats, oars, 
lines, and hooks. Every species of artificial 
bait is represented, from the mother-of-pearl 
and walrus-ivory minnows of the Alaskan 
and Pacific Coast Indians to those made of 
feathers, gum, and metals by their more 
civilized brothers. In the line of hooks the 
carved wood halibut-hooks of the Alaskans, 
each hook bearing the image of a fetich, are 
the most curious. The colored plates of 
every variety of our food fishes are exceed- 
ingly fine and true to life. There are pho- 
tographs of fish, rivers, and fishing-scenes, 
and along the cornice to the south of this 
display are representations of seal rookeries, 
showing the seals on the beach being driven 
inland, their killing, and finally their skin- 
ning. There are photographs of stranded 
whales, of the cleaning, washing, and drying 
of sardines, stuffed water-fowl of all kinds, 
a fully equipped whaleboat that has been in 
actual service, and casts, made of the same 
composition as the dummy negro, of all 
kinds and sizes of fish — herrings, mackerel, 
halibut, flounders, narwhals, sharks, por- 
poises, etc. These are perfect reproduc- 
tions, even the opalescent hues of the origi- 
nal live fish being faithfully copied. One 
exhibit seems at first glance somewhat out 
oi place here. It is an Alaskan bear-trap, 
composed of a piece of whalebone about 
sixteen inches long, sharpened at each end, 
folded four times, and tied together with 
sinew. These are wrapped in fat and 



placed where the bear will find them. They 
are eaten greedily, the gastric juice of the 
bear's stomach dissolves the sinews, the 
whalebone straightens out, piercing the 
bear's viscera and killing him. In one sec- 
tion is a row of glass cases showing the 
different kinds of rigs of every fishing-boat 
used; also boats with wax dummies, show- 
ing the various methods of fishing. 

Next west of the Fisheries exhibit is that 
of the Patent Office, showing models of 
numerous inventions, chiefly interesting 
from the comparative exhibit of the first 
crude invention and every intervening link 
between it and the latest improved model. 
Thus the old-fashioned spinning-wheel, with 
its single spindle, is shown at one end of a 
line, at the other end of which is the power 
spinning- jenny with its i,ooo spindles in 
motion at one time. Along the south wall 
of this display is the most interesting part 
of the exhibit, consisting of cases of fire- 
arms, from the old flint-lock muzzle-loader 
to the latest patented repeating rifles. The 
next display, on the left, is devoted to relief 
rnaps, showing sections of the country with 
rivers, lakes, elevation of mountains, etc., 
true to scale. On the right, going south- 
wardly, is the exhibit of geological speci- 
mens and surveys. Some of its displays are 
extremely interesting. Its center-piece is a 
connected and mounted skeleton of the 




From the Patent Office. 

Dinoceras, a prehistoric animal, whose 
frame seems to indicate that it partook of 
the nature of the mammoth and hippopot- 
amus combined. There are framed glass 
transparencies upon which are colored pict- 
ures of the mountain and canon scenery of 
the Far West; these are magnificent. The 
geological specimens are especially beauti- 
ful, particularly one case in which are shown 
large masses of colored stones, almost as 
beautiful and brilliant as rubies and emer- 
alds. There are samples of fiuorite, pale 
green in color; wulfenite, a beautiful red- 
dish, glistening yellow; chalcop3rrite, purple, 
gold, and brown in exquisite combinations; 
two kinds of malachite, the most beautiful 
vivid greens; tourmaline, a pinkish purple ; 
agatized wood ; beryl, etc. 



150 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



All of these exhibits belong to the Interior 
Department, next south of which is the dis- 
play of the Post Office Department, with oil- 
paintings of mailing scenes, models of river, 
lake, and ocean steamers, and postal cars; 
every method of mail-carrying, illustrated by 
dummy models; a full-size late-style postal 
car and a model post office. Among the 
dummies — all very lifelike — are represented 
a city carrier, a railway mail-service man, a 
dog-sledge and team, a horseback carrier in 
Western costume, and a mountain carrier 
equipped with snow-shoes, etc. 

The next point of interest is the collection 
of the Smithsonian Institution, which proves 
a delight to all lovers of birds and beasts. 
Every species of quail and owl, gorgeous 
golden pheasants, funny woodpeckers, 
dainty pink flamingoes, elk, deer, and cari- 
bou, seals, sea-lions, and walrus, manatees. 




Breech-loading Mortars. 

sea-cows, and other species (extinct or nearly 
so), Rocky Mountain sheep and goats, and 
hundreds of others. As natural and at- 
tractive a feature as any is a family of 
thrushes, the male and female on the boughs 
of a tree, and the young within a nest with 
mouths wide open waiting to be fed. All 
sorts of ducks, rare lyre birds, eagles, 
hawks, etc., form a part of the exhibit. 
Life-sized dummies of Indians of various 
tribes, clothed in their peculiar costumes, 
and bearing pipes with carved wooden 
stems, etc., are an attractive feature. The 
most interesting are those of the Navajos, 
wrapped in their hand-woven blankets, the 
most artistic and durable fabrics woven by 
any savage race. 

The next exhibit, turning toward the east, 
is that of the War Department, in which, of 
course, the most interesting displays are the 
weapons of every kind. The big guns, such 
as the new breech-loading mortars and huge 
rifled cannon, 333^ feet in length, attract 
immense crowds. In size the big Krupp 
gun to be seen at his exhibit is much larger 
than any shown by our Government, though 
in rapid firing the American guns excel, the 
largest being loaded and fired every two 
minutes. One of the mortars is 10 feet 9 
inches in length, 423^ inches in diameter, 
and has a 12-inch bore. Its projectile weighs 
630 pounds, and is thrown seven miles. Its 
explosive charge is thirty pounds of powder. 
It is of cast-iron, bound with shrunk steel 



hoops. The largest of the cannons is a 
monster, its weight being 116,000 pounds. 
Its projectile weighs 1,000 pounds, and re- 
quires a charge of 460 pounds of powder to 
fire it. Its effective range is ten miles, and 
every time it is fired it costs the Government 
$1,000. The smaller arms, as rifles, re- 
volvers, sabers, etc., make an interesting 
display, and the old discarded patterns, 
which in their day have won important 
battles and assisted largely in the making of 
American history, are quite unique. As will 
be noticed, some of the mortar carriages are 
gigantic, being fully fourteen feet in 
diameter; while the coast defense and naval 
guns, though differently mounted, are sur- 
prising from their immense length, weight, 
and size. The dummies dressed to display 
the uniforms of the army from its first or- 
ganization to the present time are vastly 
interesting, not only to persons 
connected with military organi- 
zations and historical students, 
but to people of every grade and 
class. Here may be seen the 
"Old Continental," in his blue 
suit with buff facings, who 
starved at Valley Forge and 
fought at Monmouth, Brandy- 
wine, and Yorktown; the modi- 
fied costumes of 181 2 and the 
Black Hawk wars; the plain uni- 
forms of the heroes who stood 
with ' ' Old Rough-and-Ready " 
Taylor at Buena Vista, and con- 
quered, though outnumbered five 
to one; and the dragoons who rode with 
Scott into the City of Mexico and ' ' reveled 
in the halls of the Montezumas." Then 
comes the equipment of the Western Indian- 
fighters, the uniforms of the Civil War, and 
those of the present day. There are 
also shown lithographs in colors of all 
uniforms, and in a glass case are dis- 
played the chevrons, shoulder-straps, etc., 
of the various grades of rank, from 
corporal to general of the army. Figures 
of mules and horses harnessed to wagons, 
ambulances, field-pieces, etc., can be seen; 
but the chief display in this line is the group 
composed of Major-General Schofield and 
staff" in gorgeous uniforms. Historic battle- 
flags and a complete outfit of every species 
of standard used by the Government are ex- 
hibited, as well as camp and garrison equi- 
page and furniture, tools, band instruments, 
etc. An old forage wagon, originally with 
the Army of the Potomac, and which traveled 
over 45,000 miles, is quite a striking feature 
of this exhibit. Among curios, the "long 
Tom" of the privateer "General Arm- 
strong," which repulsed the attack of a Brit- 
ish squadron in the harbor of Fayal, in the 
Azores, attracts much attention and com- 
ment. There is also shown here a beautiful 
old bronze cannon, carved and ornamented 
with fancy trunnions, etc., bearing the royal 
arms of Great Britain. Upon it appear the 
inscriptions: " Made in 1759" and " Capitu- 
lation at Yorktown, 19 October, 1781." This 



THE GO VERNMENT B UILDING. 



151 




piece had probably figured in many a 
European battle before its surrender to the 
Americans at Yorktown. 

Turning northward through the veterinary 
department of this exhibit, where are dis- 
played skulls, bones, etc., indicating various 
diseases to which the horse and mule are 
subject, the State Department and Depart- 
ment of Justice are reached. The latter 
will prove a treat to the disciples of Black- 
stone, for here may be seen portraits of 
our grandest jurist and Chief Justice of the 
Supreme Court, Marshall, with Ellsworth 
on his right and Taney on his left. The 
other chief justices and all of the attorney- 
generals also appear, as do the reporters 
Howard, Peters, 
Black, etc. As the 
names are ap- 
pended to most of 
the portraits it is 

useless to here A Trophy from Yorktown. 

specify their location . There is a large chart 
showing in different colors all of the United 
States judicial districts, so plainly laid out 
that any on6 may locate his district at once. 

Next, and occupying the northeast corner 
of the building, is the Department of Agri- 
culture, showing first on the right a beauti- 
ful collection of tree-stumps and edible and 
poisonous fungi. On the left are predatory 
animals, stuffed. These are very lifelike. 
Next to them are wax reproductions of 
plants, berries, harmful and useful insects, 
etc. An inner room in the extreme north- 
east corner contains cases and portfolios of 
botanical specimens and photographs and 
other illustrations. Having completed the 
inspection of these displays the central ex- 
hibit should be visited. 

Standing directly under the great dome of 
the building is what will probably prove the 
greatest curiosity of the Exposition to 
ninety-nine visitors out of every hundred. 
It is a section (in three parts) 30 feet long 
of one of California's giant redwoods, the 
diameter of which is 23 feet. Two of the 
sections are 14 feet long each; the other is 
only 2 feet long. The two long section s have 
been hollowed out, and a spiral stairway 
runs up from the lower to the upper long 
section, the tw^o being separated by the 
short section, which acts as a floor between 
them. Before being cut the tree from which 
these sections were taken stood about four 
hundred feet high. This exhibit is sur- 
mounted by a glass dome. The rotunda in 
which the tree stands is a beautiful creation 
of the architect's and painter's arts. There 
are eight entrances to it through as many 
high arches, upheld by groups of two pillars 
on either side. These pillars are of steel, but 
are colored to represent bases of chocolate 
marble streaked with white, from which rise 
tall fluted shafts of malachite marble, topped 
with gilded capitals. Each arch entrance, 
looking inward from the second floor, is 
balustraded with ornamental iron-work. 
The dome is colored a pale blue, and upon 
panels ornamenting its sides are beautiful 



figures representing the arts and sciences. 
These are the work of a master hand, and 
possess rare merit and beauty. The general 
tone of the interior of the dome is light- 
brown, with a tracing of gold arabesques 
and other figures. The effect is very 
beautiful. 

The Weather Bureau (F 19) is located 
northeast of the Government Building, near 
the Life-saving Station and the Battle-ship, 
in a building of its own. The regular ob- 
servations incident to a weather station are 
here made twice a day. After work is 
done up-town, the Chicago force, largely 
augmented for the season, goes to Jackson 
Park and prepares and prints a weather 
map, going through all the operations usual 
at the Washington office. In the hall in the 
second story several short lectures on 
meteorological subjects, with lantern slides, 
are given every day. The bureau exhibits 
Peary's flag, but just back from Green- 
land, with a record of his observations there. 
The Weather Bureau exhibits a complete 
set of meteorological instruments in opera- 
tion, and the entire work of forecasting, 
from the receipt of telegrams to the publi- 
cation and distribution of weather maps, is 
carried on upon the ground in the presence 
of any one who may care to study the 
methods of the bureau. The various proc- 
esses will be explained with a view to mak- 
ing the study of meteorology popular. 

In close proximity the visitor finds a neat 
frame building which is the United States 
Life-saving Station (F 19). The building 
is 35 X 67 feet, two stories high, and has a 
lookout above. The interior is fitted up 
for living purposes, the lower floor hav- 
ing a spacious dining-room, kitchen, pantry, 
closet, and keeper's room, besides an en- 
trance hall. The second floor, which is eas- 
ily reached by a wide stairw^ay, is given up 
to sleeping apartments. The station is in 
charge of Lieu- 
tenant McLel- 
lan. United 
States Revenue 
Marine, and is 
manned with 
the usual com- 
plement of men, 
surf -boats, ap- 
paratus, etc. 
During the 
World's Fair 
period, public 
exhibitions of 
boat -drills, in- 
cluding the use 
of the life-sav- 
ing apparatus, 
are given daily for the benefit of visitors. 
Connected with the station are boats of 
various kinds, including the English life- 
boat and surf -boat, and also other appa- 
ratus, such as guns for firing life-lines, life- 
preservers, netting, lanterns, colored fire, 
etc. On the ground-floor, at the Avest end 
of the building, which opens out on a broad 




Big Tree from California. 



152 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



lagoon, is a large boat-room, connected with 
a broad launch-way, 120 feet in length. In 
the boat-room, before going to the rescue or 
for drill, the surfmen are attired in oil-skin 
coats and man the boats, the latter being 
easily launched by means of a steel track 
leading into the water. From a lofty look- 
out situated on the top of the building a 
view of the lake can be had. The cost of 
the building at Jackson Park is about $10,- 
000, which does not include the boats and 
apparatus. The station at Jackson Park 
will be made permanent, and continue as a 
life-saving station after the close of the Fair. 
This makes the third life-saving station 
within Chicago city limits, the others being 
located at the mouth of the river and at 
South Chicago. The station is occupied by 
nine coast patrolmen and a keeper. The 
station is permanent, and is in every way a 
model one. It is a pretty two-story struct- 
ure, built in the style now in vogue on the 
seacoasts and lakes, and is fitted up with 
all the modern appliances of life-saving. 

A regular patrol system of the entire 
beach is kept up day and night in fair 
weather. To the tens of thousands of vis- 
itors who will visit the Exposition from the 
inland towns, these patient, daring men, 
who are looking constantly seaward, illus- 
trate a story but little known away from the 
coast. They represent the hundreds of men 
who, on the lonely dangerous beaches of the 
country, watch year in and year out for the 
rocket, for the flag of distress, and the sig- 
nal-gun, and who are always ready to risk 
their own lives to assist those in peril. 

The light-house is one of the modern steel 
pattern, 100 feet high, and braced with guy 
rods in four directions. Four men are de- 
tailed to take charge of it during the Exposi- 
tion, after which it will be taken down and 
sent to the mouth of the Columbia River, on 
the Pacific Coast, to warn mariners who ap- 
proach that dangerous bar. It is a revolv- 
ing light of the first magnitude, showing 
red and white, with the most powerful re- 
flectors made. The two combined exhibits 
show the Government's method of warning 
those who go down to the sea in ships away 
from a dangerous spot, and the method of 
assisting them if they approach it. 

The lifeboat used in this station is made 
of mahogany, diagonally planked, and of 
oak and ash. It is 34 feet long, 8 feet wide, 
ana 3 feet 6 inches deep. One thousand 
pounds of gun-metal were used in the keel. 
The boat weighs four tons, and contains 
nine air-tight compartments. If upset it 
rights itself and expels all water in twenty- 
five seconds. 

East of the Government Building, and 
close to the light-house, a low wooden 
structure marks the place where the United 
States Naval Observatory (F 20) stands. 
It consists of three small buildings, an equa- 
torial telescope, a transit telescope, and a 
heliostat house. The latter contains ap- 
paratus for observing the face of the sun 
reflected upon a mirror in a dark room, an 



invaluable instrument for use in delicate 
astronomical observations. In the same 
house Prof. William F. Gardiner shows 
his time-system, regulated by astronomical 
clocks, and illustrates the manner of sending 
the standard time from Washington all over 
the States. Daily, at noon, Professor Gar- 
diner causes a time-ball to drop from the top 
to the bottom of a post placed on the dome 
of the Government Building. 

To the eastward of the light-house a curved 
pier extends into the lake, and seemingly 
moored to it, as if just arrived from a pro- 
tracted cruise, is the United States Naval 
Exhibit, the line-of-battle ship ** Illinois " 
(F 21), which is thus ably described by its 
constructor and designer, Mr. Frank W. 
Grogan: 

The idea of having a battle-ship (emblem- 
atic of power) for the Navy Department 
exhibit originated with Commodore R. W. 



Meade, U. S. N. 




Frank W. Grogan 



The result of this con- 
ception is the ' ' Illi- 
nois," which lies 
in Lake Mich- 
igan, at the foot of 
Fifty-ninth Street, 
apparently afloat, 
but in reality rest- 
ing upon a sub- 
stantial foundation 
of piling and heavy 
timbers. 

This exhibit 
serves the double 
purpose of being: 
First, a full-sized 



model, above water-line, of the latest type 
10,300-ton coast-line battle-ships, " Massa- 
chusetts," " Indiana," and " Oregon," of the 
United States Navy, with proper facilities for 
showing the discipline, manner of living of 
officers and men, and for the display of the 
gun, torpedo, boat, and other drills, such 
as are customary on a man-of-war; and 
second, of serving as a building for the 
illustration of the various bureau exhibits, 
the greater portion of the berth-deck having 
been reserved for this purpose. The sides 
of the hull from berth to main deck are made 
of brick laid to the contour of the vessel, 
and finished with Portland cement. Below 
the berth-deck the ship is finished with 
steel plates extending well into the 
water. The sides of superstructure, tur- 
rets, redoubts, 13-inch and 8-inch guns, 
are of wood framing, also covered with 
cement laid on metal lathing. The other 
parts of the ship and fittings are made of 
materials similar to those used in the con- 
struction of a real vessel, such as the decks 
and their framing, military tower, chimneys, 
hatches, bridge, skylights, etc. 

The exhibits from the different bureaus of 
the Navy Department are placed in their 
respective positions on board the ship, as 
far as practicable. JNIost of them were 
made especially for this purpose, but will be 
transferred for use upon genuine vessels of 
the navy at the close of the Exposition, 



THE BATTLE-SHIP '' ILLINOIS:' 



153 



The ** Illinois " has the same number of 
guns as her originals, and most of them are 
real. The exceptions are the 13 -inch and 
8-inch guns, which, owing to their excessive 
weights (62 and 143^^ tons each, without their 
mounts), it was not practicable to place upon 
a structure of this nature. The magazines 
and shell-rooms are shown, also the manner 
of working the guns and torpedoes, and the 
handling of ammunition. 



inch breech -loading rifled guns; eight 8-inch 
breech-loading rifled guns; four 6-inch 
breech -loading rifled guns; twenty six- 
pounder Hotchkiss guns; six one-pounder 
Hotchkiss guns ; two Gatling guns, and six 
torpedo tubes or guns. On the pier and 
beach adjacent to the battle-ship are shown 
the Naval Observatory buildings, with 
transit, equatorial telescope, photo-helio- 
graph, and lime ball system, and samples 




United States Battle-ship " Illinois." 



The forward berth-deck has been reserved 
for the living-quarters of the crew, fitted out 
with furniture, lockers, etc., for their " mess- 
ing " and "berthing." The after-deck has 
been fitted up and furnished with state- 
rooms, cabins, etc. , to show the living-quar- 
ters of the captain and officers of a ship of 
this type. The actual living-quarters of the 
captain and officers attached to the " Illinois" 
are on the main deck. An electric light 
plant has been installed, with dynamos, 
search-lights, motors for working the guns, 
turrets, etc., and for illuminating purposes. 
The length of the "Illinois" is 248 feet on load 
water-line, and 65 feet 3 inches extreme 
breadth. The battery consists of four 13- 



of armor tests, torpedoes, anchors, cables, 
kedges, etc. 

F. W. GROGAN, 
Architect Navy Departviciit Exhibit. 

The Return from the Exposition. — Unless 
a night f§te allures the visitor to prolong his 
stay in the grounds, he will now in all prob- 
ability seek the element in whose proximity 
he is, and on one of the fleet of steamboats 
hie him to his much-needed rest — on the 
route to the city observing the line of electric 
buoys moored for his safety, and referred to 
in the opening chapter of this guide. If he 
has followed the route laid down for this 
day, well indeed has he earned his rest. 



CHAPTER V. 

THIRD DAY AT THE FAIR. 




REPARED 

for an early 
/\ X^ffliAv i%^^ W «l Mia*^^ ' start on the 

V^^^S^^^^^' Mmflm third day, 

the visitor 
will take 
the cars at 
one of the 
stations of 
the Illinois 
Central R'd 
and enter 
the grounds 
at Sixtieth 
Street (G 
12). As the 
trains stop 
at this sta- 
tion for the 
Plaisance 

entrance at Fifty-ninth Street (F 12), as 
well as for this (Sixtieth Street) entrance, it 
will be well for the visitor, if unaccompanied 
by a guide, to make sure, by inquiry, of 
reaching the correct entrance (a policeman. 
World's Fair guard or guide, or the railway 
conductor will indicate the proper direction 
to be followed to reach the Sixtieth Street 
gate). After entering the grounds the vis- 
itor will see to his right hand a building 
erected by the Ducker Portable House Com- 
pany of New York, and known as the 
Ducker Hospital (G 14). The structure is 
built in interchangeable sections, which can 
be easily packed and removed and again set 
up. A hollow shaft between the floor beams 
admits of the introduction of fresh air, dis- 
infecting fumes, etc., each room being fur- 
nished with registers, which may be shut or 
opened at pleasure. It has been adopted 
by the United States Government, recom- 
mended in Belgium, and has taken a special 
German medal. 

From this building to that set apart for the 
little ones the route is straight toward the 
east. The Children's Building (G 15) at the 
Fair is located between the Woman's and 
Horticultural buildings, and near the pretty 
little Puck Building, It is a light, airy, 
graceful edifice, two stories high, and 150 
feet long by 90 feet wide. It is built around 
a court, so as to give as much light, air, and 
out-of-door play-room as possible for the 
little ones; and to still further increase its 
capacity in this direction there is a play- 
ground on the roof, fifty feet above the 
ground, with flowers, plants, and trailing 
vines in profusion, and made thoroughly 
safe b)ra strong wire netting, which incloses 
it. It is a veritable child's world; its model 



kitchen has all kinds of miniature furniture, 
and the children are taught to set the table, 
make beds, etc. In the room for the older 
boys, modeling in clay, carving, carpentry, 
etc., are taught, while in the gymnasium 
physical culture methods are displayed. For 
the babies and little toddlers there is a well- 
appointed creche, or day nursery, where 
they may be taken care of by competent 
nurses, who will feed and tend them while 
their mothers visit the exhibits. The chil- 
dren's exhibits also are here. In the library 
are found all manner of children's books, pa- 
pers, and magazines, in all of the languages; 
in the play-rooms every species of games, 
dolls, and toys may be seen. This building 
is beautifully and appropriately decorated 
inside and out. The outer frieze is chiefly 
in tints of blue and gold, with sixteen 
shields, four on each wall, bearing each a 
child's figure clad in some national costume, 
and with the national flower or emblem. 
The library ceiling shows a design of the 
starry heavens, the Pleiades represented by 
soft, roseate cupids playing on a field of 
light, fleecy clouds. The assembly-room is 
full of quaint and beautiful pictures, and has 
a frieze whose treatment is light, airy, and 
graceful in the extreme, with panels repre- 
senting scenes from Grimm's Fairy Tales. 
Between the windows, medallions bearing 
the signs of the zodiac, represented by 
cherubs, alternate with others showing the 
occupations and amusements of children. 
There are also scenes appropriate to the 
different seasons of the year. In the slojd 
room there is a representation of wood-carv- 
ing, from the felling of the tree to its final 
adornment. In the deaf-mutes' room the 
pictures show the methods of amusing and in- 
structing these unfortunates. Japan, France, 
Paraguay, and Guatemala have been liberal 
in their contributions of toys, etc., for this 
building. 

In the assembly-room George Schreiber 
has painted six panels, 4x10 feet each, of 
such subjects as " Cinderella," " Briar Rose," 
"The Sleeping Beauty," "Red Riding 
Hood," "Babes in the Wood," "Silver 
Hair and the Three Bears," etc. There is 
also a beautiful wall-paper frieze designed 
by Miss Blanche McManus. Between the 
eight windows of this room are eight 
medallions representing child-life at differ- 
ent times and seasons; and on the opposite 
side are decorated panels. In each corner 
of the room are large landscapes represent- 
ing the four seasons. 

Just beyond and east of this building is a 
lovely little pavilion, the Puck Building 



(154) 



THE HORTICULTURAL BUILDING. 



155 



<G 15), which, as has been truly remarked, 
needs no sign. The merry little fellow's 
workshop and show-room can be distin- 
guished readily enough by the artistic group 
in bronze which crowns the portico. It was 
designed by Mr. Henry Baerer, the cele- 
brated sculptor, and represents Puck stand- 
ing on an eminence from which he com- 
mands a view of the world, represented by 
the Exposition which surrounds him. In 
one hand he grasps the mirror which he 
holds up to nature, and which typifies the 
paper in whose pages are reflected in bright 
and pleasing colors the various scenes and 
happenings that come within his ken. The 
other hand holds the crayon with which he 
transfers to the sketch-block slung across 



From this pavilion, turning southward 
along the shore of the beautiful lagoon, 
upon whose surface may be seen fleets of 
launches and gondolas and flocks of curious 
aquatic birds, one comes to the entrance of 

THE HORTICULTURAL BUILDING 

(H 15), just about opposite the center of the 
Wooded Island. 

The Horticultural Building— W. L. B. 
Jenney and W. B. Mundie, architects — is 
1,000 X 240 feet in dimensions, and lies 
on the west side of the park, facing the 
lagoon. The broad space in front, be- 
tween the building and the lagoon, is 
devoted to ornamental gardens and par- 




Puck Building. 



his shoulder whatever of a humorous or 
picturesque nature may strike his fancy. 
His costume is the one with which we are all 
familiar, and which represents his conces- 
sions to nineteenth century conventionality 
— the claw-hammer coat and the plug hat. 
The artist has been remarkably felicitous in 
catching the spirit of Puck in the graceful 
figure and the merry face, bright and inno- 
cent, yet with a kindly appreciative smile at 
the numberless follies of mankind. At his 
feet, in half -reclining attitudes, are two 
smaller figures. Humor and Satire, repre- 
senting his two most faithful allies and aids. 
Adjoining the home' of this merry little 
sprite on the east is found the exhibit of 
the White Star Steamship Company (G 15), 
consisting of a pavilion with a neat little 
portico, its pillars wrapped with rope, with 
a plaited rope capital. This represents the 
pilot-house of a steamer, and is filled with 
handsome models of both the old and 
new style boats of this line. These are 
perfect in every detail. In addition are 
shown reproductions of the smoking, din- 
ing, and reading rooms of the steamers 
" Majestic" and " Teutonic." 



->.'> 



terres, and forms a part of the exhibit of 
the Floral Department. The varied nature 
of the exhibitions assigned to the Horticult- 
ural Department gave variety to the design. 
In the center is a glazed dome iSo feet in 
diameter and 114 
feet high, for the 
accommodation of 
the largest palms, 
tree ferns, bam- 
boos, bananas, and 
other tall-growing 
tropical trees and 
plants that can be 
procured and trans- 
ported. To accom- 
modate the great 
quantity of plants 
of moderate dimen- 
sions there are four 
galleries, or cur- 
tains, as they are technically termed, each 
about 270 feet long, connecting the dome 
and central pavilion with the two end pavil- 
ions. There are two of these galleries with 
glazed roofs, on each side of the dome, leav- 
ing a court go feet wide and 270 feet long 







W. L. B. Jenney. 



THE HORTICULTURAL BUILDING. 



157 



between them. One of these courts is 
intended for an orange grove, and the other 
for a large tank of warmed water for the 
exhibition of the great Victoria- Regia, and 
the numerous and beautiful family of 
smaller Nymphaeas and other water-growing 
plants. The great pavilions, one on either 
side of the building, are two stories high. 
The front end of the second story in either 
pavilion is a restaurant; the other parts of 
the pavilions are for the exhibition of wines, 
fruits, cut flowers, horticultural seeds, and 



their windows and the very pleasing and 
appropriate surroundings of plants and 
flowers. A horticultural building, more 
than any other on the grounds, must indi- 
cate its purpose: it must be adapted to the 
preservation of growing plants, shrubs, and 
trees, and inconsequence requires long, low 
galleries, not only with glazed roofs, but 
also with the maximum of light in the walls 
consistent with architectural effects. At 
the same time the building must harmonize, 
as far as practicable, with the surroundings. 




Scene in Horticultural Building. 



implements, etc. — exhibits that require only 
the ordinary amount of light. In the build- 
ing may be seen some of the finest speci- 
mens of tropical vegetation; the largest 
specimens and the greatest number of tree 
ferns, bird's-nest ferns, elkhorn ferns, palms, 
etc., ever exhibited. There is a silver 
model of this Horticultural Hall on exhibi- 
tion in the building, made by Alberto End- 
weiss of Monterey, Mexico. It is eleven 
feet long and cost $5,000. The two restau- 
rants, one in each pavilion, are particularly 
attractive because of the fine view from 



The style is the Venetian Renaissance, the 
order Ionic, with a broad frieze decorated 
with cupids and garlands. The treatment 
is gay and joyous, to conform to the light- 
ness of the structure and the character of the 
exhibits. At either end, and nearest to the 
other and much higher buildings of the 
Fair with which it must stand comparison, 
are the two great pavilions. The central 
feature is a large pavilion crowned hy a 
glazed wide-spreading dome, the most im- 
posing portion of the building. In front of 
this pavilion is a highly ornamental pylon, 



158 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



^% 



forming the main entrance, with a recessed 
vestibule decorated with statuary. On the 
face of the pylon are groups, one on either 
side, representing the "Awakening" and 
the " Sleep of the Flowers." 

Thus, and in graceful diction, does Mr. 
Lorado Taft describe the artistic sculpture 
and statuary: 

The sculptural decorations of the Hor- 
ticultural Building, aside from the frieze, 
consist of six single figures and two large 
groups. 

On the eastern front of each pavilion, at 
the ends of the building, are two figures 
placed on the level of the second story. The 
one on the south is called * ' The Painting 
of the Lily " — a process which the poet tells 
us is not necessary. The figure of a nymph 
is represented holding the lily and regarding 
it intently, with her brush poised in the air. 
The ancients attributed to these spirits of 
wood and field the care of plant-life. 

The next figure is symbolic of the culti- 
vation and use of the grape, and represents 
a faun, a joyous, soulless creature, holding 
in one hand a brimming beaker and in the 
other a bunch of 
grapes. The drap- 
ery of this figure 
is the tiger-skin, a 
favorite costume of 
Bacchus, the god 
of wine. 

On the north 
pavilion is the 
draped figure of a 
(Woman, intended 
to personify the 
study of botany. 
In her hand she 
holds a scroll on 
which is inscribed the lore of that science. 

The last figure, at the extreme north of 
the building, represents a gardener of the 
ancient type examining the bursting buds 
of a vine. 

Just inside the vestibule stand two figures, 
each ten feet in height. The one on the 
right is a light, airy personification of 
Flora. She is poised on tip-toe and with 
outstretched arms holds aloft a flowering 
branch, to which she turns her smiling face. 
Around her feet are plants and blossoms 
profusely decking the earth in response to 
her glad presence. The motive of this 
figure was suggested by the well-known 
statue of " Hope," by Bodenhausen. 

On the opposite side is the figure of 
Pomona. Her form is a full, matronly one; 
her smiling face suggesting amused disap- 
pointment as she struggles with the over- 
flowing basket of fruit, which in spite of her 
development she is unable to lift. 

The principal sculptural decoration of the 
building consists of two large groups just 
outside the main entrance. On the south 
side is the artist's idea of autumn. The 
composition has been called the "Sleep 
of the Flowers." The sculptor endeavored 
to suggest here the quiet, almost melan- 



choly, spirit of autumn, and with this object 
in view has kept all lines as harmonious, 




J. M. Samuels. 




GROUND FLOOR 

HORTICULTURAL BUILDING. 

and graceful as possible. The faces of the 
two sitting figure's suggest sleep, and even 
the standing figure "looks mournfully down 



THE HORTICULTURAL BUILDING. 



159 



upon them, as though she too would soon 
join them in their slumbers. The only 
touch of animation is the single belated 
Cupid, who sits contentedly absorbing a 
bunch of grapes. This fruit is shown hang- 
ing in abundant clusters from the rocks on 
either side. At the feet of the figures is 
placed a branch of withered oak. The 
figures are entirely draped. 

On the other hand is the springtime 
group, sometimes called the " Battle of 
Flowers." In this the artist has tried to 
express^ the vigor and push of awakening 
vegetation by means of broken and angular 
lines, making the composition as great a 
contra^st as possible to the autumn group. 
In this we have the figures of the three 



Classification. — The following is the offi- 
cial classification of this department (J. M. 
Samuels, chief): 

GROUP NO. 

20 . — Viticulture — manufactured products , 
methods, and appliances. 

21. — Pomology — manufactured products, 
methods, and appliances. 

2 2 . — Floriculture . 

23. — Culinary vegetables. 

24. — Seeds, seed-raising, testing, and distri- 
bution. 

2 5 . — Arboriculture . 

26. — Appliances, methods, etc. 

In the interior of the building the scene is 

full of pleasure for the lovers of nature's 

dainty garniture. The ' ' quaint enameled 




Senator Leland Stanford's Wine Exhibt. 



nymphs, a faun, and two Cupids, all laugh- 
ing heartily as they pelt each other with 
buds and blossoms. The faun is engaged 
in binding a garland around the waist of the 
central figure, while she in turn has her 
arms full of flowers which she uses in the 
mimic warfare. 

The figures in these groups are about 
eight feet in height. The work required 
several months. The artist's principal as- 
sistant in the execution of this statuary was 
his pupil, Miss Julia Bracken. 

LORADO TAFT. 

In the frieze around the inside of the 
dome — painted by C. C. Coleman — are fes- 
toons and wreaths of the passion-vine; in 
the wreaths the names of men famous in 
horticulture and kindred arts. 



eyes" of vernal flowers exchange glances 
with the buds that " sad embroidery wear." 
There are pale primroses and bold oxlips, 
dim violets and sweet daffodils, and fine 
examples of the tulip race, in which " beauty 
plays her idle freaks. " The exulting florist 
marks with swelling pride the wonders of 
his hand. Yet a little while and no gradual 
bloom will be wanting — 



From the bud, 
First-born of spring, to summer's musky tribes; . 
Nor hyacinths of purest virgin white, 
Low-bent and blushing inward; nor jonquils 
Of potent fragrance ; nor narcissus faii\ 
As o'er the fabled fountain hanging still ; 
Nor broad carnations; nor gay-spotted pinks; 
Nor, showered from every bush, the damask rose; 
Infinite numbers, delicacies, smells. 
With hues on hues expression can not paint. 
The breath of nature and her endless bloom. 



160 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 




Under the dome in the central pavilion is 
a miniature mountain, surmounted with the 
rarest palms, ferns, trailing vines, and 
blooming flowers. This mountain artistic- 
ally conceals the heating apparatus, and 
beneath it is a brilliant reproduction of one 
of the chambers of the Mammoth Crystal 
Cave in the Black Hills of South Dakota, 
which ^ has been explored for thirty-four 
miles, its underground tunnels opening and 
closing into 1,400 rooms, glittering with 
diamond-like stalagmites and stalactites. 
Entrance fee, 25 cents. 

To attempt to merely mention the most 
beautiful of the exhibits would be like placing 
before the reader an immense florist's cata- 
logue. Therefore let us only say that nearly 
every flower known to savage and civilized 
man finds in this build- 
ing a representative. 
Never before in the 
history of flower-shows 
has such a collection 
been gathered to- 
gether, and the century 
_ plant now in bloom 
!s= under the beautiful 
central dome may burst 
Cider-Press. forth into flowcrs again 

before such another may be viewed. 

Just west of this building, in its rear, are 
found the Greenhouses (I 14). These are 
not open to visitors usually, though there 
are times when special circumstances cause 
them to be thrown open to the public. As 
a general thing they are used only for the 
propagation and forcing of plants and flow- 
ers, which are afterward removed to the 
exhibit-rooms or set out in the parterres in 
front of the building, where are also the 
exhibits of a number of private florists. 

Back of this building, to the west, is the 
Official Photographer's Building (J 14), with 
an able corps of operatives, and Mr. C. D. 
Arnold as chief. They alone are author- 
ized to make and sell views of the grounds 
and buildings, and their work is first-class in 
every respect. 

The new Public Service Building (J 14) is 
southwest of the Horticultural Building and 
west of the Choral Building. It provides 
offices for Chief of Construction Burnham 
and his assistants, and also for the engineers 
a,nd others connected with the management 
■of the grounds and buildings. It is situated 
just west of the Choral Building, lying imme- 
diately to the right of the Sixty-second Street 
■entrance to the grounds. There is but little 
•of interest in or about this building for the 
average visitor, and a brief inspection will 
satisfy his curiosity; when retracing his 
way toward the east he will find upon his 
right hand, opposite the lower or southern 
•end of the Wooded Island, the Choral Build- 
ing, or, as it is also known, the Festival 
Hall (J 15). Among the group of buildings 
at the Exposition probably none have been 
assigned a more beautiful location than 
Festival Hall. Standing as it does upon the 
very shore of the lagoon, and at a point 



where the two great promenades meet, it 
has at once prominence and beautiful sur- 
roundings. 

Its location enables it to be seen from dif- 
ferent parts of the grounds, across the la- 
goon, with its beautiful island and green 
shores. To the one side stands Horticult- 
ural Hall, while the Transportation Building 
stands on the other. 

The style of the building, which is Doric, 
makes it simple and severe in treatment; its 
form, which resembles an amphitheater sur- 
mounted by a dome, gives the building, 
both externally and internally, a rounded 
form, from which project, on the four sides, 
porticoes, the one facing the lagoon being 
the principal entrance, and enriched by 
fluted Doric columns 6>^ feet in diameter. 
From the portico leads a flight of spacious 
steps, at the foot of which stand two statues, 
being reproductions of celebrated marbles 
of Handel and Bach. 

On either side of the portico are panels 
in relief work representing the Progress of 
Music, and in the panels over the doors are 
relief portraits of Gluck, Berlioz, Wagner, 
Schumann, Schubert, Mozart, Mendelssohn, 
Bach, Handel, and Beethoven. 

The interior has the form of a Greek thea- 
ter, except that the chorus of 2,500 voices 
occupies the part assigned by the Greeks to 
the stage, and thus it becomes amphitheat- 
rical in form. There are no galleries of any 
kind to obstruct the view or sound. The 
building seats 6,500 persons. The decora- 
tion of the interior is in the same order as 
the exterior, in relief work and color. A 
large foyer extends around the building, 
giving ample room for promenades. 

FRANCIS M. WHITEHOUSE. 

Leaving this building and turning to the 
left the visitor will find a beautiful little 
bridge, from which he may obtain a fine 
view in every direction. Toward the north, 
upon the left-hand side, the eye takes in 
the airy building devoted to floral displays, 
the large State Building of Illinois closing 
the vista; to his right the west shore of the 
Wooded Island, with its queer Japanese 
structures, rose-gardens, and sphinx, meets 
his gaze. Turning his face toward the 
south the gorgeous fagade of the Transporta- 
tion Building, and the beautiful but less 
highly ornamented ones of the Mines and 
Electricity buildings, are seen, while to the 
east and northeast loom up the gigantic 
Manufactures and Liberal Arts, the United 
States Government, and Fisheries buildings. 

Having exhausted the pleasures of the 
different views presented from the bridge, 
the visitor crosses to the east and steps 
upon the Wooded Island (J 17). Turning 
off to his right he finds a pathway leading 
to another bridge, crossing to another and 
smaller island known as Hunter's Island 
(K 17). To the right of the bridge he will 
notice a very primitive structure built of 
logs with the bark still on them, just such a 
cabin as the backwoods of Kentucky or 



THE HOO-DEN. 



161 



Tennessee can show to-day in their secluded 
districts. This is a reproduction of the 
cabin of one of America's quaintest charac- 
ters, David Crocket, who as hunter, states- 
man, jester, and patriot was unsurpassed. 
One of the heroic band of Texans who to 
a man perished in the Alamo, it was re- 
corded of him and his comrades: "Ther- 
mopylae had her messenger of defeat, but 
the Alamo had none!" In 
the cabin are many relics of 
the noble old hunter and of 
other rude but heroic men 
of the Western borders. The 
fittings of the cabin are in 
harmony with its exterior; 
deer-horns, flint-lock rifles, 
wooden benches, etc. 

But a short distance to the 
east is seen the Australian 
Squatter's Hut(K 17), a true 
copy of that antipodean 
structure. It is located on 
the east end of Hunter's 
Island, to the right of its 
neighbor, Davy Crocket's 
cabin. In the outlying dis- 
trict of that immense island 



pathway and finds upon his left hand, near 
the southeastern bank of the larger island, 
the Rose Garden ( J 17). This garden con- 
sists of about 13^ acres of ground, and there 
are nearly 2,000 varieties of roses shown 
here. The ground is surrounded by a wire 
fence six feet high, having four entrances. 
South of the garden are seen all kinds of 
plants. Proceeding farther north are found 




The Hoo-den. 

Australia, there are thousands of just such 
huts occupied by hardy shepherds and cat- 
tlemen. Within are seen whips, saddles, 
sheep-skins, culinary utensils, etc. , in every- 
day use among the frontiersmen of that 
country. 

Turning back from this homely edifice 
and recrossing the rustic bridge, the tourist 
walks first east and then northward along a 
11 



groups of ornamental leaf 
trees, of various kinds, 
and popular shrubs, nat- 
ural to this country and 
latitude. The center of 
the island is novelly 
treated, having old-fash- 
ioned gardens, rustic 
seats, stone edgings, and 
many winding paths. The beds are all 
filled, with sweet-scented shrubs. North of 
this is the German exhibit, consisting of a 
large show of standard roses and herba- 
ceous plants, a specialty being made of dwarf 
roses. 

Still northward, about the center of the 
island one encounters Baur's Sphinx, which 
he calls "The Secret," and which differs 



163 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



greatly from the old Egyptian idea of this 
fabulous monster. His inspiration is derived 
from a passionate little poem by Heine, 
entitled "The Sphinx." The figures are 
strongly modeled and the artist's ideas well 
carried out in this statue. 

At the northern end of the island are the 
quaint but beautifully decorated edifices 
erected by our Japanese guests. These 
structures represent the Hoo-den, or Phoenix 
Palace (G i6). The picture here presented 
portrays the original Hoo-den Temple, Nji, 
near Kioto, Japan. It is one of the groups 
of the Bidodins. It is built with tiled roof. 
The cross-trees are logs, the ends beauti- 
fully carved with heads of lions. The temple 
is intended to represent the Japanese fabu- 
lous bird, the Hoo. The central part is 
two-storied — this is the body of the bird; 
the colonnades right and left are the wings; 
the corridor at the back forms the tail. The 
two bronze phoenixes on the top are 33^ feet 
high. They are made so flexible that the 
wings and heads are moved by the wind. 
The temple dates back to 1502, but it was 
begun over twelve hundred years ago. It 
was originally the private house of a cele- 
brated noble poet (Kawa-ra-nosa-clea-pin). 
After his death it passed into the hands 
of the imperial family and was converted 
into a monastery. After a hundred years 
it was dedicated to Amedia, the Buddha of 
Japan. She is the ideal of boundless light, 
the goddess of wisdom, the ruler of the 
heavenly paradise. The decorations of the 
temple are all by famous artists. The 
paintings represent twenty-five festivals. 
All the gods and goddesses, the Buddhists 
believe, have the power of either bestowing 
blessings or inflicting curses, and deal out 
to mortals their degree of merit, which 
entitles them after death, if worthy, to a 
place in the pure lands of the West, where 
the saints dwell. The altar is covered with 
gold lacquer; the bronze and wood carvings 
are very fine. A large figure of Amedia 
is said to have been carved by a prince 
imperial who was a devout Buddhist. The 
ceiling of the room is inlaid with mother-of- 
pearl, lacquer, and bronze. It is remarkable 
that the temple has withstood the ravages 
of time and war. It has been the scene of 
many a battle, and sheltered warriors bold. 
Heroes who have performed great feats of 
valor found death under its portals sweeter 
than defeat. 

In front of the temple is a beautiful lotus- 
pond. The lotus is the sacred flower of the 
Buddhists. It is a symbol of purity, chas- 
tity, single-mindedness, and usefulness, as 
its roots are edible. The lotus-flower always 
suggests thoughts of Buddha. Buddhism 
was brought into the country from India 
and China. The Sin-tu faith was formerly 
the worship of the people. It can not be 
said that Sin-tu faith means religion, for it 
is hero worship, reverence to the dead, to 
imperial ancestors, and to great men. 
Shrines to loved ones are erected of stones 
and bronzes placed on the lawn, or in the 



tiny garden of the humble home, and fresh 
flowers are placed or incense burned every 
day for hundreds of years. A day each year 
is commemorated for the honoring of all the 
dead. 

The Hoo-den built on the Wooded Isl- 
and for the Fair is after this plan, with 
a few changes. The interior decorations 
are more beautiful and magnificent. The 
center hall is a fac-simile of a room in the 
Nijo Castle, Kioto, built by Tokugawa 
lyeyasu, a shogun, in 1601. The shoguns 
ruled seven centuries, their reign ending 
with the year 1868. Then the mikado came 
forth from his long seclusion to govern the 
empire. Everything used in the building 
of the temple has been chosen with the 
greatest care, and no expense spared. All 
the paintings, bronze, wood-carving, and 
lacquer for the interior decorations have 
been the work of picked artists, at the Fine 
Art School, Niyemo Park, Tokyo, under the 
supervision of Mr. K. Okakura, the director 
of the school. Mr. Okakura superintended 
the completion of the temple. It is without 
doubt one of the most expensive buildings 
erected on the Fair grounds, and the 
Japanese exhibition is one of the most enter- 
taining and costly. The building is a gift 
to Chicago from his highness the emperor 
— a magnificent present. 

At the northeast end of the island a 
graceful bridge leads the visitor again to 
the mainland, where he finds himself con- 
fronted by the light and graceful structure, 
with its annexes, devoted to fish and fishing 
exhibits, and known as 

THE FISHERIES BUILDING 

(F 18). It embraces a large central struct- 
ure, with two smaller polygonal buildings 
connected with it on either end by arcades. 
The extreme length of the building is 1,100 
feet and the width 200 feet. It is located 
to the northward of the United States Gov- 
ernment Building. 

In the central portion is the general fish- 
eries exhibit. In one of the polygonal build- 
ings is the angling exhibit and in the other 
the aquaria. The exterior of the building 
is Spanish-Romanesque, which contrasts 
agreeably in appearance with that of the 
other buildings. 

To the close observer the exterior of the 
building can not fail to be exceedingly inter- 
esting, for the architect, Henry Ives Cobb, 
exerted all his ingenuity in arranging in- 
numerable forms of capitals, modillions, 
brackets, cornices, and other ornamental 
details, using only fish and other sea forms 
for his motive of design. The roof of the 
building is of old Spanish tile, and the side 
walls of pleasing color. The cost is about 
$200,000. 

In the center of the polygonal building is 
a rotunda sixty feet in diameter, in the 
middle of which is a basin, or pool, twenty- 
six feet wide, from which rises a towering 
mass of rocks, covered with moss and 11- 



164 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



chens. From clefts and crevices in the rocks 
crystal streams of water gush and drop to 
the masses of reeds, rushes, and ornamental 
semi-aquatic plants in the basin below. In 
this pool gorgeous gold-fishes, golden ides, 
golden tench, and other fishes disport. From 
the rotunda one side of the larger series of 
aquaria may be viewed. These are ten in 
number, and have a capacity of 7,000 to 
27,000 gallons of water each. 

Passing out of the rotunda a great corri- 
dor, or arcade, is reached, where on one hand 
can be viewed the opposite side of the series 
of great tanks, and on the other a line of 
tanks somewhat smaller, ranging from 750 
to 1,500 gallons each in capacity. The cor- 
ridor, or arcade, is about fifteen feet wide; 
the glass fronts of the aquaria are in length 
about 575 feet, and have 3,000 square feet of 



from Lake Michigan. J. B. Mora was se- 
lected by the United States Fish Commission 
to decorate the aquaria, which constitute 
one of the chief attractions of the Fisheries- 
Building. These aquaria, while seemingly 
all alike, are of two kinds — those for fresh- 
water and those for salt-water fish. The 
sweet- water aquaria represent the rivers 
and lakes of the United States, such as the 
Mississippi, Hudson, Colorado; Lakes Michi- 
gan, Superior, etc. As nearly as possible the 
scenery and conditions of the beds of these 
waters have been reproduced. The salt- 
water aquaria give different views of tide- 
water rivers, estuaries, etc. , filled with salt 
water, and representing the rocks, gravel, 
sand, etc., peculiar to their beds. A beauti- 
ful feature is a grand fountain in the center 
of the rotunda, surrounded by large aqua- 




'^:vs\f \^ ^^ 



Arcade in Fisheries Building. 



surplus. The total water capacity of the 
aquaria, exclusive of reservoirs, is 18,725 
feet, or 140,000 gallons. This weighs 1,192, - 
425 pounds, or almost 600 tons. Of this 
amount about 40,000 gallons is devoted to 
the marine exhibit. In the entire salt-water 
circulation, including the reservoirs, there 
are about 80,000 gallons. The pumping and 
distributing plants for the marine aquaria 
are constructed of vulcanite. The pumps 
are in duplicate, and each has a capacity of 
3,000 gallons per hour. The supply of sea- 
water was secured by evaporating the neces- 
sary quantity at the Wood's Holl station of 
the United States Fish Commission to about 
one-fifth its bulk, thus reducing both quan- 
tity and weight for transportation about 80 
per cent. The fresh water required to 
restore it to its proper density was supplied 



ria. In the fountain there springs up a rocky 
mass, twenty-two feet high, covered with 
moss, lichens, and aquatic vines and plants, 
and from small crevices in it spout streams 
of clear water, which fall back upon the 
rocks, and thence down into the fountain's 
basin. Mr. Mora also prepared the decora- 
tions for the Illinois fish exhibit, consisting 
of a large fountain, thirty-six feet high, 
from which the water descends in miniature 
cascades from rock to rock until it reaches 
several little lakes, in which are the fish. 
Across one of the lakes is a small rustic 
bridge, lending an additional element of 
beauty. In the interior of this fountain, 
with an entrance at one side, is a grotto 
decorated with stalagmites and stalactites. 
The whole represents a natural landscape, 
with plants, trees, etc. 



THE FISHERIES BUILDING. 



165 



Classification.— The following is the offi- 
cial classification of this department (Capt. 
J. W. Collins, chief): 






^"i 












« o 




<• 




t^ 


J 




-s 


fo 








In 




y 


Q 




t8< 


ac 




S^i 


p 




m 

=-■8.;^ 


C) 






Q 




H 


o 




s 


^■ 


ksj^^i 


a: 


\Mmi f 


S2 






k 








GROUND PLAN 
OF FISHERIES 
. BUILDING 



GROUP NO. 

37. — Fish and other forms of aquatic life. 
38. — Sea fishing and angling. 



39. — Fresh-water fishing and angling. 

40. — Product of the fisheries, and their 

manipulation. 
41. — Fish culture. 

The greatest interest of the average vis- 
itor to this building centers in the room 
where the live fish are to be seen, and 
indeed this is one of the most interesting of 
all the Exposition displays. In warm weather 
its grotto-like interior is cool and pleasant, 
and the drip and plashing of its fountains' 
waters soothe the hearer's senses to a deli- 
cious state of rest and quietude. The gaudy 
fishes, whose pool is the central basin, charm 
the eye by their bright colors, while the 
rush and lightning-like turnings of the pike, 
pickerel, gar, and other piratical denizens of 
the aquaria amaze by their swiftness and 
dexterity. Beautiful speckled trout from 
the streams of the Atlantic and Pacific 
water-sheds; curious sun-fishes, or, as the 
boys used to call them, "tobacco-boxes"; and 
graylings, fully as beautiful, in a quiet way, 
as the brook-trout, are seen on every hand. 
To offset the beauty of these specimens 
there are hideous crawling sea-lizards, that 
suggest the forms seen in nightmares, and 
clumsy looking turtles by the dozen. 

The tank containing specimens from the 
Mississippi and Missouri rivers is the largest 
of all, being 70 feet long, 12 feet wide, and 
9 feet deep. Dog-fish, bass of several kinds, 
croppie, drum, pike, pickerel, gizzard shad, 
all kinds of cat-fish, buffalo, sturgeon, shovel- 
fish — armored on the outside but boneless 
within — gar, spoon-bill cat-fish, which are 
not cat-fish at all, but a species of sturgeon, 
and many others may be seen. Some of the 
cat-fish weigh nearly two hundred pounds, 
and these will prove a revelation to those of 
the piscatorial fraternity from ' ' down East," 
where the largest members of this species 
never exceed a weight of two or three 
pounds. This tank takes up the eastern 
half of the first series of aquaria immedi- 
ately surrounding the crystal pool. 

There are white-fish and grayling from 
the Great Lakes; muscallonge from North- 
ern New York; pompanos, red snappers, 
and croakers from the Gulf of Mexico and 
Galveston Bay. Lake cat-fish, suckers, rock, 
white, and black bass; blob, pike, perch, eel- 
pouts, and curious water-dogs are plentiful. 
The Wisconsin lakes and streams furnish 
many varieties, and Pennsylvania, North 
Dakota, and Missouri have supplied collec- 
tions of every species of their fishes. Min- 
nesota and New York also show their many 
varieties. Rhode Island has a fine display, 
as has also North Carolina. The Govern- 
ment displays from the hatcheries, and also 
from their sea and fresh water catch, are 
magnificent. They consist of almost every 
variety of fish from the Pacific and Atlantic 
coasts, as well as from the interior lakes 
and streams. Illinois exhibits her fishes in 
ornamental open pools formed by a beautiful 
fountain, constructed for this purpose. The 
idea is quite a unique one. 

Not only is the fish display not limited to 



166 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



live representations of the various species of 
food fish and those noticeable only for their 
beauty, but there are specimens preserved 
in alcohol, casts of others, fish packed in tin 
and wood, and even destructive fish, snakes, 
turtles, predatory birds, and other enemies 
of the fish tribes. In fishing appliances 
the exhibit is on a comparative basis, 
showing hooks, lines, trawls, nets, spears, 
etc. , beginning with the crude implements 
of savage tribes and bringing the exhibit 
down through the various stages of im- 
provement to the latest improved apparatus 
of the present day. Along with this exhibit 
is presented a history and statistics of the 
conditions of fishing industries for the last 




Detail of Fisheries Building. 

400 years. Fish culture, which has made 
great strides in the last twenty-five years, 
has not been neglected, nor has the sport of 
angling, as contra-discinguished from com- 
mercial fishing. The true disciple of quaint 
old Izaak Walton, who fishes from a pure 
love of angling, and who will spend money 
freely, and tramp a dozen miles and feel 
recompensed by " a glorious nibble," finds 
here a splendid array of tackle to delight 
him. Split bamboo rods, genuine "Old 
Kentucky " reels, silk lines, gut and sinew 
snoods, etc., of every grade and design, may 
be noted. To return to the commercial 
aspects of .the subject, the machinery and 
appliances used in curing, salting, packing, 
and tinning fish are shown, and also the 
oils, leather, etc. , obtained from marine ani- 
mals. Sponges, corals, pearl shells (rough 
and manufactured), form one branch of the 
display. To specify the plan of the exhibit 
it is only necessary to say that in the most 
western of the three buildings is the display 
of angling apparatus of all kinds, American 
and foreign, entered for competition. The 
collection here shown is the most complete 



ever attempted in the history of exj)ositions. 
Books, engravings, paintings, specimens, in 
short everything that has a bearing upon the 
subject of angling, may be seen. Upon the 
adjacent waters of the lagoon opportunity is 
offered for tournaments in the various meth- 
ods used in fishing, as fly-casting, bait-fish- 
ing, trolling, skittering, etc. Fishing-camps, 
from canvas tents to log cabins and porta- 
ble houses, and specimens of small fishing- 
craft are displayed along the banks of the 
lagoon. In the other wing, as has been al- 
ready noted, are the large beautiful aquaria, 
filled with their finny inhabitants. The 
main building contains the other exhibits 
mentioned, as the cured products, boats 
used in the fisheries, etc. An object of un- 
usual interest is the complete skeleton of a 
humpback whale of moderate dimensions, 
wired together, with every bone in its proper 
place. This whale was found stranded on a 
beach on the Pacific Coast, was bought by 
the citizens of the city of Tacoma, and was 
denuded of its flesh and brought to this 
building, and here wired together. While 
not a very large specimen, and of a species 
far inferior in size to either the sperm (or 
. white) whale or the ' ' right " whale of our 
jf\ old Arctic and Pacific whalers, yet it serves 
to give one at least a fair idea of the pro- 
portions attained by some species of the 
class of animals of which it was a humble 
member. It is suspended over the Wash- 
ington exhibit. Of the foreign nations, 
Norway is more largely represented in this 
building than any of the others, and her 
display is exceedingly fine. To give some 
idea of the magnitude of the fishing indus- 
try to this nation, it is probably sufficient to 
say that its take of codfish in three months 
amounts to 50,000,000, and that 40, 000 -of its 
men are engaged in fishing pursuits. Wal- 
rus and seal fishing are displayed, and 
a number of boats, including the famous 
Lister boat (a new model of a fishing-boat). 
A Norwegian fisherman's hut is shown; also 
stuffed birds, etc. To aid the visitor in trac- 
ing these exhibits, a route has been planned 
as follows: 

In the west wing of the building are the 
displays of Ohio, 
Missouri, Brazil, 
and the fresh- 
fish exhibits of 
the P e n n s y 1- 
vania and Wis- 
consin fish com- 
missions; also 
that of Forest 
and Stream and 
the American 
Angler, consist- 
ing of angling 
and hunting tro- 
phies, and a large collection of paintings 
and engravings. Here too are displays by 
manufacturers of rods, reels, lines, etc. 
Entering by the western door, the first ex- 
hibit to the right is that of Great Britain, 
consisting principally of fishing-tackle, nets, 




A Whale's Flipper. 



THE FISHERIES BUILDING. 



167 




seines, linen lines, etc., and a model Irish 
fishing-school. The next exhibit is that of 
France, east of wAich is the large display of 
New South Wales, showing a very large 
collection of preserved and dried fish, fish- 
ing-boats, nets, tackle, and groups of stuffed 
seals. Opposite is the Norwegian exhibit, 
already noticed, and adjoining, on the right, 
is the collection of Canada, a very complete 
one, among which is a stuffed white whale, 
sixteen feet long, and a model schooner, 
such as is used 
by the fishermen 
of Newfound- 
land and Nova 
Scotia, 30 feet 
long, 8 feet 
beam, and 6 
feet draught, 
fully rigged and 
equipped. East 
of Norway are 
the exhibits oft 
Russia, Maine, i 
and Massachu- 
setts. Of the lat- 
ter, Gloucester _^ 

occupies a prom- Porcupine Fish. 

inent place, with models of a succession 
of schooners and their rigs, dating from 
1623 down to 1893. The paintings, figures, 
and inscriptions of this exhibit are worthy 
of note. East of the central aisle are some 
private exhibits, also those of Oregon, 
Washington, and North Carolina. The 
Oregon exhibit contains the skeleton of an 
immense whale. Japan is next north of 
these displays, wnth a very large exhibit, 
consisting of models of the different kinds 
of boats used in that country, as well as 
every species of fin 
and shell fish, bait, 
hooks, etc. Their 
hooks are smaller than 
ours and are made of 
superior steel, so as to 
have about the same 
strength. The collec- 
tion of photographs 
illustrating the fish- 
ing industries of the 
" Flowery Kingdom " 
is very complete and 
interesting. East of 
Japan is the exhibit of 
Holland, the leading 
feature of which is a 
full-rigged herring 
lugger. Minnesota is 
next east, showing 
preserved and dried 
fish, stuffed aquatic 

birds, etc. The private display of the San 
Diego (Cal.) high school is interesting, and 
the display of reels shown by B. C. Milan & 
Son of Frankfort, Ky. , and the exhibits of 
the James R. Neal Co. of Boston, Mass. , Max 
Ams, Wolff & Ressing, A. G. Spalding & 
Bros., J. A. Moore & Sons of New York, R. 
Connable & Sons, Petoskey, Mich., George 



W. Boyd, Harrisburg, Pa. , and others will 
interest all anglers. Of course every one 
will go to see the large live alligators 
penned in the lagoon near this building. 
They can be found in the water near the 
bridge which crosses the lagoon from this 
to the Government Building, and are 
located just to the left of that portion of it 
which touches the shore nearest to this (the 
Fisheries) building. 

Leaving this building by its north front,, 
and turning to the left, the visitor finds a 
roadway leading to a bridge which crosses, 
the lagoon toward the Illinois Building. 
On the near shore upon his right hand one 
sees a fine building used as a restaurant, and 
known as the Cafe de Marine (F 17). This 
building is 100 x 130 feet, three stories high. 
It is French-timbered Gothic. It is a very 
picturesque building, with four round tow- 
ers, four square towers, and a very high, 
steep roof. The building is covered with 
plaster, the roof shingled. The interior is 
all open, and it is so arranged that the 
rooms and veranda can be thrown into one. 
It is to be run as a fish-restaurant. There 
will be nothing sold or served but shell -fish, 
poultry, and game. Opposite the south en- 
trance is the grand staircase leading to the 
second floor, which is all open as one large 
room, with a balcony looking down into the 
main floor. 

Crossing the bridge above mentioned, 
whence a beautiful view toward the south- 
west and southeast is obtained, the visitor 
finds on his right hand the Merchant Tail- 
ors* World's Fair Building (E 16). This 
structure is 55 feet 9 inches square, inside 
measurement, with porticoes front and rear, 
which are alike. The building is 94 feet 




Polish Cafe. 

each way, over all. The interior of the 
main room is octagonal in shape, forming a 
small room in each corner. Upon the north 
and south sides are semicircular rooms, 
14x22 feet; and ladies' and gentlemen's 
toilet-rooms. The walls are finished in 
cream and gold, and beautifully decorated 
with mural paintings in oil, on canvas, rep- 



168 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



resenting the eight great historical periods 
of dress. First scene, Adam and Eve mak- 
ing aprons of leaves; second, a barbarian 
scene; third, Egyptian; fourth, classical 
Greek; fifth, medieval; sixth, Renaissance; 
seventh, Louis the XIV. to XVI. ; eighth, 
modern. There are also six frescoes em- 
blematic of the trade. The floor leading 
from the entrance is covered by one of the 
finest pieces of ceramic mosaic ever brought 
to this country, designed and made espe- 
cially for this building by Maw & Co. of 
Shropshire, England. The building is in 
the form of a Greek temple; in its details, a 
reproduction of those of the Erectheum at 
Athens, finished about 410 B. C, planned 
by Pericles, and erected under the super- 
vision of Phidias, the great Greek sculptor. 
The details are most elaborate and beau- 
tiful, and some of them have never before 



Japanese tiles, quite different from those of 
other nations. The ceilings have beauti- 
ful water-color paintings. The floors are 
covered with heavy mattings, and thick 
cushions, with carved arm-rests, covered in 
Nishijin fabrics, are provided for guests, 
who can thus enjoy their tea in the Japanese 
mode. The people employed about the 
building are artists in drawing and serving 
teas. Along its water-front are rare Japa- 
nese plants and flowers. The buildings, 
which were constructed by native carpenters, 
are lighted by electricity, and also by gzfu 
lanterns. 

From these buildings to the next point of 
interest is but a short distance. It is the 
Swedish Restaurant (E 17), and lies north 
of the west wing of the Fisheries Building. 
Its architecture represents a tavern in South- 
ern Sweden, and the structure, cooking, and 




Merchant Tailors' Building. 



been reproduced in modern architecture. 
The tailors of the United States may well 
be proud of it. S. S. Beman was the archi- 
tect of the building. 

The roadway winds gently north and then 
east, and another bridge is reached, span- 
ning the stretch of water between the la- 
goon and the North Pond, from which an- 
other fine view is obtainable. Crossing this, 
to the right stands a little building easily 
recognizable as belonging to the Japanese. 
This is the Japanese Tea House (E 17), com- 
posed of two different buildings, constructed 
in true Japanese style of kinoti and other 
Japanese woods, and bamboo. The larger 
of the two buildings is made chiefly of the 
latter material, with green bamboo roof and 
beautifully cemented floor, and is used for 
serving Japanese green teas to visitors. 
The smaller structure is built of kurogaki, 
keyaki, and kiriarki, woods peculiar to the 
" Flowery Kingdom." This is roofed with 



bill of fare are thoroughly Swedish. Guests 
may here enjoy, if they can, smoked rein- 
deer, baby sausages, craw-fish tails, raw 
"delikatess," herring, fried stromming, 
smoked goose breast, reindeer tongues, and 
" graflax," a conglomeration that no one 
but a Swede has ever yet succeeded in eat- 
ing. Swedish ' ' brannvin," a potato whisky, 
is there to wash down this bill of fare, 
which in addition to the articles named 
includes, of course, many common to the 
tables of all people. 

Next in order in this queer agglomeration 
of eating-houses is the Polish Cafe (E 18), 
situated at the northeast corner of the Fish- 
eries Building, a fine edifice, whose cuisine 
is devoted to the national dishes of the 
Polish people, though other edibles are also 
served here. 

From this cafe the way next leads to the 
Home of Izaak Walton (D 18)— the quaint, 
kindly apostle of all true fishermen — which 



170 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



has been faithfully reproduced, and stands 
on a site on the northeast shore of the North 
Pond, between the Art Galleries and the 
Costa Rica Building. A visit to the home 
of this patron saint of all lovers of ' ' the 
gentle craft of angling," can not fail to 
prove of interest to those who are piscatori- 
ally inclined. 

Walking along the shores of the North 
Pond one finds, about the center of the north 
shore of the pond, the south door of the main 
building of the Art Galleries, with Great 
Britain on his right hand and the other 
countries as before stated. 

THE ART BUILDING 

(C 17), designed by C. B. Atwood of Chi- 
cago, is in the chastest and finest style of 
Grecian architecture, the Ionic. In dimen- 
sions it is 500 X 300 feet, with an intersect- 
ing nave and transept crossing the building 
north and south, east and west. At the 
point of intersection rises a fiat dome, 
springing from a gabled pediment above 
the roof of the building, the diameter of the 
dome being 60 feet and its height 125 feet. 
Surmounting the dome is a colossal statue 
of the famous figure, the ' ' Winged Victory. " 
The building has four grand entrances, 
richly ornamented with sculptures and other 
decorations, and approached by broad 
flights of steps. Columned porches with 
gabled pediments lead from the steps to the 
doorways, and there are flanked with shallow 
square towers, lower than the porch, and 
with fronts bearing gabled ornaments. 
Along the fa9ades run colonnades with 
graceful pillars and square pediments, ter- 
minating at the corners in slightly advanced 
towers, showing the gable style of pediment. 
At the east and west ends the slightly ad- 
vanced entrance- ways run up into high, 
sharp gables, with the receding sides simi- 
larly ornamented. The grace and beauty 
of the fa9ades of the building — especially 
that toward the south when viewed across 
the waters of the lagoon — are beyond the 
power of words to describe. A pillared 
promenade forty feet wide surrounds the 
entire building, and between this promenade 
and the nave are small rooms devoted to 
special collections of pictures and statuary. 
On either side of the main building are an- 
nexes to accommodate the overflow from 
the larger structure. In dimensions they 
are 120 x 200 feet each, one story high. The 
walls of the colonnaded fa9ades are deco- 
rated with extremely fine mural paintings, 
which typify the rise and progress of the 
arts. About the principal entrances and 
upon the exterior frieze are portraits of the 
old masters and sculptured bas-relief deco- 
rations. In color the general tone of the 
exterior is a cool gray. This building will 
be made a permanent feature of the park, 
and has, in consequence, been built in a 
more substantial manner than any of the 
others. The principal walls are of brick — 
covered, of course, with staff — and the galler- 



ies, floors, and roof are of iron. On account 
of the immense value and perishable nature 
of its contents, it had to be so constructed 
as to be fire-proof, and from this fact first 
arose the idea of making it a permanent 
structure. It is lighted from the roof with 
glass sky-lights, enhancing greatly its value 
for the display of pictures. Statuary is 
exhibited on the ground-floor, and the walls 
of this floor as well as those of the galleries 
are hung with paintings. 

In addition to Martiny's winged figure of 
" Fame," poised upon a globe over the dome 
of the building, upon its frieze he has placed 
others; here is "Architecture," a chaste 
figure with a stern yet not unpleasing face, 
denoting intellectuality and study. The 
lines of her drapery are simple, and alto- 
gether different from the flowing robes of 
the voluptuous figure representing "Paint- 
ing," every curve and line of whose face and 
figure speak of gaiety and sensuousness. 
" Music" is pensive and poetic, her beauty 
somewhat overshadowed by the melancholy 
cast of her features and the drooping lines 
of her figure. "Sculpture" is more vigor- 
ous and robust than any of the sisters, and 
her face and figure are characterized by a 
strength and firmness superior to those of 
the others. On each side of these figures 
are two large winged female figures holdmg 
garlands of flowers in their hands. There 
are two female figures on each side of the 
main entrances supporting the pediments to 
right and left of doorways. These entrances 
are guarded by large lions, one on either 
side, designed by Theodore Baur and A. 
Phimister Proctor. 

The official grouping of the contents of 
the Fine Arts Building, Department " K" 
(Halsey C. Ives, chief), is as follows: 

GROUP NO. 

139. — Sculpture. 
140. — Painting in oil. 
141. — Painting in water-colors. 
142. — Painting on ivory, on enamel, on 
metal, on porcelain, or other wares; 
fresco-painting on walls. 
143. — Engravings and etchings; prints. 
144. — Chalk, charcoal, pastel, and other 

drawings. 
145. — Antique and modern carvings; engrav- 
ings in medallions, or in gems, cameos, 
intaglios. 
146. — Exhibits of private collections. 

In this building there are such vast num- 
bers of exhibits, all worthy of the most care- 
ful inspection, that the visitor must needs 
be very industrious, who, in the time al- 
lowed him by the programme, manages to 
see even the most noted pictures and statu- 
ary. Rare indeed have been the occasions 
when such vast art collections have been on 
view, every picture and statue in which is 
of the highest degree of artistic merit. In 
the main building alone there are seventy- 
four galleries, varying in size from 30 x 30 
feet to 36x120 feet. The nave and tran- 
sept are 70 feet high and 100 feet wide — the 
transept having a clear space through the 



THE ART BUILDING. 



17t 



center of sixty feet, and lighted entirely 
from above. In both ^ave and transept, 
twenty-four feet above the floor, is a gallery, 
twenty feet wide. The four large courts 
and rotunda of the main building and the 
rotundas of the annexes are devoted to 
sculpture and architecture, so that 
it is comparatively an easy matter 
to locate everything of importance 
in these branches; but as the wall 
space is immense, there is, of 
course, a greater difficulty expe- 
rienced in finding any special 
painting. For the exhibition of 
architectural designs, engravings, i;^ 
etc., there are reserved eighty- ^ 
eight alcoves, twenty-eight front- 
ing on the main floor of the east 
and west courts and sixty on the 
second-floor galleries. The allot- 
ments to the different nations are 
as follows: 

The space in the northwest cor- 
ner of the building, bounded by 
the north and west courts, has 
been given to Germany and Aus- 
tria for statuary and oil-paintings, 
with the adjacent gallery space for 
water-colors and drawings. 
France has the entire space in 
the East Pavilion. Italy, Sweden, 
Norway, and Denmark have the 
West Pavilion. Russia, Holland, 
Japan, Spain, and Mexico have 
the southwest corner of the main 
building, bounded by the west and 
south courts. Great Britain, Can- 
ada, and other English posses- 
sions have the southeast corner, 
bounded by the south and east 
courts; and the United States has 
the northeast corner, bounded by 
the east and north courts, with 
space in the southwest gallery for 
her architectural drawings. Mis- 
cellaneous paintings and drawings 
are to be found in the galleries 
other than those mentioned as 
allotted to German water-colors 
and drawings, and American ar- 
chitectural drawings. 

Keeping in mind this distribution 
of space, one can find any statue 
or canvas he may desire to exam- 
ine, as the art works of French 
artists will be found in the French 
section; of German artists, in the 
German section, etc. Loan collec- 
tions which consist of the works of 
artists of various nationalities will 
be found massed together in the 
space devoted to such collections 
in the United States section, re- 
gardless of the nationalities of the 
painters of the pictures. 

Near the western door is a fine alto- 
relievo, "Death and the Sculptor," and a 
beautiful female head in white marble. 

In the German section many beautiful stat- 
ues and groups of statuary are to be found, 



among which the following are some of the 
most notable. In Room 30 in this section 
is the bronze figure, " The Messenger from 
Marathon," by Max Kruse; and the " Fisher- 
man and Mermaid," also bronze, by Unger. 
In Room 34 are several very fine bronzes, and 



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in 33 is " Saved," by Adolph Brutt, represent- 
ing a sailor in his rough garb carryin^," the 
figure of a young woman. This is a bronze. 
" Eve," by the same artist, represents a 
woman with two children in her arms (Cain 
and Abel). " The Devil Catching Flies " is. 



172 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



peculiarly Germanesque in treatment. The 
artist is Sommer. Herter shows a ' ' Triton 
Catching a Mermaid." Siemering has a 
strong figure typifying ' ' Peace. " Heiderich 
exhibits two hunting groups, " In the Open 
Field " and ' ' Badger Hunting. " In painting, 
it is hard, when all are excellent, to select 
one more deserving of mention than another, 
still I venture to name a few. Schlabitz 
has a beautiful ' ' Church Interior " and Nor- 
man a fine lake and mountain view. Wim- 
mer's portrait of William II. is excellent, and 
a large nude figure by Stockinger is well 
drawn and colored. The same can be said 




" Music." Philip Martiny, Sculptor. 

of a partially nude female figure by Schauss. 
An "Interior Scene " by Fischer-Corlin is 
good, and two marines by Bartels are excel- 
lent. Lespering's "Sick Girl "is quite a gem, 
and Von Stettin's " Italian Boys in Paris " is 
particularly strong in color and drawing. 
A small " Interior" by Weimer is a gem, 
as is another near it, by Albert Flamm. In 
Room 34 Bohrdt's " Marine," to the right on 
entering, is magnificent, and nearly as good 
is the " View on the Beach," hanging just 
above it. Gude's " Marine " is also fine, but 
the most attractive picture in the room is 
Papperitz's ' ' Daughter of Herodias. " Hilde- 
brand's immense canvas ' ' Tullia attempt- 
ing to drive her chariot over the body of her 



murdered f ather, " is very strongly drawn and 
painted. In Room 33 perhaps the best can- 
vas is Volz' " Mary," though its setting in 
excessive green detracts from its beauty. 
"The Nun," by Hoecker, is good, as are 
the "Death of Dante," by Friederich, 
" Flag of Truce," by Speyer; " Chamois 
Hunter" and " Rafting on the Isar River," 
by Karl Knabl; "Fishing in Norway," by 
Ekenas — these are all from Munich; " Near 
Naples," by Achenbach; " Alone," by 
Alberts; " Village in the Spessart," by An- 
dorf ; " Still Life on the Game Preserve," by 
Arnz; " The Wedding Morn," by Bachman; 
" The Mart5n:'s Daughter," by Baur; " The 
Cigarette Factory," and " On the Heights," 
by Von der Beck; "The Vidette," by Carl 
Becker; " Sinai," by Bracht; " The Surprise," 
by J. von Brandt; " Industrious Sisters," by 
Crola; " On the Brook," by Deiter; " Sum- 
mer Evening," by Duecker; " Italian Women 
at Fountain," by Flamm; "Vaccinating 
Office," by Gabl; " Dante on the Alps," 
by Hertel; "Queen Louise," by Hilde- 
brand; "North German Landscape," by 
Malchin; "Summer Night," by Normann; 
"The Flood," by Scherres; "Landscape 
on the Riviera," by Tuercke; "At the 
Sick Bed," by Vautier; "The Berlin Con- 
gress," by Von Werner; and many por- 
traits. The above-named paintings dis- 
play the merits of every school of paint- 
ing in the empire, nearly every city of 
note being represented. In portraits, that 
of Professor Virchow, by Lehnbach, is prob- 
ably the best of the collection. "Spin- 
ners" is excellent. "Sheep," by Zugel, 
and " Cattle," by Baisch, are fine paintings. 
In Room 33 Bransewetter's " Christ " is an 
exceedingly strong painting, as is the " Roll- 
ing Mill," by Menzel. Lehnbach's portrait 
of Pope Leo is above criticism. Gysis' 
" Carnival in Greece" is a charming com- 
position. In Room 31 the strongest works 
are " The Review," by Schmidt; " Balanc- 
ing the Egg," " A Portrait," by Lehnbach; 
"A Winter Landscape," by Hildebrand; 
and the "Congress of Nations," A. von 
Werner. In Room 30 are a fine marine and 
river view, a desert scene, and a mountain 
landscape. 

In excellence but few, if any, of the ex- 
hibits surpass that of Austria. In Room 36 
are five panels by Hans Makart, represent- 
ing "The Five Senses." These are five 
nude female figures, and in drawing and 
color are unsurpassed. "Never Returns," 
by Payer, is a strong though somber can- 
vas. Other fine pictures are "Equestrian 
Portrait of Washington," b}^ Huber; Von 
Bloss' "Children with Orange"; Bacher's 
"Mother of Christ"; a " Landscape," by 
Russ; a " Portrait," by Temple; an " Inte- 
rior," by Probst; " Sunday," by Brozik, and 
a " Landscape," by Fischer. In Room 35 is 
Brozik's magnificent picture "The Defense 
of Prague "; Hinchl's " Prometheus "; Knup- 
fer's " Mermaid and Man "; Von Deffrigger's 
" Men and Girls Drinking "; Schmid's " Suf- 
fer Little Children"; Wertheimer's "Vis- 



THE ART BUILDING. 



173 



ion"; Mtiller's "Market Place at Cairo," 
and Deutsch's " Egyptian Interior "; " The 
Cemetery in Dalmatia," by Schindler; " The 
Hunting Master," by Canon; a portrait of 
William Unger, by Temple; and two por- 
traits by Unger — " Rembrandt " and " Ren- 
ben's Son." Mme. Weisingen, Austria's 
most famous woman painter, sends " Morn- 
ing at the Seashore," "Breakfast in the 
Countr)^," and "The Laundress of the 
Mountains." The " First Court of the Hus- 
sites," by Brozik, may be seen in the north 
alcove of the Austrian space, close by a 
heroic statue of the emperor. Portraits of 
members of the royal family, by Victor 
Tilgner, the court painter, have been sent 
by the Emperor Franz Joseph himself. Hans 
Makart, the most celebrated painter of Aus- 
tria, contributes five scenes. The micro- 
scopically small paintings of A. Pazmandy, 
a Hungarian artist, are very curious — one, 
»* The Landing of Columbus," is half an 
inch square, and contains seventeen human 
figures, besides boats, sea, land, etc. They 
are highly finished paintings. 

The French claim, and it seems justly, to 
be the successors to the ancient Greeks in 
the art of sculpture. In their section the 
display is superb. One group represents a 
" Combat between a Lion and Crocodile"; 
" Mercury," a beautiful small bronze; " The 
First Funeral" (Abel's); "The Return," a 
bronze relief; "Egyptian Harp Player," 
bronze; " The Suez Canal; " " Jezebel Torn 
by Dogs; " " David's Triumph; " " Age of 
Iron;" "The Age of Stone;" "Genius 
of the Grave; " " Earth; " " Ninon; " " The 
First Sin; " " Source of the Seine; " " The 
First Born," and "The Blind Carrying 
the Paralytic." Probably the most intense 
work in this exhibit is ' ' The Bullet in the 
Head," an old woman holding in her lap 
the dead body of her grandchild, killed 
during the Coup d'Etat. Other fine ones 
areAube's "Dante," a marble statuette 
copied from the original bronze figure, 
which stands in front of the College of 
France; Fremiet's "Jeanne d'Arc," the 
" Gorilla"; Chapu's " Joan of Arc," Rodin's 
" Les Bourgeois de Calais," Falguire's 
"French Republic," Idrac's " Salammbo;" 
four figures from the Lamericiere Monu- 
ment, by Dubois; two groups by Mercie; 
Cain's "Attack of the Tigers," Berria's 
famous " Child Mozart." 

In the French exhibit there is also a mag- 
nificent display of historic sculptures, con- 
sisting of a collection of casts, duplications 
of the most important reproductions of 
works shown in the Museum of Comparative 
Sculpture, in theTrocadero Palace, in Paris. 
These casts show portions of the fa9ades of 
churches and cathedrals, grand portals, 
beautiful galleries, altars, statues, columns, 
capitals, etc. They are as perfect as the 
highest degree of French art and skill can 
make them, even the time-worn appearance 
of the originals being faithfully reproduced. 
These replicas are not reduced in size, and 
consequently some of them are very large; 



one, 41 X 24 feet, shows a portion of the 
Church of St. Giles; one, 20 x 36 feet, is 
from the gallery of Limoges Cathedral; one, 
from the " Portal of the Virgin," from Notre 
Dame, Paris, is 18 x 25 feet, etc. The archi- 
tecture and sculptures represented begin with 
the art era of the twelfth century, and are 
followed down to the seventeenth century 
era continuously, the examples chosen as 
follows: The cathedrals of Chartres and 
Bourges (12th); Paris, Rheims, Amiens, 
Lyons, Rouen, and Laon (13th); Bordeaux, 
Nantes, and Sens (14th); Mans (15th); Beau- 
vais, Limoges, and Tours (i6th); the 




Philip Martiny, Sculptor 



churches of St. Giles, St. Trophime at Aries, 
St. Martin at Brive, St. Euthrope at Saintes, 
and Notre Dame du Port at Clermont-Fer- 
rand (12th); St. Denis and St. Croix at 
Nievre (13th); St. Maclou at Rouen (i6th); 
St. Nicholas and St. Jean at Troyes (i6th); 
the cloisters of Moissac (12th); the Abbey 
de la Dourade at Toulouse (12th); the 
Chapel of St. Germer (13th); the Chateau 
of Lude (15th), and Gaillon (i6th) ; the 
Hotel de Rohan, Paris; the Palace of 
Versailles, and the Hotel de Ville of Toulon 
(17th). The " Christ of Amiens " shows the 
height to which the sculptor's art had risen 
in the medieval ages, and though there was 
later a decadence from such sublime ideals 



174 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



■and execution, yet the gallery of the Cathe- 
dral of Limoges, wrought in the sixteenth 
century, during the reign of Francis I., 
shows a Renaissance. The tomb of Louis 
de Br^zg, husband of the famous Diane de 
Poitiers, and the door and doorways of the 
Church of St. Maclou, of Rouen, are fine 
examples of the sixteenth century Renais- 
sance. The French government has kindly 
presented to the American people a large 
number of these casts, with the understand- 
ing that they are to be placed in some 
American art museum. This grand collec- 
tion was obtained chiefly through the exer- 
tions of Prof. Halsey C. Ives, director of the 
St. Louis Museum of Fine Arts, who is also 
■chief of the Department of Fine Arts of the 
•Columbian Exposition. 




The Cider-Press. 

Ri paintings, the artists represented and 
the subjects treated by them would require 
a catalogue fully as large as this guide to 
merely name them, and even in the briefest 
manner note their peculiarities and beauties. 
In the French section are found, among 
hundreds of first-class canvases, the follow- 
ing, of world-wide celebrity: Dagnan 
Bouveret's famous " Conscripts "; the " Pris- 
oner" and "El Bravo Toro," by Aime 
Morot; the " Capture of the Dutch Fleet by 
French Hussars in 1790, "by Delort; " Love's 
Captives," by Aubert; " Returning from the 
Vineyard," by Adan; "The Death of Will- 
iam the Conqueror," by Maignon; " A Bap- 
tism," by Fran9ois Flemang; " Miners on a 
Strike," by Latouche; "The Twins," by 
Mme. Demont- Breton; " A Blessed One," by 
Courtois; "President Carnot," by A. Yoon; 



" The Rehearsal," by Aublet; "A Hospital 
Scene," by Dauban; "Returning from 
Market," by Moreau; " La Paix," by Michel; 
"La Leda," by Souchetet; "Catharine de 
Russie,"by Deloye; " Judith," by D'Aizelim; 
the Talleyrand "Portrait of Columbus." 
Near the east door is seen " Dawn," by 
Madaline Lenoir; Zuber's " Forest of Fon- 
tainbleau"; Weber's " Flessingue," and St! 
Pierre's " Saadia," gorgeous in tone and 
perfect in drawing. Rozier's ' ' Fish Market," 
Wencker's " Blacksmith," and " Marat," by 
Saulies, are all good. Goquet's " Madonna 
and Child "and Rixin's " Portrait of a Lady " 
(in the third room) are fine figure-pieces. 
Delacroix exhibits a beautiful nude figure, 
and Perairie a magnificent " landscape, "on a 
very large canvas. Clairin's "Day on the 
Lagoon " ; Berand's ' ' Dead Christ" ; 
"Blessing the Bread;" an old 
female figure, by DeuUy; a nude 
figure, by Axiletti; a female figure, 
by Bisson, and one by Brouillet; 
Adan's " Girl and Flowers "; Jules 
Breton's "Pardon of Kergoet"; 
Virginie Demont-Breton's " Bath- 
ing" and "Children and Dog"; 
Dantan's " Studio," and Benner's 
"Bear Hunters" are exceedingly 
fine. In the second room to the 
left of the entrance is Bonnat's 
" Portrait of Cardinal Lavagierie," 
the finest portrait at the Exposi- 
tion. A " Girl Martyr," by Cav§, 
in the same room, is very fine. 

English artists exhibit numerous 
very fine portraits and landscapes, 
prominent among which may be 
mentioned "The Roll Call," by 
Lady Butler, the greatest English 
woman artist. This is loaned by 
the queen, who also sends twenty- 
two portraits of members of the 
royal family. The original portrait 
of Pocahontas, painted in 161 2, is 
sent by a descendant of the Indian 
princess. There are ' ' The Slug- 
gard," " Needless Alarm," " Bath 
of Psyche," and " Garden of the 
Hesperides," by Frederick Leigh- 
ton; also " Hercules Wrestling with Death " 
and Perseus and Andromeda," by the same 
artist. Others in this class are "Halcyon 
Weather," " Lingering Autumn, "and " The 
Ornithologist," by Sir John Miller; " Dedica- 
tion to Bacchus," "Roman Bath," and 
"The Sculpture Gallery," by Alma Tad- 
ema; "The Harvest Moon," "Return 
from Plowing," "Only a Slaower," 'and 
"Girls Dancing," by G. H. Mason; "The 
Maiden's Race," by Wegnin; "Love and 
Life " and " Love and Death," by Watts; 
"The Church Door," by Burgess; "The 
Race for Wealth," by Thrift; "The River 
Road," by Murray; " Forging the An- 
chor," by Forbes; "Storm at Harvest," 
by Losinell; " Portrait of Earl Spencer," by 
Hall; "The Gentle Craft," by Marks; 
" Abington," by Cole; " Ihe Last Muster," 
" Hen and Chickens," and portrait, by Her- 



THE ART BUILDING. 



175 



kimer; " Monmouth Pleading for His Life," 
by Pettie; " Daniel and the Magician's Door- 
way," by Riviere; "Under the Sea Wall," 
by Pointer; "Victorious," by Sir James 
Linton; "Sons of the Brave," by Morris; 
"The Reverie," by Moore; "Sea of Gali- 
lee " and " The Palm Offering," by Goodall, 
and numbers of others. 

Belgium exhibits many notable works of 
art, among which there is only space to 
particularly mention: "The Avenue of 
Oaks" and " Winter," by Lamoriniere; 
" Martyrs," by Verhas; " Sheep," by Cour- 
tois; " An Interior with Figures," by On- 
deraa; "Nuns," by Tytgadt; "Girls and 
Cherries," by Bource; "Emigrants," by Tara- 
syns, all in Room 63. In 64, "The Last 
Day of Pompeii," by Slingeneyer; "The 
Bather," by Fischepet; " Souvenir d'lta- 
lie," by Leon Herbo; "Interior, with Fig- 
ures," by Brimm. In Room 65 the finest are 
a " Lake Scene," by Kegeljahn, and " Ja- 
lousie." These are very fine, as are the fol- 
lowing in Room 66: Glaus' "Cock Fight"; 
Oom's "Cupid in Ambush"; Bouvier's 
"Marine," and Maeterlinck's "Peace." 
In Room 67: Lefebvre's "Arab Encamp- 
ment"; Verhaert's pictures; Roszman's 
" Female Figure," and Carpentier's "Chil- 
dren and Goat," are excellent. 

Sweden contributes to the art display the 
following fine canvases: "Night on the 
Swedish Coast," "Evening," "Stockholm 
by Moonlight," " Misty Night on the Oise," 
" River Landscape," " Morning on the 
Oise," and "View on the West Coast of 
Sweden," by Wahlberg; "The Forest," 
"Autumn Day," and "The Temple," by 
Prince Eugene; " Lap Running on Snow- 
shoes," " Laps Catching Reindeer," and 
" Landscape with Laps," by Tiren; " Night," 
" Moonrise," " Dawn," and " Daylight," by 
Nordstrom. In etchings, water-colors, and 
engravings there are some very fine pro- 
ductions, and the sculptures are likewise 
strong. 

In the Danish exhibit, among other paint- 
ings are the famous one of the royal family, 
by Tuxen, who also exhibits " Susanne and 
the Elders," and Matthieson's "Teamster 
and Horses" and '-* Imprisonment of Chancel- 
lor Griff enfeldt," both strong paintings, the 
latter exceedingly fine in drawing and rich 
in color. The artist is the Royal Commis- 
sioner at the World's Fair. Other fine 
ones are: Arbo's "Walkyrie"; Hyerdahl's 
"Bathers" and "Girl and Boy," all in 
Room 71. In Room 74 are Pederson's very 
oriental " Isaac Seeing Rebecca at the 
Well," a blaze of color; and " Moses Striking 
the Rock," by Jerndorff. In Room 73 are 
Zahrtmann's "Job and His Friends"; a 
" Marine," by Lacour; " Night on the North 
Sea," by Locher; "Marines," by Blacke; 
" Portrait of Lady," by Kroger, and a 
" Marine," by Ornesen. 

In the Norwegian gallery, where forty- 
five artists are represented by one hundred 
and fifty pictures, a striking one is the 
very large canvas of Krogh, representing 



" The Discovery of Vineland (America) 
by Lief Erikson. " Dirik's ' ' Winter Scene ^t 
Sea," Strom's "Interior, with Figures," 
Sindring's "Cattle," Munttie's "Winter 
Scene in Village," and Wentzel's "First 
Communion Feast " are all good. 

The collection from Italy is not large, but 
it contains some very fine pictures. The 
Pope sends four copies of Raphael's master- 
pieces done in mosaic. There are two gen- 
uine " Madonnas," known since 1548; a 
portrait of Cardinal del Monte, from the 
Medici gallery; a " Madonna and Child," 
and "The Saints." Among the water-col- 
ors is the immense one of Aureli, "The 
Presentation of Richelieu to Henri IV." 
Gabrini sends fourteen canvases, the most 
important one a large painting of ' ' The 
Landing of Columbus." The exhibit of 
statuary is very fine. "The Republic of 
the United States" and "Companions in 
Misfortune" are by Bistolfi; "American 
Mythology" and a statue of " Burns," by 
Apolloni. 

Holland, " the land of Rembrandt," sends 
a complete and characteristic collection. 
The dead painters Mauve, Bosboom, and 
Artz — the greatest of her modern artists in 
rendering sheep and shepherds, church 
interiors, and rustic life — are all represented 
by their works. On view are also the fol- 
lowing: "At Anchor," "Ready to vSail," 
" In Danger," " Morning on Shore," and 
"Summer Morning," by Mesdag; " Moon- 
light on the Rhine," "A Cottage," " Even- 
ing on the Heath," and " Still Life," by Mrs. 
Mesdag; "Alone in the World," "Sweet 
Home," " Fisherwomen at Zandvoort," 
" Summer Day on Shore," and " A Type of 
Fisherman," by Israels; " The Synagogue 
in Amsterdam," "The Dutch Reformed 
Church, Haarlem," and others, by Bosboom; 
"Cows Going Home," "Carts on the 
Heath," "Pasture near the Dunes," and 
" Plowing the Fields," by Mauve; " Between 
the Hague and Delft," " Fishing Shells," 
and " Canal at Rotterdam," by Jacob Maris; 
"Under the Willows," "Milking Time," 
"Dutch Pasture," and " The Duck Pond," 
by William Maris; "Girl Knitting," "The 
Pet Lamb," and "Girl Sleeping on the 
Dunes," by Artz; " Landscape with Cattle," 
"Cows on the Dunes," "Donkeys on the 
Shore," and " Cows Resting," by De Haas. 
Vos, Henrietta Renner, Mrs. Rosenboom, 
and others are represented. The largest 
canvas is " An Old Woman's Almshouse." 
"Poor People" is another strong canvas. 
Mr. A. Preyer, the Commissioner from this 
country, shows "The Angelus " and " Home 
Rulers." 

The art exhibit of Japan differs, of course, 
from that of other countries. It includes, 
however, paintings in oil and water-colors 
on canvas, wood, and silk; metal-work, 
artistic in itself as well as in its decorations; 
wood-carvings, tapestries, embroidery, 
lacquer- work, enamel and porcelain wares. 
One piece of tapestry, representing "The 
Gate of Nikko during a Festival," contains 



176 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



hundreds of figures, and required four years 
for its completion. This exhibit must be 
seen to be appreciated. 

Brazil displays about one hundred and 
fifty paintings and a number of pieces of 
statuary. Among the latter is "The 
Christ " of Brandao. 

In the American section the display of 
paintings, statuary, drawings, etc., is be- 
wildering in its riches and the immense 
number of subjects shown. American artists 
from Paris, Rome, and other cities of 
Europe, and from every part of the United 



of a Lady "; Mrs. Shaw's " Family Group"; 
Boyle's " Stone Age "; Calder's " Cordelia " 
and " Boy with Ribbon "; Elwell's " Dickens 
and Little Nell"; Grafly's "Dsedalus"; 
Kretschmar's "Aurora" and " Temptation"; 
Murray's " Bust of Walt Whitman." Trie- 
bel, a young sculptor, shows some fine work, 
"Mysterious Music," a bronze; " The First 
Fish," " Love Knows no Caste," and a bust 
of General Logan, that is excellent. His 
low reliefs of Donatello and Savonarola are 
very strong. 

The architectural drawings, models, etc. , 




The Merck Building. 



States, are fully represented, and it is thus 
rendered extremely difficult to select from 
the innumerable canvases, all excellent in 
their lines, the particular ones most deserv- 
ing of mention. In sculpture, Gelert's 
"Struggle for Work," "Theseus," and 
" Little Architect "; Bush-Brown's " Indian 
Buffalo Hunt"; St. Gaudens' "Logan"; 
Pardridge's "Shakespeare," "Hamilton," 
and others; Powers' (son of the great Ameri- 
can sculptor, Hiram Powers) " Figure of a 
Buffalo"; Miss Peddle's "Virgin Mary"; 
Bartlett's bronze," Bohemian Teaching Bear 
to Dance"; Tilden's " Bear Hunter "; Dol- 
lin's " Indian Cavalier"; Hartley's " Pan"; 
French's ' ' Angel of Death and the Sculptor " ; 
Nehau's busts, " Primavera" and " Portrait 



are in such multitude that it is impossible 
to mention even the best of them, and the 
same is true of the oil-paintings, water- 
colors, etc. 

To show the utter impossibility of giving 
even mere mention to the hosts of fine 
American paintings and other works of art, 
it is best to give the reader some idea of their 
number, and this can be done by stating that 
of New York's 1,350 paintings offered, 325 
were accepted; Philadelphia presented about 
600—112 accepted; Boston, 600—139 accepted, 
etc. These of oil-paintings alone. Most of 
the noted American artists are represented, 
as Chase in Marines; J. G. Brown, known 
as " Gamin," from his paintings of street 
Arabs; EHhu Vedder, distinguished for his 



THE WOMAN'S BUILDING. 



177 



choice of weird subjects; E. A. Abbey, 
painter of genre subjects; William Hamilton 
Gibson, Peter Moran, Eastman Johnson, 
Swain Gifford, S. J. Farrer, Carl Marr, 
O. L. Warner, Blashfield, Gari Melchers, 
George Hitchcock, Anna Lea Merritt, 
T. Alden Weir, John G. Borglum, Carrie 
Brooks, Enella Benedict, Fannie E. Duvall, 
Charles Heberer, John H. Fry, Laurie Wal- 
lace, Douglass Volk, F. Reagh, Winslow 
Homer, H. F. Farny, E. A. Burbank, 
Jules Guerin, Charles Corwin, Frank Fowler, 
Dielman, Stewart, Ida Waugh, and others. 

The loan exhibits which have been 
gathered by Miss Hallowell are magnificent, 
comprising some of the finest works of the 
best masters — ancient and modern, Ameri- 
can and European. These pictures have 
not been gathered into national groups, but 
have been hung solely with regard to the 
best effect of light and surroundings upon 
the paintings. Pictures by Constable, rep- 
resenting the early English school; Diaz' 
"Descent of the Bohemians"; Corot's 
" Evening," from the Ja}^ Gould collection; 
" Orpheus" and" The Flight from Sodom," 
by the same artist; a "Landscape," by 
Rousseau; Millet's "Pig Killers"; Dela- 
croix's "Columbus at the Convent of St. 
Anne"; Decamp's "Job and His Friends " ; 
Fromentin's "Audience with a Caliph" 
and " The Falconer"; Daubigny's " Cooper 
Shop "; Troyon's " Cattle and Sheep "; Meis- 
sonier's "The Lost Game"; De Neuville's 
"Spy"; Breton's "Colza Gatherers"; 
Mauve's " The Shepherd's Flock"; Ingre's 
' ' Cardinal Bompiani Presenting His Niece 
to Raphael"; Gerome's "Son Emmence 
Grise "; Tadema's " Reading from Homer "; 
" The Beach at Portici," Fortuni's last work 
(unfinished); Puvis de Chavannes' "Sum- 
mer," "Hope," and "Dawn"; Manet's 
"Dead Toreador"; Dega's " Ballet Girl"; 
Cazin's " Moonlight," and others; nearly 
every prominent artist in Europe and Amer- 
ica being represented by his works, secured 
through the untiring efforts of Miss Hal- 
lowell. 

Leaving this palace of sculpture and 
painting by the west entrance of the main 
building, and walking southward, one be- 
holds on the lawn of the Ohio Building a 
group known as the " Ohio Gracchi," and 
passing on finds north of the Woman's 
Building, near the Sixtieth Street entrance 
to the grounds, the Public Comfort Building 
(E i8). Here umbrellas, parcels, etc., may 
be checked. 

Southwest of this buildingj is the Merck 
Building (F 14), whose exhibit will prove 
interesting to persons engaged in the drug 
or chemical line, as a full supply of every 
kind of article used by them will be seen 
here. The location is just west of the north- 
west corner of the 

WOMAN'S BUILDING, 

which is the next of the chief buildings to 
be visited. 

12 



Foremost among the women of America, 
and one to whom so much of the Exposi- 
tion's success is due, is Mrs. Potter Palmer, 
the esteemed President of the Board of 
Lady Managers. Fortunate indeed has the 
Exposition been in intrusting woman's 
participation in this vast enterprise to so 
able an administrative head. Success has 
crowned her every effort, for whether in se- 
curing priceless exhibits from the jealously 
guarded relics of royalties, or in appealing 
to America's legislators to support with the 
nation's funds the nation's Fair — in every 
case the rare tact and remarkable business 
talent of this typical American woman came 
prominently and promptly into play, and 
with but one result, invariable success. 

With considerable pleasure and pardon- 
able pride the publishers here present to the 
reader the graceful and interesting article 




Mrs. Potter Palmer. 



which Mrs. Potter Palmer has been good 
enough to prepare especially f or " A Week 
at the Fair." Entitling her contribution 
" Woman and Her Work at the World's 
Columbian Exposition," Mrs. Potter Palmer 
thus proceeds: 

The Woman's Building (F 15) in the 
Columbian Exposition is one of the most 
interesting of the great aggregation of won- 
derful exhibition structures. It was de- 
signed by Miss Sophia G. Hayden of Boston, 
and is of the style of the Italian Renaissance. 
The opportunity which it affords for a roof- 
garden accents the beauty of the design. 
The caryatides were modeled by Miss Yan- 
dell of Louisville and the groups of figures 
standing on the roof -line were designed by 
Miss Rideout of San Francisco. The inte- 



THE WOMAN'S BUILDING. 



179 



rior of the building has been arranged and 
decorated in a style harmonizing with the 
exterior. The scheme of color, which be- 
gins in the gallery with an ivory-white, is 
carried out in cream and other tints, illus- 
trating the radiation of light from a central 
point. There are a number of very impor- 
tant painted decorations. Mrs. MacMonnies' 




large composition representing primitive 
woman occupies the tympanum in the 
north end of the gallery, while that of Miss 
Cassatt, showing modern women, is placed 
in the corresponding position in the south 
end. The main parlor on the east was dec- 
orated and furnished by the women of Cin- 
cinnati, and on either side are smaller 
parlors furnished and decorated by the 



women of California, Kentucky, and Con- 
necticut. On the west of the gallery is the 
library, the cases of which are filled by the 
literary works of women of all countries and 
periods. The finish and decoration of this 
beautiful room was donated by the women 
of New York. The ceiling is an important 
composition painted by Mrs. Dora Wheeler 
Keith. 

The assembly-room, at the north 
end of the gallery, will be the scene 
of many interesting gatherings 
during the time of the Exposition. 
Here will be given instructive 
talks by able and distinguished 
women. These talks will occur 
every day at stated hours, and will 
embrace domestic sciences, philan- 
throp}?-, literature, and indeed every 
topic in which women are inter- 
ested, and which is illustrated in 
this Exposition. 

At the south end of the gallery 
is the association-room, in which is 
located the headquarters of the 
strongest and most influential or- 
ganizations. Here are represented 
the associated efforts of women 
in education, philanthropy, and 
sociology. 

Upon the main floor the south 
end is devoted to exhibits of for- 
eign countries, curious and valua- 
ble exhibits from Europe, Asia, 
Africa, the Americas, and the 
islands of the sea being here suita- 
bly grouped. At the north end of 
the main floor is the English ex- 
hibit, and also the domestic exhibit, 
which represents the work of the 
women of the United States. This 
work will be found to cover schools, 
factories, applied arts, and inven- 
tions. 

The loan collection, installed in 
the main gallery, embraces the 
priceless laces of Queen Mar- 
gherita of Italy, which were offered 
the board as a special mark of 
favor, they never before having 
left Italy. 

Relics of Queen Isabella have 
been given a place of honor, as, 
indeed, is fitting upon this occa- 
sion, which commemorates the dis- 
covery of America, due in so great 
a degree to the ability of Queen 
Isabella to comprehend and pro- 
mote the plans of Columbus. 

On the main floor are found the 
salesrooms, where is provided an 
opportunity to sell articles which illustrate 
the peculiar ability of women to apply art 
to ordinary fabrics and uses, and thereby 
produce articles of beauty and value. 

The Board of Lady Managers is looking 
forward to the erection of a memorial build- 
ing, by means of which may be commemo- 
rated the part taken by women in the 
Columbian Expos.ition, and which may pro- 



180 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



vide a permanent home for many of the 
beautiful decorations of the Woman's Build- 
ing, and also for many of the most interest- 
ing exhibits which have been presented by 
foreign countries. In order to create a 
fund, it has been decided to devote to this 
purpose the proceeds from the sales of cer- 
tain souvenirs in the Woman's Building. 
Among these perhaps the most attractive 
is a miniature model of the building itself . 
Its architectural beauty will thus be com- 
memorated, and form a charming souvenir 
of the Exposition. Another memento, quite 
in line with the present public taste, is the 
souvenir spoon, which is made in two sizes. 
This spoon has represented upon the handle 
the goddess of Industry, upon the bowl an 
etching of the Woman's Building. Another 
memento of some interest is a photograph of 
the official flag of the Columbian Commission. 
The flag itself occupies a place in the Gal- 
lery of Honor, and has an interesting his- 
tory, the silk being from cocoons raised in 
twenty-two States, and having been reeled 
and spun by women. The staff is composed 
of pieces of historic wood. The eagle sur- 
mounting the staff is of metal from the old 
Chicago fire-bell. 

BERTHA HONOR1E PALMER, 
President Board of Lady Managers 

World's Columbian Exposition. 

The plan of the Woman's Building was 
laid out to serve the dual purpose for which 
the building was intended — that is, to be the 
headquarters for the women connected with 
the Fair, and also to afford space for exhib- 
its. Under these circumstances it was 
necessary to divide the space granted, 200 x 
400 feet, into several large floor-areas, and a 
larger number of small apartments, which 
should serve as committee-rooms, parlors, 
assembly-rooms, and offices. Most of these 
small rooms are on the second story, and a 
third story was added later, to afford still 
more space for offices. The ground-plan of 
the building is symmetrical north and south, 
on the axis of the Midway Plaisance. 

The main feature is the great hall", 67 
feet wide by 250 feet long, and attain- 
ing an exterior height of 64 feet. This 
is lighted by a skylight in the form of 
panels of the elliptical vault with which it 
is roofed. Around this all the small apart- 
ments are grouped in alower two-story struct- 
ure, which forms the four facades of the 
building. Near each of the four corners of 
this hall staircases are placed which lead to 
a gallery overlooking the hall. This gallery, 
in the form of an arcade, extends entirely 
around the central court, and affords means 
of intercommunication for the second-story 
rooms. The latter, with the exception of an 
assembly-room in the north wing, are small 
rooms. The third story covers only a por- 
tion of the end pavilion. It is a low struct- 
ure, occupying the middle of an open deck, 
which is the roof of the second story. This 
deck is surrounded by a screen of pillars, 
and is to be used as a roof -garden. The 



exterior treatment is evolved from these 
conditions. The horizontal dimension is 
divided into two stories; the first-story order 
being twenty-one feet; the second, twenty- 
three feet, the whole resting on a five-foot 
base. The lower order consists of round 
arches resting on Doric pilasters, between 
which the windows are placed. The second 
stor^ is treated with coupled pilasters, of a 
modified Corinthian type, which support a 
wide frieze and cornice. The central feat- 
ures of the east and west fayades, which 
are similar, are the entrance porticoes. 
These are two stories in height, and are 
brought forward some fourteen feet from 
the main wall. Three arches of the lower 
order form the entrance, Ionic columns 
being substituted for pilasters. 

The second story is an open balcony sur- 
rounded by Corinthian columns, which sup- 
port a pediment evolved from the second- 
story cornice. This pediment is decorated 
with a bas-relief representing the occupa- 
tions of women, and was designed and 
rnodeled by Miss Alice Rideout of San Fran- 
cisco. Connecting the entrance porticoes to 
the end pavilions are open arcades, which 
form balconies to the second stories. The 
end pavilions have a frontage of eighty feet 
and are 200 feet deep, forming the north 
and south sides of the building. To these a 
third order is added in the form of a screen 
of small columns and caryatids, which sur- 
round the roof-gardens before mentioned. 
The walls of the central hall rise above the 
surrounding roofs and are pierced with clear- 
story windows. 

The oriental details of this building are 
modeled after classic and Italian Renais- 
sance types, and on account of the compara- 
tive small size and scale of the building, 
are more delicate and refined than those of 
the other main structures of the Fair. 
SOPHIA G. HAYDEN, 

A rchitect. 

Decorations of the Woman's Building. — 

The decorations of this building were all 
planned and executed by women, with the 
exception of the mere manual labor of plac- 
ing the staff upon its exterior, and the plaster 
and canvases for the painting, etc., upon 
the interior. At the end of the Gallery of 
Honor are two mural paintings, each 14 feet 
wide by 58 feet long; one by Miss Cassat, 
representing " Modern Women "; the other 
by Mrs. MacMonnies, "Primitive Women." 
The contrast between the two paintings is 
great and the effect a strong one. On each 
side are two panel paintings, also by women 
artists, and of decided merit. Those on the 
south side represent a group of Puritan 
maidens, painted by Mrs. Sherwood, nee 
Rosina Emmett, and her sister. Miss Lydia 
Emmett; those on the north side are the 
work of Miss Fairchild and Mrs. Sewell, nee 
Amanda Brewster. The drapings between 
the panels and end paintings are of gold- 
colored cloth, forming an effective back- 
ground for the canvases. A broad gold 



THE WOMAN'S BUILDING. 



181 



frieze surrounds the gallery, and on the 
panels between the arches are inscribed the 
names of famous women, from the earliest 
Bible heroines to the latest modern belles. 
The library ceiling was decorated by Mrs, 
Dora Wheeler Keith; the central group con- 
sisting, alas for the inconsistency of the fe- 
male sex ! of two male figures and one female 
figure, representing science, romance, and 
imagination. The four corner paintings 
illustrate the four departments of literature ; 
the whole design connected by a band of 
small winged Cupids and cherubs twining 
garlanded wreaths of flowers with the flow- 
ing draperies. In this room are books by 
the women authors of the world, and auto- 
graphs, on winged screens, of many of the 
most famous of the gentler sex. The carv- 
ings on and about the cases and friezes were 
all done by women. The north and south 
porticoes are ornamented with shell-pink 
tiling; and the east and west loggie are 
finished in salmon pink, with panelings 
of pale green. On each side of the door- 
ways are canvas panels, 5x9 feet, bear- 
ing figures representing the occupations of 
women. 

The pediment and statues on the roof- 
line (reproduced) are by Miss Alice Rideout 
of California. The first group represents 
woman's virtues; the central figure typifies 
woman's spirituality, with the pelican — 
which symbolizes love and sacrifice — at her 
feet. A nun laying her jewels upon the 
altar typifies "Sacrifice." "Charity" 
s'tands to the left of " Virtue." The second 
group represents woman as the genius of 
civilization, with a figure at her right rep- 
resenting a student; on her left is a woman 
groping for the light, as yet in mental dark- 
ness. At the feet of the central figure is 
the bird of Minerva, the owl, representing 
"Wisdom." The pediment represents wo- 
man's work in the progress of civilization. 
The figures typify ' ' Charity, " " Beneficence , " 
"Literature," "Art," and "Home Life." 
The caryatids sustaining the roof-garden 
are the work of Miss Enid Yandell of 
Louisville. The mural decorations of the 
Gothic dining-room are by Miss Pitman. 
"Youth," in the frieze of the building, by 
Ida J. Burgess, is quite charming; as indeed 
are all of the figures in the decorations. At 
the north end of the building appears the 
name of Bertha Honore Palmer, president of 
the Board of Lady Managers, and at the 
south end, that of Sophia G. Hayden, the 
architect. 

It may be best to specify the various ex- 
hibits and what they contain, though owing 
to its limited size the visitor who enters will 
be certain to visit every part of the building. 
In the southeast corner of the first floor is 
the German exhibit, next to which is that of 
Ceylon, where are again seen her curiously 
carved pillars of beautiful woods. Spain 
comes next, with a staff pavilion in Moorish 
design, containing a space of 200 square feet. 
In the collection is the sword of Her 
Majesty Isabella of Spain, the patron of 



Columbus, which is preserved in the Royal 
Armory at Madrid; this, together with a 
portrait of Isabella and some jewels which 
belonged to her, occupies the place of honor 
in the Spanish women's exhibit. Spain is 
followed by Siam and Sweden and Norway, 
in the order named. The Japanese exhibit 
is also located in this section, with vases, 
screens, etc., all made by women. In the 
Swedish exhibit is a fine portrait of Queen 
Sophia of Sweden. This exhibit is in the 
southwest corner of the building. 

On the west wall of the main hall are the 
following, among other fine paintings: A 
"Female Portrait," by A. E. Klumpke; a 
" Female Figure," by Enilda Q. Loomis; an 
" Oriental Female Figure," by K. A. Carl, 
and "Children Blowing Bubbles," by the 
same artist; a " Female Figure," by M. H. 
Carlisle; and " Eurydice Sinking Back to 
Hades," by H. Roe; an " Army Scene " and 
a fine " Female Figure," by Louise Jopling. 
These are all fine paintings, strong in draw- 
ing and rich in coloring. On the east side 
are: A " Marine View," by Elodie Lavilette; 
a " Female Figure," by Louise Abbema; 
" Flowers," by Jenny Villebesseyx; " Girl 
and Goat," by Euphemie Murciton; "Music," 
by Maximilienne Guy on, and an " Interior," 
by I. Buchet. All of these are very fine. 
Ascending the staircase at the southeast 
corner, one finds at the entresol landing a 
case of dressed dolls, and at the head of the 
staircase the entrance to the board-rooms. 
In the first of these are several portraits, 
among them one of Miss Leftwich-Dodge 
and one of Mrs. Lilly Devereaux Blake. A 
painting of dogs, " Watching and Waiting," 
by Lilly I. Jackson, is good, as are also 
" The Mandolin Player," by Florence Mack- 
ubin; "Head of Negro Woman," by M. 
Kinkead; "Portrait of Boy," by L. M. 
Stewart. To the right of these rooms, as 
one faces south, is a large exhibition-room, 
the first door of which opens on the Austra- 
lian display. In the American section are 
American female college displays, among 
which is a fine little boudoir in white and 
blue and gold, placed by La Salle Seminary. 
On the west side of this gallery-floor are 
three rooms, the central one a finely deco- 
rated library, already mentioned. In the 
northwest corner are the cooking- school ex- 
hibits, and next on the right a fine assembly- 
room. Here is a beautiful set of benches, 
desks, tables, etc., sent from Mobile, Ala. 
There are some fine portraits displayed, 
notably that of Angelica Kaufman. The 
eastern stained windows are rich and beau- 
tiful. First on the east side, as one goes 
toward the southern end of the building, are 
the Japanese rooms, decorated with bamboo 
screens and panels. The ceiling is finely 
decorated. A quaint little painting of a 
queer little Jap baby, evidently a portrait, is 
worth seeing. The little fellow is tied to an 
ornamental block with a silken cord, and 
bears the infliction of this " ball and chain " 
with the stoicism of a chronic chain-gang 
habitue. The rooms of California, Cincin- 



182 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



nati, and Kentucky come next; all hand- 
somely decorated, as is also that of Con- 
necticut. 

Owing to the large number of displays, it 
can not be expected that all, or even a large 
part of them, can be mentioned. Cincinnati 
makes a strong showing in paintings and 
ceramics, such artists as Miss Low, Miss 
McLaughlin, Miss Guysi, and others being 
represented. Mrs. Plympton and Mrs. 
Stover in ceramics, and Mrs. Valentine 



Girls in a Flat." Price, in paper, 50 cents; 
in blue and white cloth, $1. 

At this Dooth will also be sold a pencil 
which is an exact fac- simile of the nail of 
copper, silver, and gold presented by the 
State of Montana to the Board of Lady 
Managers, and driven by its president at 
the completion of the Woman's Building. 
Price, 50 cents. 

After viewing the treasures in this temple 
devoted to Juno and Vesta, the visitor in 




Fire-boat " Fire Queen." 



and Miss Fry in sculptures, show marked 
ability. Mrs. Anna F. Cameron of Ne- 
braska contributes the handsome candela- 
brum for the electric light. England's 
women artists have a splendid collection of 
their works. Miss Sears of Boston contrib- 
utes a fine stained-glass window. The fol- 
lowing are the works of lady artists and 
designers: Embroidered portieres, by Misses 
Foote and Francis; fine pottery, by Mrs. E, 
S. Marchall, and others. The exhibits by 
the women of foreign nations are superb, 
and consist of laces, embroideries, oil-paint- 
ings, water-colors, carvings, books, etc. 
Of course the exhibits by the different 
nationalities have their peculiarities, as, for 
instance, Mexican women contribute fine 



search of novelties will find the Homeo- 
pathic Headquarters (G 14), immediately 
back of the southwest corner of the Woman's 
Building. Here the disciple of Hahnemann 
will find his brothers of the school of small 
pills, and also a characteristic exhibit in a 
neat little building convenient to the Six- 
tieth Street entrance to the grounds. 

Sufficiently fatigued to enjoy a trip on the 
beautiful lagoons, the visitor has but to walk 
to the landing at the east entrance to the 
Woman's Building, where he may have 
choice of many different kinds of crafts. 
Before speaking of these, however, a few 
words in regard to a very useful though 
not ornamental feature, and to some curios, 
may not be amiss. 




Gondola. 



feather-work and similar fabrics ; the women 
of Fayal send very delicate needle-work on 
silk, linen, etc.; the French display embroi- 
deries, raised work, and similar decorations; 
the Armenian Christian women, unique but 
exceedingly fine work, and Turkish women, 
exquisite embroidery. 

In addition to the other souvenirs to be had 
in this building, Miss Laura Hayes has been 
granted a concession to sell, at the Violet 
Booth, a book entitled "The Story of the 
Woman's Building," adapted from " Three 



The boat, named the " Fire Queen," 

which has been provided to assist in quelling 
any fires that may occur on the Fair 
grounds, is 75 feet long and 16 feet wide, 
and draws only 3^ feet. Her guards and 
housings are very low, to enable her to 
glide easily under the lagoon bridges. _ She 
has the capacity of six ordinary fire-engines, 
and can throw two streams clear over the 
dome of the Administration Building. She 
has five plugs from which to throw water, 
and carries 2,900 feet of hose. She can 



A TRIP ON THE LAGOON. 



183 



throw 2,200 gallons of water per minute, and 
altogether is admirably adapted for the pur- 
pose for which she was built. 

Drawn up in the rushes that fringe the 
Wooded Island are half-a-hundred boats, 
each one unique in its way, and each in its 
construction emphasizing the peculiarities of 
the land from which it comes. In a minia- 
ture harbor two birch -bark canoes, brought 
from Hudson Ba)^, swing at the end of grass 
ropes. A little farther along is seen the 
picturesque Klingit canoe, which the Alaskan 
Indians use on their rivers. The bragozza, 
with its colored sails, reminds visitors of 
Venice, as seen in the picture-books. Among 
other boats are the Brazilian jangada, and 
two typical boats from Ceylon. They are 
the bat's a, or mail-boat, and outrigger, or 
Ceylon yacht. Now to the craft by which 
the visitor's trip must be made. 

The Gondola Company has twenty gon- 
dolas and four bissones, propelled by sixty 
gondoliers. The costumes of the gondoliers 
are of bright colors, after the style of the 
fourteenth century, and those for gala-days 
and f^te-evenings will be made especially 
handsome. The canopies of the gondolas 
and bissones is of rich heavy velvet, with 
linings of delicate tints to match ; the roofs 
covered with heavy satin. Gold fringe, 
tassels, and cords are used to ornament 
these canopies. 

There are also Electric Launches, pro- 
pelled by an unseen, noiseless power, that 
urges the launch swiftly through smooth 
waters. A fleet of more than fifty of these 
is now constantly passing and repassing 
on the lagoons and canals during all the 
hours that the Fair is open to the public. 
The course over which they run measures 
about three miles for the round trip, and 
there are landings at all the large buildings 
and principal points of interest. The boats 
thus furnish the best communication be- 
tween different parts of the grounds and at 
the same time an excellent means of refresh- 
ing oneself when tired of sight-seeing in 
the exhibit buildings. 



power is furnished by strong batteries, man- 
ufactured by the Consolidated Electric Stor- 
age Company, and motors especially de- 
signed and constructed by the General Elec- 




Gondolier 



trie Company. Batteries and motors are 
placed beneath the seats and flooring, sa 
that the utmost carrying capacity is availed 
of; and they are absolutely free from smoke, 
grease, offensive odors, and vibration. 




Bissone, or State Gondola. 



They are about sixteen feet in length over 
all, with a beam of 6 feet 3 inches, and a 
draught of about twenty-eight inches. They 
are elegantly finished in mahogany, are lux- 
uriously cushioned and carpeted, and carry 
about thirty passengers each. The motive 



At the normal rate of speed the batteries 
will drive the boats sixty miles without 
recharging, and while the speed of the 
launches on the lagoons is limited to six 
miles an hour, they can be spurted to a 
rate of nine to twelve miles when desired. 



184 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR, 



The launches are provided with gaily 
striped canopies to protect passengers from 
the sun, and with side weather-curtains for 
use on stormy days, or in case of a sudden 
shower. 

Whatever means of transportation he may 
select, there is now before him one of the 
pleasantest trips that a mortal may ever 
hope to enjoy. Gently gliding over the 
smooth crystal waters of the sunny lagoon, 
at every turn some new beauty bursts upon 
the enraptured view and sinks deep into the 
soul. Glorious vistas, filled with visions of 
transcendent loveliness, open up in a shift- 
ing panorama of antique sculptures, pala- 
tial architecture, and tones of color that may 
be conceived in fancy, but which can never 
be told in cold prose. Drifting idly along 
and abandoning himself to the sensuousness 
of the hour, on every side surrounded by 
sights of beauty, it seems no extravagance 
to say that nothing short of the ' ' New Jeru- 
salem " can present more entrancing scen- 
ery, and only a vision of its glories can 
surpass the perfect beauty of those to be 
enjoyed on this trip. A feeling of sadness 
steals into the soul in connection with the 
deep draughts of beauty and sensuous ease, 
for he realizes that where to-day stand 



sparkling fountain and gilded dome, Moor- 
ish minarets, statues, and golden portals, 
in six months will be a deserted stretch of 
low-lying ground and wide reaches of storm- 
tossed lake — "■ Delenda est Carthago!'" 
Even in its conception and building the idea 
of perpetuity was never entertained, and 
coincident with its creation was the fiat that 
in six months after its perfection must all 
that is builded be ruthlessly destroyed. But 
Vive la bagatelle! " Sufficient unto the day 
is the evil thereof," so let us enjoy the pres- 
ent, with no thought of what must or may 
come. Lie back in your gondola of far- 
away, old-time Venice, or your trim launch 
of modern America, and let all trouble glide 
from your mind, as the water from the prow 
of your stanch boat, for only a very few 
times in a long life may such a perfection of 
pleasures to all the senses be enjoyed. 

But all things earthly must have an end, 
and disembarking from his pleasure-craft 
under the shadow of French's gigantic 
golden Statue of the Republic, the traveler 
ascends the steps at the east end of the 
Basin, and passing through the graceful 
colonnade of the Peristyle reaches the Main 
Pier, whence he will take one of the large 
steamers for his home in the city. 



CHAPTER VI. 
THE FOURTH DAY AT THE FAIR. 




EW indeed 
in number 
are the 
people of 
the civil- 
ized world who 
failed to respond 
right royally to 
Columbia's invi- 
tation, for either 
by a separate 
and distinct i v e 
building or by 
national exhib- 
its, or both, 
most of the 
many nations of the earth are represented 
on the grounds of Jackson Park. The whole 
world felt an interest and its nationalities par- 
ticipated with the grandest and most char- 
acteristic exhibits of their arts, sciences, natu- 
ral resources, and customs, so illustrative of 
the conditions and progress of their respect- 
ive peoples. From far-away India, Burmah, 
Siam, China, Japan, Persia, the islands of 
the Pacific, Australia, Tasmania, Egypt, 
Turkey, and the strange lands of mysterious 
and almost unknown Africa have come 
most interesting and magnificent attractions. 
All the European nations have displayed the 
greatest interest and have given their un- 
qualified support and cooperation. The fin- 
est collections of art are gathered here, and 
each country displays in the most complete 
manner its varied productions. 

Millions of money have been expended by 
these, the participating foreign countries, 
and the beauty of the Exposition has been 
enhanced thereby to a great degree. They 
have constructed buildings of the finest 
character in which to make their exhibits, 
the style of architecture in each case being 
characteristic of the country represented. 
It will thus be seen that in addition to the 
beautiful buildings erected by the Exposi- 
tion management and the American Govern- 
ment, there is also a remarkable, handsome, 
and characteristic display of architecture 
from every part of the world, making the 
variety of design so extensive as to be be- 
wildering in its outlines. 

Chicago's guests from foreign climes are 
grouped in the northern portion of Jackson 
Park, in one of the choicest sections of its 
previously improved part. Their buildings 
are in close proximity to the North Pier, 
which is reached by the smaller excursion 
steamers from Chicago's Lake Front; and 
within easy distance of the principal pier, by 
means of steam-launches, for those arriving 

( 



by the larger vessels. Another method of 
easily reaching the foreign -building district, 
and especially suited for those going by any 
of the railroads, is by means of transfer 
from them to the Intramural Elevated Rail- 
road, alighting at the Iowa State Building 
and walking southward, or at the loop by 
the Fisheries Building, and retracing one's 
steps. Assuming, however, that tempted by 
the bright sun and the balmy breezes 
which caress Lake Michigan's limpid surface, 
the visitor will select the water-route, the 
first of the foreign buildings he notices after 
landing near the Naval exhibit is that 
erected by our cousin John Bull. It is a 
typical English " half -timber" house of the 
style of the sixteenth century, and has been 
officially named " Victoria House " (E 20). 
The building is generally characteristic of 
the best type of English half -timber houses of 
the time of 
Henry VIII., of 
which there are 
still so many 
good examples 
extant. Terra 
cotta, however, 
is used exten- 
sively in the 
lower story, with 
red brick facing 
and mullioned 
windows; yet in 
its main features 
the building is 
a typical exam- 
ple of an old 
English manor-house. The upper portion 
is of half -timber construction of natural oak 
timbers, with overhanging gables and tiled 
roofs. As the building can be seen from all 
points, each fa9ade has been treated archi- 
tecturally. The plan forms three sides of a 
quadrangle, with the open side next the lake, 
inclosed by a raised terrace with balustrade. 
The center, on the front or inland side, is re- 
cessed, with steps leading from both sides up 
to the covered porticoes which open into a 
large central hall. On one side of the hall 
is a large library and reception-rooms; and 
on the other side, the secretary's office, and 
other rooms required for the work of the 
Commission. On the first floor is a large 
suite of rooms and offices. The walls and 
ceilings of the principal rooms are elabo- 
rately paneled. Colonel Edis, the honorary 
architect of the Commission, who designed 
the building has also furnished special 
designs for all internal fittings and furniture. 
Besides the necessary offices the house 
185) 




Walker'Fearn. 



186 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



contains large rooms for meetings of juries, 
receptions, etc. The exhibits are numerous 
and exceedingly fine, some of which are as 
follows: A large scale map showing the dis- 
coveries made by England in America, for, 
excepting the claims of the Norsemen, it is 
conceded that Sebastian Cabot, the emis- 



larly in high art works and pottery. A 
Seychelles cocoanut plant may be seen at 
this building. This plant, the coco-de-mer, 
was considered by " Chinese " Gordon to be 
the real "forbidden fruit of Eden." It is 
an extremely rare curiosity. Just west of 
the British Building stands a Soda Pavilion 




Victoria House. 



sary of the merchant venturers of Bristol, 
first landed upon the mainland of America. 
The Educational exhibit is very interest- 
ing, though all the specimens are from 
the primary classes. Cardboard and clay 
modeling, designs for tiles, wall-paper, etc., 
free-hand drawing, and many others are 



(E 20), where the visitor may quench his 
thirst before going on to the Clam Bake (E 
19), near the Fisheries Building, which has 
a seating capacity of 22,000 persons. 

The building occupies a fine site, and 
like the other btiildings is made of staff, a 
material that gives the effect of white mar- 




New England Clam Bake Building 



shown. The Post Office exhibit presents 
the old and new methods, of that depart- 
ment contrasted, with patterns of coaches, 
locomotives of early and late date, etc. In 
the proper departments, as art, machinery, 
etc., the displays are especially fine, particu- 



ble, and is well adapted for decorative pur- 
poses. The facades, arches, and pilasters 
of the Clam Bake Building are richly and 
appropriately ornamented with festoons of 
fish-nets, lobsters, crabs, scallop shells, and 
other specimens of marine life molded in 



FOREIGN BUILDINGS. 



187 



staff. An annex known as the Banquet 
Hall is 140 X 170 feet, two stories in height, 
with a casino roof. The annex is used as 
the headquarters for the Knight Templars 
and yacht clubs throughout the world. The 
specialty of this place is, of course, baked 
clams. 

From the Clam Bake the route next leads 
to the Canadian Building (E 20), which 
stands on the lake shore a short distance 
from the United States Naval exhibit. The 
site is one of the best locations in Jackson 
Park. 

The pavilion, including the veranda, covers 
nearly six thousand square feet. The main 
building is two stories high, and has three 
entrances, the principal one facing the lake, 
the two others being in the east and west 
elevations. 

On the ground-floor, in the entrance-hall, 



the tower is circular as it issues through the 
roof. There is a veranda ten feet wide all 
round the building, having a balcony over- 
head of the same width supported by twenty- 
eight columns, with a balustrade divided 
into panels. The main cornice, which is a 
bold dental cornice, is carried on a level all 
around the building, and over it is a plain 
parapet wall. The building is covered with 
a low-pitched roof. 

Above the roof -line the tower is divided 
by detached pilasters into twelve panels, 
over which is the main cornice, and above 
the cornice is an open balustrade. The 
view from the roof of the tower on all sides 
is magnificent, having the lake in front to 
the east, and to the west and south the 
various buildings erected by the different 
countries and States. From this position 
you can take in at a glance a panorama of 




■-^-^■p^z 



The Canadian Building. 



is a post office, telephone, and an intelligence 
office; to the right of the entrance-hall is the 
reception-room, and to the left the two 
offices of the executive commissioners and 
staffs for the provinces of Ontario and 
Quebec. In the rear of the main stairs are 
the lavatories. 

On the first floor are two more offices for 
the executive commissioners and staff, and 
four offices for the commissioners and staffs 
from the different Canadian provinces; also 
a committee-room and a parlor. The smok- 
ing-room is in the tower on the second 
floor, and in the attic are the quarters for 
the guardian. 

A plain style of architecture had to be 
adopted owing to the sum allowed for the 
construction of the building, which is 70 x 
40 feet, having in addition a semicircular 
projection of twenty feet on the front and 
rear elevations. Over the front entrance 



architecture such as was never before beheld 
by the eye of man. In order to show the 
different woods indigenous to Canada the 
interior walls, ceilings, and floors of the 
pavilion have been finished in wood, highly 
polished, showing their natural grain. Each 
province has furnished the wood required to 
finish the rooms to be occupied by its com- 
missioners. The pavilion , with its finishings, 
cost about $30,000. It was designed by the 
Department of Public Works in Ottawa, 
Canada, and its construction was carried out 
under the direction of D. Ewart, assistant 
architect. Lying westward of and next to 
this building is that of another English 
colony — New South Wales — which is called 
the "Australia House" (E 19). The New 
South Wales Building is classical in design 
and ornamentation. It covers an area 
of 4,320 square feet, being 60 x 60 feet in 
exterior dimensions, with a portico 12 feet 



188 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



wide extending across the front. There 
is a flight of three steps leading to this 
portico and extending across its front and 
ends. The portico roof is supported by six 
Doric columns, 2 feet 6 inches in diameter 
and 20 feet high, with a cornice, frieze, and 
balustrade extending around the entire 
building. At each of the corners is a large 
Doric pilaster corresponding to the columns 
of the portico. The entrance is in the center 
of the front. All openings have molded 
architraves and cornices, and each window 
has a pair of molded modillions under it. 
The exterior of the building is staff. The 
central portion is occupied by a hall thirty feet 
in width, and extending the entire depth of 
the building. In the center is a polygonal 
dome, 30 feet in diameter, the top being 
40 feet from the floor. This dome adds to 
the effect, light, and ventilation of the 



port the roof of column-hall. A circular stair- 
way, approached from an inside entrance, is 
the means of reaching the top of the tower. 
This building has a frontage of 84 feet and 
6 inches and a depth of about 95 feet. The 
height of the main building is about 50 feet, 
the tower rising to the height of about 65 
feet. Rafael Gaustavino, New York City, is 
the architect of this building, which is 
erected on the lake front between Germany 
and Canada. It is occupied by the officers 
of the Spanish Commission and as a recep- 
tion-room for visitors. Many relics of 
Columbus are shown in this structure ; some 
of his letters, a sword which belonged to his 
beautiful and magnanimous patron, Isabella, 
also one wielded by Cortez in his conquest 
of Mexico, ancient Spanish artillery, with its 
cannon, ammunition, etc. 
Still walking toward the northwest, the 




The Spanish Government Building. 



whole, and is covered on the interior with 
ornamental staff. Arranged on three sides 
of the main hall are the various offices of the 
commission, eight in number. There is a 
large toilet-room in the rear. The architects 
were Messrs. Holabird & Roche of Chicago. 
North of Australia House, and ly- 
ing between Canada and Germany, is the 
Spanish Building (D 19), The building 
erected by the Spanish government at the 
World's Columbian Exposition is a three- 
fourths reproduction of a section of the Silk 
Exchange at Valencia, Spain. The erection 
of this building was commenced in 1492 pre- 
vious to the departure of Columbus' fleet. 
The section shown represents the column- 
hall and the tower, wherein all defaulting 
and bankrupt merchants were confined. 
Eight large columns 2\ feet in diameter sup- 



next structure to be visited is that of the 
German Government (D 19). The plans of 
this handsome edifice were drawn by Gov- 
ernment Architect Johannes Radke, in his 
studio at Berlin. The building has an im- 
posing frontage on the lake shore of about 
150 feet, with a depth of 175. It is next to 
the Spanish Government Building, and but 
a stone 's-throw from the British. Its height 
is 78 feet, and the tower that overtops it 
measures 150 feet from the ground. Over 
the main entrance, in Gothic lettering, the 
following characteristic German motto in 
ancient rhyme appears: 

Nahrhaft und wehrhaf t, 
Voll Korn and vol! Wein, 
Voll Kraft und Eisen, 
Klangreich, gedanJcreich, 
Ich will dich preisen, 
Vaterland mein ! 



FOREIGN BUILDINGS. 



189 



Which in English would be: 

Fruitful and powerful, 
Full of corn and wine. 
Full of strength and iron. 
Tuneful and thoughtful, 
I will praise thee, 
Fatherland mine! 

In the belfry are hung three huge bells 
made of cast-steel at Bochum, Westphalia, 
and of, respectively, 80, 60, and 40 hundred- 
weight. These bells will ultimately go 
into the " Church of Mercy," now being con- 
structed at Berlin in memory of the late 
Empress Augusta. The building is a com- 
bination of several styles, and, though 
thus somewhat contrasting in its several 
parts, is not lacking in harmony of the total 
effect. The center is in the form of a chapel, 
rich in decorations. Bay-windows, project- 



room and the office of the imperial German 
Commissioner, Privy Councilor Adolf Wer- 
muth, a second hall is reached. This, in 
fact, is a separate wing, some forty feet high 
and divided by an arched passage of con- 
siderable width and height. This inner 
wing, with the exception noted, extends 
over the entire space in the building, cover- 
ing an area of about 2,000 square feet. The 
pillars everywhere are heavy, short, and 
solid throughout, and the arches are semi- 
circular, the style being early German 
Renaissance. Balconies rise in tiers on all 
four sides of this vast interior space, the 
heavy timber and castings used in their 
construction being richly painted and deco- 
rated. Subdued color effects, such as dull 
reds, blues, and yellows, are everywhere vis- 
ible, and the niches and corners show poetic 








^=3^^*-== ?v^'^^ib ^Jv-A^ 



The German Government Building. 



ing balconies, turrets, etc., lend the struct- 
ure a most picturesque appearance, closely 
resembling that of an old German ' ' rath- 
haus," or city hall, such as may be seen, 
even at this day, in Nuremberg, or .some 
other ancient town. The massive walls are 
decorated and frescoed in South German 
style. The rather steep roof is covered with 
shining glazed tiles imported from Ger- 
many. The roof-corners, water-spouts, etc., 
down to the large lantern in front of the 
tower, are of shining brass or mellow-hued 
bronze. But the interior of the building is 
even finer and more impressive than the 
exterior. After passing through the mag- 
nificently decorated reception rotunda, to 
the left of which is the grand reception- 



paintings made by Max Seliger, a talented 
artist sent by the German government. 
August Fiedler, a well-known local archi- 
tect, supervised the construction of the 
whole building up to midwinter of this 
year, since which time, however, Herr 
Radke has taken sole charge of the work. 
The construction of the German Govern- 
ment Building (popularly known as the 
"Deutsche Haus" among the German- 
speaking population) alone involved, for 
material and work and interior decoration, 
an expenditure of $250,000. And this struct- 
ure, altogether sin i^encris and of a style 
of architecture (the early German Renais- 
sance) never before beheld in concrete form 
in America, is one of the most remarkable 



190 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



on the whole vast expanse of the Fair 
grounds, one which at once attracts atten- 
tion and comment, both by its size and 
height, and by reason of its solid workman- 
ship, for there is neither staff -work nor hol- 
low pillars about it. It seems built to last 
for centuries. 

Besides being the central point for Ger- 
man interests represented at the Fair, 
whence Commissioner Wermuth tvill direct 
things and where he will hospitably receive 
visitors and inquiries, the German Govern- 
ment Building houses some by no means in- 
considerable portions of the German exhibit. 
The German publishers have arranged for a 
comprehensive general exhibit of their 
wares, the art of printing being, above all, 
well illustrated by a large assortment of 
magnificently bound volumes of every kind, 
rare scientific works especially. 

But cartography, lithography, photog- 
raphy, chromography, engraving, etc., and 
all their cognate branches, are likewise 



fashioned of gold and silver; handsome 
illuminated missals and prayer-books and 
Bibles; and lastly, plastic church art, such 
as statues and statuettes of saints, crucifixes, 
etc. , form a part of this highly interesting 
exhibit. It may be mentioned that a por- 
tion of the material used in the construction 
and in the inner decoration of the German 
Building itself has been furnished by Ger- 
man firms for purposes of exhibition. 

Thus the tiles of the roof — quite new 
of their kind in this country — of which 
there were used fifteen car-loads, are an 
exhibit in themselves, as are the beautiful 
windows, the antique furniture, and the 
ornate wooden ceilings in the reception- 
room of the Commissioner and in the ante- 
chamber. So, too, are the handsome carpets 
and rugs that are spread on every floor 
and staircase in the huge structure, all 
contributed by large manufacturers in 
Wurzen (Saxony), in Schmeideberg and 
Duren (Prussia). The exhibits in this build- 



^m.-A, 




The Haiti Government Building. 



thoroughly represented . in thousands of 
beautiful specimens. And this fine collec- 
tion, which ultimately is destined to enrich 
some American institution, perhaps a public 
library or a university, is placed on the 
upper galleries, or balconies, of the build- 
ing, arranged so as to easily afford instruc- 
tion and an intelligent appreciation of its 
treasures. A reading-room for the public 
is also provided, in which students may in- 
dulge the privilege of feasting their minds 
on some particular tome that has engrossed 
their fancy. The second large collective 
exhibit is placed in the chapel, some fifty 
firms in Munich, Berlin, Heidelberg, Cre- 
feld, Carlsruhe, Aix-la-Chapelle, Cologne, 
Wuerzburg, etc., being represented in it. 
Appropriately enough, this exhibit is one of 
the modern church art, or rather art applied 
to churches. Some very fine stained and 
painted windows and oriels; magnificent 
church vestments of silks, velvets, linens, 
brocades, etc., embroidered or embossed; 
costly and artistic vessels for sacred use. 



ing are many, curious, and rich, but the 
visitor must see them for himself, as there 
is not space in a work of this kind for 
the merest catalogue of such displays. 

South and a little westwardly of ' ' Das 
Deutsche Hans'' as the Germans familiarly 
call this building, may be found a much 
smaller but very interesting exhibit 
— Here Haiti (E 19) has erected a building 
in the Southern colonial style, adapted from 
the Grecian . Broad piazzas flank three sides , 
while a central dome rises above the build- 
ing. The piazzas are 12 feet wide, and 
on the front portico the coat-of-arms of the 
republic is painted, with its motto, and 
below it appear the words " Republique 
Haitienne " in gold letters, and the figures 
1492, 1892, and 1804. The first is the date 
of the discovery of America, the second the 
celebration of its four hundredth anniver- 
sary, and the last the date of Haitian inde- 
pendence. In front, supporting the dome, are 
eight Doric columns, and from the flagstaff 
on the dome floats the national standard— 



FOREIGN BUILDINGS. 



191 



horizontal stripes of blue and red — with the 
coat-of-arms in its center. The front en- 
trance opens on a hall 50 feet square, and 
this hall, the dome interior, and part of the 
exterior are decorated with festoons of the 
national colors. In the center of the main 
hall is a beautiful 
statue — " Rev- 
erie " — by Lafor- 
estrie, a native 
sculptor. This 
statue received 'Y: 
the second medal f ^. 
at the Paris Sa- 'v- 
Ion. To the right < 

opens another ^ > . , ; ^1 
t-_ii _. ^^^ fg^^ ^M 

^A^ r\Y-\ c^-v> -I ■«-\ y^i\'^<:i 



hall, 26 

with a kitchen m 

its rear, where 




coffee of Haitian 'ill 
growth and made 
by a native cook 
is served to visit- 
ors at 10 cents a cup. The entire left wing is 
given up to offices, the first a large private 
parlor. From the salon opens the attaches' 
offices and those of the Commissioner. There 
is a corridor between the left wing and the 
main hall, terminating in toilet-rooms. The 
exterior dimensions of the building are 124 x 



wood and material and native labor have 
been used in its construction. It is a small 
building, 26 feet square, with a front eleva- 
tion of 32 feet. The wood used is teak, of the 
fine kind used in the building of the Malay 
proas, and the fa9ade and roof have been 
beautifully carved and gilded. These carv- 
ings, all done by hand, are exquisitely 
beautiful, representing the work of the best 
Siamese artists. Although her displays are 
not confined to this building, Siam has here 
many fine exhibits of gems, rosins, dyes, 
silks, cottons, grains, and a very fine dis- 
play of manufactured and leaf tobaccos. 
Some of the native boats are wonderful, 
and the work of the native women is very 
fine. Above the pavilion's roof floats the 
royal standard, a white elephant on a red 
field. 

Immediately east of Siam is the build- 
ing of the East Indies (E 18). It was not 
erected by the government, which decided 
to make no exhibit officially, though unoffi- 
cially they have done something toward this 
private enterprise. Mr. Taillene, collector 
of Indian curios, has done the ornamental 
fitting of the building, etc., and he has 
within it all sorts of Indian curios, rugs, 
etc., which are offered for sale. There are 
two tea-bars, similar to our liquor-bars, 




The East India Building. 



100 feet, 50 feet high. The exhibits of 
Haiti have not been scattered through the 
various class buildings, but have all been 
concentrated here. One of Columbus' 
anchors, various relics of the aboriginal in- 
habitants of the island, the bust and relics 
of Toussaint L'Ouverture, pictures of the 
first president and others are gathered in 
this building. Coffee, sugar, liqueurs, 
syrups, fibers, minerals, plants, etc., and 
native women's work may be seen. 

Northwest of and across the walk from 
the building last visited is the site upon 
which the Siamese Government has erected 
its Royal Pavilion (D 19). A native 
architect furnished the design, and native 



except that tea is served instead of liquor. 
This tea is drawn by the Indian servants 
that Mr. Blychenden has brought over. The 
exterior is in East Indian style, modeled 
remotely after the fashion of the Taj Mahal. 
The most striking part is the doorwa3\ 
Associated with Mr. Henry Ives Cobb in 
the construction of this building was Mr. 
William Prettyman, formerly contractor of 
color at the World's Fair. He has charge 
of its decoration. The building is one story 
high with a gallery, and is entirely lighted 
from a central skylight, and consists of one 
open room with a gallery around it and a 
piazza in front. It is built entirely of staff, 
the exterior decoration with which is a 



192 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



feature of the building. In shape the struct- 
ure is rectangular, 80 x 60 feet, 50 feet high, 
and its architecture is generally on Indian 
hnes. The main entrance is through a 
lofty gateway surmounted by minarets, 
which are repeated on the corners of the 
building; the whole decorated in the high, 
striking colors of the Orient. 

Just back of this building appears that 
of Colombia (D 18). This handsome little 
pavilion stands to the eastward of the 
Swedish Building and almost in front of that 
of the republic of Guatemala. It was origi- 
nally designed by M. Gaston Lelarge, a 
French architect and resident of Bogota, 



occupied by a remarkable and very valuable 
collection of antiquities, exhumed from j)re- 
historic graves in Colombia, comprising 
water-bottles, human images, helmets, 
trumpets, breastplates, necklaces, bangles, 
anklets, etc., all of pure gold. There are 
also several mummies and a large collection 
of ancient pottery. The second story con- 
sists of a gallery, which is partly utilized for 
an office and sleeping-apartment for the 
Commissioner. 

The building is surmounted by a glass 
dome and a condor, which is the national 
emblematic bird of Colombia. On each side 
a group of three figures supports a globe and 










Pavilion of Colombia. 



the capital of Colombia; but at the sug- 
gestion of Mr. Burnham, the Director of 
Public Works of the World's Fair, sundry 
changes were made by the architect and 
contractor, M. Jean B. Mora of Chicago, 
and accepted by Lieut. H. R. Lemly, Third 
United States Artillery, who, having been 
United States Commissioner for the World's 
Fair in Colombia, was requested by the 
government of the latter country to attend 
to the erection of its building upon his return 
to this country. The prevailing style of its 
architecture is that of the Italian Renais- 
sance. It occupies a space of 45x45 feet, 
but on each side are conservatories filled 
with rare tropical plants, which give it the 
appearance of much greater dimensions. 
There are two stories, the first of which is 



flagstaff bearing the national colors, yellow, 
blue, and red, which are said to have a 
poetical signification of the blue ocean sepa- 
rating the bloodthirsty Spaniard from the 
golden shores of Colombia. At a lower level , 
and occupying the principal place in the 
fa9ade, is the national coat-of-arms, consist- 
ing of a shield with three divisions, viz. , two 
horns of plenty separated by the gran ad a, 
a native fruit, a liberty cap, and finally 
a representation of the Isthmus of Panama, 
with a ship in each ocean. The exterior of 
the building is of staff. Its interior is pleas- 
ingly decorated. In the panels under the 
dome are found the names " Nunez" and 
" Caro," president and vice-president of the 
republic, of Bogota, the capital, and in the 
remaining three sides those of the nine 



FOREIGN BUILDINGS. 



193 



departments into which the country is sub- 
divided. 

After the Exposition the collection of an- 
tiquities above mentioned will be presented 
to the Queen Regent of Spain, in recogni- 
tion of her services as arbitrator in the ques- 
tion of the boundary between Colombia and 
Venezuela, her decision having favored the 
former republic. 

South of Colombia, and in the same plot 
of ground, framed by its triangular lines, 
is the Swedish Building (E i8). The site 
has the form of a triangle, and in order to 
make the best of it, it was necessary to give 
the building a similar form. In preparing 



site at Jackson Park. Its entire cost has 
been nearly $40,000. 

The design of the pavilion is the product 
of the personal taste and fancy of the archi- 
tect (Mr. Gustaf Wickman, Stockholm), 
guided by the style of the Swedish churches 
and gentlemen's country houses of the six- 
teenth and seventeenth centuries, and as 
far as possible the characteristics of this old 
Swedish architecture have been retained. 

The lower part of the front wall of the 
pavilion forms an exhibit of its own. It 
consists of modern brick, terra cotta, and 
cement work from the most prominent 
manufactories in Sweden, and in itself is 




The Swedish Government Building. 



the plans a hexagon was inscribed between 
the sides of the triangular floor plan, and the 
boundary of this figure decided the shape of 
the main hall of the building. The corner 
spaces of the structures form each a sepa- 
rate room of considerable size, and galleries 
run around the building, strikingly indicat- 
ing its peculiar shape. The hexangular 
main hall is 60 feet square and the pitch of 
the cupola is 70 feet. On the top of the 
latter has been constructed a steeple, carry- 
ing a flagstaff, from which the Swedish 
ensign floats, some 150 feet above the 
ground. The entire area of the floor is 
1 1 ,000 square feet. 

The building was manufactured in Swe- 
den, where it was temporarily put together, 
afterward taken to pieces, sent across the 
ocean, and erected on its three-cornered 
13 



well worth the attention of experts. Except 
the part just mentioned, the entire structure 
is built of wood, and the whole of the wood- 
work has been executed by the Eskilstuna 
Traforadlings Aktiebolag, in Sweden. In 
accordance with the old Swedish fashion, 
the whole of the roof and walls are covered 
with shingles; the outside of the woodwork 
being impregnated with a preserving liquid 
to prevent decay. The window-sashes are 
all painted in green, and some turned de- 
tails of the balconies have been colored red, 
green, and white. The huge crown on the 
top of the steeple, as well as the framework 
around the bell, are gilded. The inside of 
the pavilion is painted in light colors, and 
richly decorated with bunting, coats-of- 
arms, crests, etc. 
The exhibition proper, which is to be 



194 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



found under the roof of this building, con- 
veys a very good idea of the cultural stand- 
point of the Swedish people. Jamkontoret 
has here arranged a most complete exhibit 
of the best of the world-famed Swedish iron 
ores, also of manufactured products of iron. 
Several private firms and manufacturers 
also produce some splendid articles in this 
department, which, in fact, is the most im- 
portant of all — the mining products standing 
number one in the rank of Swedish export 
goods. 

China goods and glass products are well 
represented, also gold and silver work. 
Mention should moreover be made of the 
wood pulp and other manifold articles 
turned out by the numerous paper manufac- 
tories in Sweden, as well as the unrivaled 
safety matches, "• sakerhetstanddtickor.''' 
A complete collection of Swedish minerals 
and of instructive geological maps has also 
been brought together. 

The lady visitor will at once notice, and 



exhibit meets the gaze o£ the visitor. 
" Turist foreningen,'" together with " Nor- 
diska museet'' has here tried to show what 
Sweden can offer the tourist that crosses the 
boundaries. In the background is placed 
a large picture of the handsome capitol of 
Sweden, "the Venice of the North," with 
its famous and magnificent royal castle. 
There are also placed wax-figures, of full 
size, dressed in the gayly colored national 
costumes of the country. Two panoramas, 
one on each side of the room, represent, the 
one a typical Swedish landscape, the other 
a peasant's cottage with its occupants. 

The sport exhibit proper includes speci- 
mens of all the various means of transporta- 
tion used at different seasons and in differ- 
ent parts of the country, such as skates, 
snow-shoes, sleighs, canoes, yachts, etc., 
and can not possibly fail to arouse the in- 
terest of the sport-loving public. Photos, 
oil-paintings, models of ancient churches, 
and the like, complete the exhibit in this 




The Venezuela Government Building. 



probably be delighted with, the lovely em- 
broideries and other needle-work exhibited 
in this building. A greater collection of 
similar articles will, however, be found in 
the Woman's Building, where Swedish 
women, under the gracious patronage of 
H. M. the Queen of Sweden and Norway, 
are presenting a vast number of delightful 
and striking works of their own make. 

A further attraction of the pavilion is the 
excellent representation of a genuine Swed- 
ish home, which consists of four rooms 
fully furnished and decorated according to 
the custom of the country. Those who are 
under the impression that Sweden contains 
very little but snow and ice will be agreeably 
surprised by inspecting these rooms. Beau- 
tiful suites of furniture, artistically arranged, 
and splendidly executed draperies, etc., 
testify to the high standard of Swedish 
home industry. 

Across the hexangular hall, and exactly 
opposite the main entrance, an interesting 



department. A carefully executed bust of 
the great Swedish sovereign, King Gustaf 
Adolph II. , has also been placed in this room. 
At other places in the building portraits of 
the present monarch. King Oscar II., and 
of the heroic Carl XII., will be found. 

In the galleries are gathered exhibits illus- 
trating the school system and gymnastics, 
which are admitted to be second to no 
others. An abundant collection of publica- 
tions of vastly different character and pur- 
pose is also brought together here, and as 
already remarked, the entire exhibition 
demonstrates the high degree of civilization 
which has been attained by the Swedish 
people up to the present time, and no doubt 
it will prove a valuable means of instruc- 
tion to the student, and by its motley vari- 
ety of articles also a great attraction to the 
public at large. . 

It is not only by the exhibition just de- 
scribed that Sweden is represented at Jack- 
son Park. Smaller collections of articles 



FOREIGN BUILDINGS. 



195 



are also exhibited in the Agricultural Build- 
ing, Machinery Hall, and, as previously 
mentioned, in the Woman's Building. 
Swedish artists, moreover, exhibit in the 
Fine Arts Gallery a carefully selected num- 
ber of pictures, some of which have previ- 
ously received the greatest admiration in 
Paris and elsewhere. 

The office of the chief Commissioner, Mr. 
Arthur Leffler, is situated at the north cor- 
ner of the building. 

West of and across the walk from the Swed- 
ish pavilion is found the Venezuela Building 
(E 1 8). In view of the recent troubles in 
this State, and the depleted condition of her 
treasury consequent thereon, the decision to 
make a creditable exhibit of the country's 
resources at the great Columbian Exposition 
is indeed commendable, showing, as it does, 
the ambition and energy of this little re- 



and Dr. M. U. Toledo, two citizens of Vene- 
zuela resident in the United States. Prehis- 
toric relics, mineral and vegetable products, 
fine arts, manufactures, etc., are displayed. 
The flag carried by Pizarro during his mar- 
velous conquest and subjugation of Peru is 
shown, as are also many other historic curios. 
Along the walk to the east of Venezuela 
is a building of a different type, erected by 
an Asiatic power, that of Turkey (E 17). 
It is a reproduction of a fountain in Con- 
stantinople built 200 years ago by Selim the 
Great. On three sides of the structure are 
marble basins, into which spout crj^^stal 
waters, while upon the fourth side is a 
beautiful portal for entrance to the interior. 
Intricate carvings adorn the exterior walls, 
which are composed of mucharabia, a 
Turkish hardwood of great beauty. There 
are also alternate panels of inlaid wood and 







The Turkish Government Building. 



public. The building is a single story in 
height, and is constructed of white marble, 
in the Greco-Roman style of architecture. 
The graceful f agade is ornamented with three 
handsome towers, on the left one of which 
stands a life-size statue of Columbus. On 
the right is the statue of Bolivar, the " Lib- 
erator." Great credit is due to President 
Crispo for the efforts made by him to insure 
a creditable building and exhibit from his 
country. As soon as the war which re- 
sulted in the overthrow of President Palacio 
had terminated, special efforts were made 
to secure sufficient funds for this purpose, 
and also for the proper planning and man- 
agement of the finances and exhibits. As 
soon as sufficient money was guaranteed, a 
committee of distinguished citizens was ap- 
pointed and the work of collecting suitable 
exhibits was beg^n, and the whole placed 
under the charge of Messrs. J. M. Larralde 



mother-of-pearl work, with here and there 
a text in Arabic characters taken from the 
Koran, the Mohammedan Bible. The effect 
of this dazzling work is magnificent, and is 
enhanced by the gaudy uniforms of the 
turbaned guards who night and day patrol 
the building. Glorious mosaic floors and 
draped and festooned hangings of rich 
fabrics make up the interior decorations, 
and everything is made more magnificent 
by the rare display of rich silks, costly 
jewelry, and brilliant gems that abound.. 
There are also gums, gold and silver wares, 
daggers, soft fabrics, and other oriental 
wares. Here may also be seen many curios 
from the Stamboul museum, and historic 
relics of the greatest value. 

Lying west of Turkey and at the head of 
a po'int of land extending into North Pond, 
with a splendid location, is the Brazilian 
Building (E 17). The designs for this build- 



196 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



ing were prepared early in September of 
1892 by Lieut. -Col. Francisco de Souza 
Aguiar of the Brazilian army, who is also 
a delegate to the World's Fair. It was the 
intention of Mr. Aguiar, as the architect, to 
build the entire superstructure of steel, 
using wood only where it would be required 
to receive the plastering and staff enrich- 
ments for interior and exterior walls. After 
repeated conference with the representa- 
tives of several of the leading steel man- 
ufacturers, and the delay caused thereby, 
it became apparent to the architect that to 
insure the completion of the building in 
time for the opening of the Exposition wood 
must be substituted in place of steel in the 
construction of the walls. These changes 
were accordingly made, and the entire 
work was placed with Mr. A. L. R. Van den 
Berghen as contractor. 

The ground plan of the building is in the 
form of a Greek cross, the outside dimen- 



appropriate designs and harmonious colors. 
The columns and capitals of the four 
fa9ades are Corinthian in order. There are 
four campaniles, each with an open observa- 
tory seventy feet from ^rade. These points 
are reached by spiral iron stairs from the 
second floor to the roof, at which point wood 
stairs complete the means for ascent. The 
entire roof, except the dome, is flat and 
surrounded by a balustrade. A wood floor 
is laid over the roof-covering proper, thus 
affording a large, convenient, and safe place 
for observation. The interior is in perfect 
keeping with the exterior in all architectural 
fixtures. A broad flight of circular stairs 
affords easy access to the second floor. The 
cost of this building was $90,000. 

Northeast of Brazil is the Guatemala 
Building (E 18). This building is square, 
with III feet at each side, and occupies a 
space of 1,200 feet. Its architecture is origi- 
nal, but in no way classical. It is in the 




The Guatemala Building. 



sions being 148 x 148 feet. The elevation 
has two stories, 25 feet 6 inches and 25 feet 
high, respectively, surmounted by a central 
dome constructed of steel, 43 feet in diameter 
at base and 43 feet high at the crown. The 
entire height from grade to the top of finial 
is 120 feet. All girders having a span over 
twenty-five feet are composed of heavy steel 
beams, and all braces are of iron, the whole 
forming a rigid and substantial structure 
without the aid of wood bracing. 

The style of architecture is strictly French 
Renaissance. The Indian figures in the 
bas-reliefs of the fa9ades and those on the 
stylobate of the dome are allegorical, and 
representative of the republic of Brazil, and 
are very fittingly used in this connection. 

The windows are liberal in size, contain- 
ing about 4,500 square feet of plate-glass, 
weighing 15,750 pounds. The sashes are 
hung on pulleys and weights; a feature being 
that the sash when raised will be concealed, 
leaving the entire opening of frame below 
the transom free and unobstructed. The 
transoms, which are semicircular in form, 
are filled with stained glass, hand-painted in 



Spanish style, and corresponds well with the 
country it represents. The height of the 
first floor is twenty-four feet. In the center 
of the building a large court is arranged, 
33 X 33 feet, with a gallery built on colon- 
nades. The court resembles the old Palos 
Spanish House, and affords freshness and 
ventilation to the entire building. In the 
court is a fountain, from which the water 
plays as from over a large rock. The four 
corners of the building are crowned by- 
towers, 23 X 23 feet, surmounted by beauti- 
fully decorated domes. The entire height 
of the towers is sixty-five feet, and in two of 
them are large staircases, giving access to 
the floor above, which extends as a terrace 
around the entire building. The structure 
is of wood and staff. The ornaments on the 
walls represent tropical plants and flowers. 
The building contains four large rooms on 
the first floor, and on the second a reception- 
room, two offices, and toilet-rooms. The 
most interesting exhibit of Guatemala is her 
coffee, and at a distance of about thirty-five 
feet from the main building is found a small 
rustic kiosk in which this product is to be 



FOREIGN BUILDINGS. 



197 



exhibited. The space around the building 
has been converted into a large garden, with 
coffee, bananas, and other tropical plants 
natural to the country. There are landing- 
places on the lake, opposite the principal 
entrance of the building. The amount spent 
in the entire work has been about $40,000. 
No expense or pains has been spared to 
give the Chicago Exposition a building 
worthy to represent the prosperous and pro- 
gressive population of this rich republic. 
The building is painted in two colors — imi- 
tation of stone and salmon-rose — a style 
which has never been used in this country 
before, and which is a specialty of Mr. 
Moras. 




The Norwegian Government Building. 

Following the curving shore of North Pond, 
as it bends first to the east and then to the 
north, another representative of the Latin 
states of Central and South America is 
reached. It is the Costa Rica Building (D 
18), situated at the east end of the North 
Pond, facing west, and its location is one of 
the best in the confines of the park. Across 
the North Pond, and within a distance to be 
fully appreciated, are the Illinois, Washing- 
ton, Indiana, Ohio, and Wisconsin build- 
ings. To the right are the magnificent Gal- 
leries of Fine Arts, and on the left stand the 
structures erected by Guatemala and Spain, 
while as a background, and not far distant. 
Lake Michigan murmurs praise to the efforts 
of mortal man. A better site could not have 
been chosen. The building, which in style 



would be called Doric, is 103 feet long by 60 
feet wide, with two stories and clear-story, 
making the full height 50 feet. On each side 
is a Doric portico, twenty-two feet wide, 
supported by; four large pilasters. Three 
easy steps bring one up to the main floor, 
supported by eighteen columns, rising to the 
full height of the clear-story. The cornices, 
frieze, moldings, caps and bases, window 
casements, etc., are made of iron. The 
main walls are cemented , and all is painted 
in effective colors. The inside walls are 
plastered, and the walls and timber-work are 
frescoed in a modest and becoming manner. 
The building is lighted by twenty large 
double casement windows in the first story 
and ten large skylights in the 
roof of the clear-story, while on 
all sides of the latter the win- 
dows are pivoted, so that when 
opened they will afford perfect 
ventilation . Ample toilet- 
rooms have been provided on 
each floor. Over each main 
entrance to the building is 
placed the national shield of the 
Central American republic in 
bold relief, making a striking 
addition to the decorative part 
of the work. The building cost 
about $20,000. The exhibit of 
tropical birds and plants dis- 
played here is magnificent. 

Reluctantly turning away 
from the glow and perfume of 
the flowers and the songs and 
brilliancy of the birds, to reach 
the building of Norway (D 18), 
which is the next of the foreign 
exhibits to be visited, it is neces- 
sary to take a course due north- 
east. From Costa Rica's build- 
ing cross under the Intramural 
tracks, and the next building 
on the right, going north, is the 
desired one. It is a little 
strange that the Norsemen, 
who claim to have been the 
original discoverers of America 
— naming Lief Ericsson as the 
finder, and the year 900 A. D. 
as the date — should be the most 
tardy of those making exhibits to put up their 
building. In style it is built after the model 
of the old " Stavkirke," a peculiarly Norwe- 
gian style of architecture, which dates back 
to the twelfth century. It is an oddly built 
cross-gabled edifice, the peaks of its gables 
ornamented with decorations similar to those 
with which the Norsemen of the time of Lief 
Ericsson — their alleged discoverer of Amer- 
ica — were wont to embellish the prows of 
their sea-going vessels. In size the building 
is 60x25 feet, and is constructed of Norway 
pine. It was planned and built in sections in 
Norway, then taken down and sent here and 
setup. All of its workmen and materials 
are Norwegian. 

Northeast of Norway, an antique Bud- 
dhist temple, facing Lake Michigan, presents 



198 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



an attractive appearance. It is the Ceylon 
Court (C 1 8), consisting of a central oc- 
tagonal building with two wings facing, 
respectively, north and south. The length 
of the entire court is 145 feet; the width of 
the central hall, 50 feet. The architecture 
partakes of the Dravidian style, as it 
appears in the ruins of the ancient temples 
throughout the island. The beautiful Sin- 
ghalese woods have been used in the build- 
ing, cut and fitted in Ceylon, and shipped 
here and put together. These woods are 
the na, hulan-hik, margosa, surzya-mara, 
palu, and others. A projecting basement, 
four feet above the ground-level, sustains 
the entire court, which is reached by four 
highly carved stairways, two leading into 
the central building and one into each 
wing. These stairways and the general 
scheme of the court are copied from the 



European national structures. It has one 
of the best situations for such purposes, 
standing as it does at the southeast end of 
Fifty-seventh Street on the lake shore . There 
are two pavilions, connected by a semicir- 
cular colonnade, at the center of which and 
in the court thus made is a very fine fount- 
ain elaborately decorated with bronze stat- 
uary brought over from France. The 
court of the pavilion faces the lake, the in- 
closure thus made forming a delightful 
retreat. The smaller pavilion is on the 
south side, and contains the large room for 
the city of Paris, fitted up and decorated by 
the best merchants of that city, the walls 
being hung in the finest gobelin tapestry, 
and the room containing only works of art 
and fine bric-a-brac. The pavilion on the 
north contains one very large room, elabo- 
rately decorated in staff, with ornamental 




The Ceylon Court 



ruined temples of Anuradhapura and Polon- 
naruwa, the capitals of Ceylon between 543 
B. C. and 1235 A. D. The cobra-shrouded 
figures in bas-relief guarding the ap- 
proaches are termed doratupalayas (jani- 
tors). There are other carvings of yakkas 
(evil spirits), hansas (sacred geese), inaka- 
ras (fabulous beasts — half lion and half 
crocodile), etc. The doorway is beautifully 
hand-carved in imitation of those of ancient 
temples. The nari-lata, a woman's body 
terminating in a leaf, and the liya-vel are 
beautiful decorations, as are also the female 
busts over the doorways representing 
divinities. So rich are the decorations in 
this building, and at the same time so intri- 
cate and numerous, that space can not be 
spared for a mere mention of them, though 
they are well worthy of a faithful descrip- 
tion, and should be seen and studied by all. 
Northwestwardly from the Ceylon Build- 
ing, and adjoining it, is the French Gov- 
ernment Building (C 18), the last of the 



ceiling and cornices. The panels between 
the pilasters and walls contain some of the 
best pictures of France. The room of this 
pavilion is entitled " De La Fayette," and it 
contains all the gifts, mementos, historical 
relics, and things of interest regarding the 
dealings between La Fayette and this 
country. This pavilion includes, besides 
this room, suites of offices for the French 
Exposition officials. 

The sketches for this building were made 
in France, and most of the staff models were 
made there and sent here. The French 
architects are Motte & Du Buysson, and R. 
A. Deuelle, associate architect. 

The exterior of the building is in the style 
of the French Renaissance, entirely of staff, 
and elaborately decorated, there being a 
very large group of statuary^ on the north 
fa9ade, and several historical paintings 
placed on the exterior of the building. The 
general effect of this structure is quite 
pleasing. In dimensions it is 250x175 



FOREIGN BUILDINGS. 



199 



feet, and is but one story high. In addition 
to the exhibits already alluded to are mod- 
els and plans of the schools, prisons, hospi- 
tals, and sewerage systems of Paris, and 
many others of great interest. Taken alto- 
gether there is more of interest, for Ameri- 
cans, centered in this building of our old 
Revolutionary ally than in any of the other 
foreign buildings. 

No visitor to the World's Fair should miss 
getting a glimpse of the Great Central Court 
and Basin from the water approaches. 
Those who enter Jackson Park from the 
land approaches will be like guests who 
enter a mansion by the back door. At 
any of the entrances on Stony Island Ave- 
nue, or even at the great railroad termini in 
the Central Court, the visitor's first impres- 
sion is gained mainly from rear or side 
views. To get the full effect of the noble 
plan on which the grounds and buildings 
are laid out, one should approach the park 
by water, landing preferably at the Casino, 
or Main Pier, or, better still, he might board 
a steam-launch at the north end of the park, 
and after a short trip in the outer harbor 
be carried under this majestic Peristyle into 
the Grand Central Basin. He will find him- 
self directly in front of the Administration 
Building and surrounded by four of the ar- 
chitectural wonders of the world. Before 
leaving the water he will see more of the 
architectural glory of the Fair than from 
any other point of vantage. He will have 
entered by the front door. 

The outer piers are the daily means of 
landing at the Fair Grounds employed by 
tens of thousands of World's Fair visitors, 
the interior system being used to convey 
visitors from one point to another within 
the grounds. 

It has been estimated that on warm sum- 
mer days not less than 100,000 visitors enter 
the Fair grounds through the turnstiles at 
the two outer piers. Besides the crowds 
which embark at the Van Buren Street pier 
in the center of the city, the water route is 
favored by many visitors from a score of 
points along the lake shore; ranging from 
Kenosha on the north to South Chicago on 
the south. Besides the Henry syndicate 
boats-^which ply between the two latter 
points — there are numerous excursions from 
other lake points within a few hours' sail 
from Jackson Park. 

Steamers from Michigan City, St. Joe, 
Grand Haven, Milwaukee, Racine, and 
other points outside the syndicate's territory 
unload and reload crowds of excursionists 
at the Casino Pier. Nor are the interior 
water-ways less popular on summer days 
when the sun's rays invite to shade and 
rest. Gaily decorated launches, with cano- 
pies and side-awnings, make lake and 
lagoon trips a pleasure. Sleepy-looking gon- 
dolas float softly along, carrying women and 
children, who are going nowhere in par- 
ticular, except to bask in the artificial 
beauties of their surroundings. 

Captain Symonds, U. S. N. , has perfected 



the rules and regulations which govern the 
World's Fair system of water transportation. 
Under his care has been placed everything 
pertaining to the safety and comfort of pas- 
sengers by the various water routes. Sub- 
ordinate inspectors are on every pier and 
landing to see that the rules are observed, 
and the regulations for loading and unload- 
ing passengers at the outer piers are as 
nearly |)erfect as can be devised. All of 
the ofl&cials are uniformed and charged with 
the duty of preventing overcrowding, de- 
lays, or confusion, having ample police 
powers to enforce their authority. Captain 
Symonds' jurisdiction extends to Van Buren 
Street Pier up-town, and his inspectors see 
that there is no undue crowding at this 
point. 

There are two piers for landing passen- 
gers at Jackson Park within the Fair 
grounds. The Main or Casino Pier extends 
2,500 feet into the lake and is 400 feet wide. 
Its foundation piers are stone, and it is so 
constructed that there is safe landing in 
any kind of weather. This pier is used by 
the larger steamers of the Henry syndicate 
and by excursion-boats. About two hun- 
dred feet from the outer extremity of the 
pier there is an anchorage-ground, where 
excursion-boats may remain during the day 
without interfering with the channel. North 
and south of the Casino Pier there are moor- 
ing-buoys for visiting yachts. The other 
pier, at the north end of the grounds, is 
somewhat smaller, being 800 feet long by 
60 feet broad. At the northern pier steamers 
of light draught land their passengers . The 
south side of this pier is used by visiting 
yachts. 

Using both piers, the Henry syndicate 
has contracted to land 15,000 passengers per 
hour at the Fair grounds. At the Casino 
Pier there is from fifteen to eighteen feet of 
water, sufficient for the new whaleback 
steamer, built especially for World's Fair 
traffic, and with a capacity of 5,000 passen- 
gers. 

The World's Fair Steam Launch Company 
takes passengers in and out of the various 
water-gates to the Fair grounds, and gives 
them a short ride on Lake Michigan. This 
company has a special concession for this 
purpose, and its launches ply between three 
principal landings. Starting from a land- 
ing in the North Lagoon, adjacent to the 
Clam Bake exhibit, the launches pass out 
into Lake Michigan through the North 
Channel, rounding the Battle-ship, and mak- 
ing a detour they enter the Grand Basin 
and make a landing at the south end of the 
Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. 
Returning to the outer harbor, the launches 
continue their trips to the South Pond, ad- 
joining the Agricultural Annex, where is 
located the Live Stock exhibit. The steam- 
launches do not venture from this prescribed 
route, and can not embark passengers from 
any point outside the grounds. 

The Electric Launch and Navigation 
Company has forty electric launches plying 



300 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



on the interior water-ways. The course for 
the electric launches is three miles long, and 
includes the Grand Basin, North Canal, 
East, North, and West lagoons, and North 
Pond. On this course there are about fif- 
teen landings, one in front of each of the 
main buildings. The point of starting is in 
the Grand Basin, and the northerly extrem- 
ity of the route is in the North Pond, where 
there is a landing 200 feet wide in front of 
the Fine Arts Building. The electric 
launches make the entire round trip in about 
forty minutes, going up one side of the 
Wooded Island and returning the other. 
Stops are made at every landing, not more 
than a minute and a half being consumed 
at each stop. If all the launches and gon- 
dolas were kept running they would be 
within 200 feet of each other throughout the 
entire course. There are one or more 
launches always in front of each landing, so 
that intending passengers never have to 
wait. The capacity of each launch is about 
twenty -four passengers, and the only sched- 
ule time will be to keep moving. 

Purely pleasure travel on the interior 
water-ways is attended to by the Venetian 
Gondola Company, which keeps twenty gon- 
dolas and two steam-barges afloat in the la- 
goons and canals. The Italian craft are all 
of the fourteenth century pattern, and are 
gorgeously upholstered in velvets. They 
were built in Italy, and approved by the 
United States Consul-General before being 
shipped. Manned by expert Venetian gon- 
doliers, the capacity of the gondolas is about 
twelve, and that of the barges twenty -five. 

The only other craft on the interior water- 
ways are the occasional canoes, manned by 
Indians from the Ethnological exhibit, or 
some special exhibit of small craft by the 
Transportation Department. 

At various points along the Wooded Island 
canoes and odd-shaped boats are run up on 
the shore as purely decorative features. 
There are other decorative features at the 
bridges and landings. The South Canal is 
for the exclusive use of the gondolas, the 
Electrical Fountain being the principal at- 
traction at that point. There is no connec- 
tion between the South Pond — where the 
Marine exhibit is placed — and the rest of the 



interior water-ways except a low opening to 
admit the passage of the fire-boat. On all 
the interior water-ways there is a uniform 
depth of six feet, although none of the 
launches draw more than three feet. There 
is, needless to say, a constant current of 
fresh water throughout. 

For Exposition officials there is a special 
fleet of four electric launches. One is for 
the Director-of- Works, one for the Director- 
General, and the other two for distinguished 
guests. Captain Symonds has a special 
steam-launch for his exclusive use in making 
official trips about the grounds or to and 
from the Van Buren Street pier. The steam- 
launches have a pilot, an engineer, and one 
deck-hand each. The electric launches each 
have a motor-man (who guides the craft) 
and a deck-hand. 

The uniforms of all the officials connected 
with water transportation at the Fair are 
navy-blue, in single and double breasted 
coat patterns. The rank of the official is on 
his cap, and the company to which he be- 
longs on his coat-collar. Captains have 
three stripes on the sleeve, pilots two, first 
mates one, and chief engineers one. The 
brass buttons are of special Columbian pat- 
tern, with an anchor in the center. 

The hulls of the Henry syndicate boats are 
painted white, with buff smoke-stacks. The 
same colors are to be seen on the steam- 
launches. The electric launches have a nat- 
ural-wood finish, with a border of varnished 
cedar. The awnings on large steamers and 
steam-launches are navy-blue and white. 
Awnings on electric launches are red and 
yellow. ^ 

Every species of craft under World's 
Fair control flies two flags— the American 
and the Columbian maritime flag. The lat- 
ter is of white bunting, with an orange 
wreath of oak leaves in the center, and a 
blue anchor in the center of the wreath. 
Whether on the monster whaleback or the 
trim launch, the Columbian colors blend 
with those of the nation. The dreamily 
drifting gondolas have fourteenth century 
flags, in keeping with the illusion that the 
Middle Ages have been transplanted to 
Chicago to rub shoulders with the advanced 
civilization of the nineteenth century. 



CHAPTER VII. 

THE FIFTH DAY AT THE FAIR. 




■\\ LOQUENT 

1^^:^^ as have 
been the 
praises of 
this, the 
greatest of 
all exposi- 
tions, the 
visitor, like 
Queen Sheba 
of old, must 
feel that ' ' not 
the half had 
been told him," 
as he now 
turns on this 
his fifth day at 
the Exposition 
to see the thirty handsome structures erected 
by the forty-four States, six Territories, and 
one Federal District which together, banded 
in indissoluble ' ' union of lakes and union of 
lands," constitute the greatest and grandest 
English-speaking nation on the earth. It 
was a happy inspiration, indeed, which led 



thus afforded was grasped may be judged 
from the fact that within thirty minutes of 
Director- General G. R. Davis receiving his 
formal appointment as the executive head 
of this vast Exposition, Secretary Chase, the 
enterprising representative of the State of 
Iowa, was in Chicago calling upon the 
authorities and soliciting a first-class site 
for the structure of the " Hawkeye State." 
That the result was satisfactory will be seen 
by perusing the description of Iowa's build- 
ing and viewing her display. From nearly 
every other State and Territory came eager 
applications and enthusiastic responses. Did 
constitutional restriction or legislative en- 
actment forbid the expenditure of public 
money on buildings outside the limits of 
any particular State, its spirited citizens 
raised by voluntary and public subscription 
the sum necessary for a proper display. As 
a result every one of the forty-four States ex- 
cept Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, Nevada, 
North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, 
Tennessee, and Wyoming, and three out of 
six Territories, have appropriate structures 




■^ ^ 



The South Dakota 

the Exposition authorities to apportion such 
ample space for State buildings and invite 
the legislative authorities of each sovereign 
State to participate, not only by exhibiting 
its products, but by erecting a rally ing- 
point and rendezvous for its sons and 
daughters. How eagerly the opportunity 



State Building. 

wherein to display their historic curiosities or 
whereat to receive their citizens and guests. 
How to See the State Buildings.— These 
characteristic structures are grouped in the 
extreme northern and previously improved 
portion of Jackson Park. Let the visitor 
take the Illinois Central Railroad from the 



(201) 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



city and alight at its South Park Station, 
where he will find the Fifty-seventh Street 
entrance to the grounds. 

Immediately upon his left on entering is 
situated the Esquimau Village (A 14). For 
a fee of 25 cents one can not only see the fifty- 
seven natives, with their wolfish-looking 
dogs, their sledges, spears, stoves, canoes, 
and lamps, but may gaze upon a large lot of 
gravestones, images, and carvings upon 
walrus ivory, and watch the domestic life of 
this curious people. They have a store of 
blubber, seal-oil, and other table delicacies so 
tempting to Esquimau palates. There are 
men, women, and children in the village, 
and their modes of life and the sanitary 
conditions (or rather the want of them) 
peculiar to them and their crowded quarters 



display, showing the diversified interests 
and resources of the State. Its dairy, 
sheep, and cattle products have not been 
neglected. Those who imagine that no 
fruits are grown in South Dakota will be 
agreeably surprised at the pomological ex- 
hibit. The educational department is very 
fine. Curious fossils from the bed of Chey- 
enne River, immense blocks of fine coal 
from her coal-fields, and photographic views 
of her varied scenery, artesian wells, etc., 
make up a grand display for this young 
State. 

Having seen everything of note here, 
the Washington State Building (C 15), 
lying just south, is the next point of inter- 
est. This is a very unique and pleasing 
structure, built largely of lumber and 




The Colorado State Building. 



do not ' ' lade the pulsing air with sweetest 
perfumes." There are some expert carvers 
and wood- workers in the village, and also 
many curious objects, which will repay a visit. 
Having satisfied his curiosity in regard 
to these " children of the North," he crosses 
the bridge over Northwest Pond and finds 
on his right the South Dakota Building 
(C 15), the first of the State structures. 
This building, which has an exception- 
ally fine location, is 60 feet wide by 100 
feet long, and is two stories high, each story 
being fourteen feet. As far as possible South 
Dakota's brains, muscle, and material only 
have been used in its construction. The 
exterior is coated with Yankton cement fin- 
ished in imitation of cut-stone, and is very 
attractive. Mines and minerals, grains and 
grasses, fossils, pottery, clays, etc., have 
been given due attention and form a large 



materials brought from the State, and it 
shows, in a marked degree, the immense 
timber resources of that far-off section. 
For instance, the largest logs used in the 
foundation are 52 inches in diameter and 
120 feet long, perfectly clear, sound tim- 
bers. Much larger could have been ob- 
tained, but the railroads were unable to 
transport them. The dimensions of this 
building are 140 x 220 feet. The exterior 
is covered with Puget Sound lumber, and 
it is roofed with the famous "Washington 
cedar" shingles. The 2,000,000 feet of 
lumber used were donated and placed in 
Chicago by the Lumbermen's Association 
of the State. The motive throughout the 
architecture is to call attention to the un- 
paralleled advantages of Washington as a 
source of lumber supply, and the idea is 
thoroughly carried out. 



STATE BUILDINGS. 



Leaving the Washington Building, the 
visitor will find it most convenient to next 
call at that of the "Centennial State," 
Colorado (D 14). This building is 125 
feet long by 45 feet deep, and 26 feet 



by which the lanterns are reached, and a 
beautiful view obtained, A rear balcony 
overlooks one of the lagoons, while an open 
court is surrounded with another balustraded 
veranda, thus giving an abundance of out- 




The California State Building, 



from the ground to the main cornice, with 
two slender towers 80 feet high. The tone 
is an ivory white, with a faint color sug- 
gestion, and the architectural style that of 
the Spanish Renaissance. The entrance is 
40 feet wide and 28 feet deep, and on either 



door space for pleasant lounging. The 
two reading-rooms and the assembly-room 
can be thrown together, making one room 
ninety-two feet long. The two hanging 
balconies at the end of the building form an 
attractive feature. The fittings in onyx and 




side are the main stairways by which the 
second floor is reached. Smoking, reading, 
toilet, assembly, and ladies' rooms are pro- 
vided, and the front balcony, 8 x 24 feet, ex- 
tends the entire length of the building. 
Each tower is ascended by a spiral staircase 



The Illinois State Building. 

Tennessee marble are especially beautiful,, 
and the ornamental front and the red Span- 
ish-tiled roofs give a picturesque and pleas- 
ing effect to this buildmg. 

Having fully investigated it, the visitor 
next reaches what seems to be a Catholic 



S04 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



mission of the days of the Jesuit regime. 
This is the California Building (D 15), 
and it is a reproduction of the typical 
mission that was once common in that 
State. The length is 435 feet, the width 144 
feet, from the ground to the eaves 50 feet, 
and to the roof -center 65 feet. To the top 
of the dome is 113 feet. The walls are a 
close imitation of the adobe, or sun-dried 
brick, used in the original structures. The 
roof is covered with tiles similar to those 
covering the Jesuit missions. The principal 
features of the building are copied from the 
beautiful old mission at Santa Barbara; the 
other fagades recall those of San Luis Rey 
and San Luis Obispo. The whole mass, 
otherwise somber, is relieved by a large 
central dome, around which is an open roof- 
garden filled with semi-tropical plants. 
These glorious California products add an 
element of grace and beauty that gives a gala 
appearance appropriate to such an occasion 
as a world's great holiday. The building is 
further embellished by the rich molded win- 
dows over the arched entrances, and made 
musical by the old mission-bells in its towers. 
The departments for exhibits are arranged 
along the sides of the building on the 
ground-floor; the offices are grouped in the 
second story. The exhibits consist of min- 
erals, petrified woods, native wines and 
other viticultural displays, brandies. State 
industries, etc. 

Bidding adieu to this reminiscence of a 
by-gone time, the next building presents a 
more modern appearance. It is that of Illi- 
nois (E 16), in the form of a Greek cross, one 
axis of which is 450 feet long by 160 feet wide ; 
the other 285 feet long and 98 feet wide. At 
the intersection of the arms of the cross rises 
a dome with an internal diameter of 75 feet 
and an inside height of 152 feet. The gal- 
leries circle the interior of the dome, one 15 
feet the other 96 feet 6 inches above the 
floor. Over the entablature rises the drum, 
covered with galvanized iron. A round 
lantern, 12 feet in diameter and 35 feet high, 
crowns the whole, its height above the 
ground being 234 feet. At the east and 
west ends are large entrances. Within the 
building are rooms for the governor of the 
State and his suite; others for the members 
of the State board; a great exhibition-hall, 
ante-rooms, and rooms for the accommo- 
dation of the woman's board. There are 
rooms at the east end for school-exhibition 
purposes, one being devoted to the use of a 
model kindergarten. In the northern end is 
a fire -proof room called the Memorial Hall, 
which contains historical objects usually 
kept in the State capitol at Springfield. 

The next building upon the route laid out 
belongs to the State of Indiana (D 15). 
This structure is Gothic in design, with 
cathedral windows, turrets, and towers. At 
either end a tall spire rises above the roof to 
a height of 1 50 feet from the ground. The 
ground dimensions, including the wide ve- 
randa which extends entirely around the 
building, are 53 x 152 feet. The building 



presents a massive appearance, and is three 
stories high. The first story is Indiana gray- 
stone, the second and third are wood covered 
with staff. The doors and interior finish 
are in oak, carved and polished; the floors 
are laid in mosaic. On the first and second 
floors a wide hall extends from tower to 
tower, separating the offices, parlors, toilet 
and reception rooms from the large assembly- 
hall and the hall of exhibits. 

On the ground-floor are separate parlors 
for women and men, with toilet and check 
rooms attached to each. On the second 




floor are a reading and writing room, a 
woman's room and private office, a men's 
room, two toilet-rooms, and the offices of the 
president and secretary of the State board. 
There are fine displays of historical portraits; 
archaeological, mining, manufacturing, agri- 
cultural, and educational exhibits. On the 
front of the building is a statue of heroic 
proportions, the work of an Indiana sculp- 
tress. Miss Jeannette Scudder. It represents 
the typical Indiana beauty, and is called the 
" Maid of the Wabash." 

The visitor now passes on to the Wiscon- 
sin Building (D 15), which is 50 feet deep 
and has a frontage of 90 feet, exclusive of the 



STATE BUILDINGS. 



205 



porches, of which there are four — two run- 
ning the entire length of the building on the 
east and west fronts, and one each in the 
centers of the north and south elevations. 
For three feet above grade the walls are of 
Lake Superior brownstone, and the first 
story of Menominee red pressed brick. The 
rest of the exterior finish is chiefly in dimen- 
sion shingles. The front and rear porches 
are supported by massive brownstone pil- 
lars — one at each corner and one at each 
side of the main entrance. There are also 
polished granite columns in these porches. 
In the angles of the gables is seen the coat- 
of-arms of the State, modeled by Miss 



has several fountains and is lighted by elec- 
tricity. 

Ohio's building (D 15), which is next 
reached, is not intended for exhibits of any 
kind, but rather as a social headquarters for 
people of that State visiting the Fair. It 
occupies a prominent site at the west of the 
Art Galleries and has a fine outlook over 
the water to the Fisheries Building. The 
architecture is of the style of the Italian 
Renaissance, simple yet dignified. The 
dimensions are 100x80 feet, exclusive of 
bay-windows, porticoes, and terraces, and 
its two stories are about thirty-five feet 
high. The semicircular portico 'has eight 



rt ^%./V> 










The Indiana State Building. 



Eunice Winterbotham of Eau Claire. The 
building is modern in architectural style, 
and is that generally used in club-houses 
and large private residences. The exterior 
is painted in contrasting colors, and the ef- 
fect is quite harmonious. The first floor 
contains the lobby, or reception-room, the 
ladies' reception-room, the intelligence 
office, post office, and men's lavatories, all 
finished in Wisconsin woods. About three- 
fourths of the way up the grand staircase is 
a Venetian stained-glass window, represent- 
ing Superior City. The lobby is floored 
with colored tiles. The second floor has 
three large rooms, one occupied by an art 
exhibit and two by the State Historical 
Society. There are also smaller rooms, as 
the men's reading-rooms and board of 
directors' office. The third floor is occupied 
entirely by sleeping-reoms. The building 



Ionic columns the full height of the building, 
surmounted by an open balustrade and 
roofed with red tile. The entrance vesti- 
bule leads to the reception-hall, 23 X48 feet, 
the vaulted roof of the building forming its 
ceiling. Around it run galleries level with 
the second floor. Opposite the entrance is a 
spacious alcove with an open fire-place, 
above which is a stained-glass window bear- 
ing the State's coat-of-arms. The frieze of 
this hall is a decoration of buckeyes, the 
State emblem. From the central hall open 
the rooms of the commissioner, bureau of 
information, ladies' and gentlemen's par- 
lors, writing-room, etc., with a smoking- 
room in the rear wing. The assembly-room, 
30x42^ feet, is approached by way of the 
main staircase. The stained glass in the 
upper portions of the windows in the various 
rooms shows the names of the sixteen chief 



A WEEK A T THE FAIR. 



cities of the State. James W. H. McLaugh- 
lin, architect of this building, was born in 
Cincinnati in 1834, and commenced the 
practice of his profession in 1855; and from 
that time to the present, with the exception 



high. The main entrance opens into a tiled 
reception-hall, sixty-two feet wide and 
extending the entire depth of the building. 
Near the front, opening out of this hall, are 
the secretary's office, post office, check- 




The Wisconsin State Building. 



of one year (from 1861 to 1862), he has been 
actively engaged in its pursuit. 

Having disposed of the ' ' Buckeye " Build- 
ing, Michigan's (D 15) comes next. This is 
quite an imposing structure, 104 x 144 feet in 
ground area and three stories high. There 



rooms, and barber-shops. On either side of 
the halls are reception, reading, and toilet 
rooms for men and women. Wood fire- 
places with high oak mantels adorn each 
room. On the second floor is the assembly- 
room, 32x60 feet, in which is a fine pipe- 




The Ohio State Building. 



is a veranda across the entire front, from the 
center of which rises a tall tower, balconied, 
and pierced with windows, and 131 feet 



organ; also an exhibit-room, 31 x 100. Here 
will be shown specimens of the flora and 
fauna of this State. @n the third floor are 



STATE BUILDINGS, 



307 



twelve sleeping-rooms, for members of the 
commission and other State officers. On 
the second floor is the press exhibit, showing 
sample front pages of every paper and 
magazine published in the State. The 
pomological display presents 500 models of 
the various fruits grown in Michigan. The 
salt exhibit is especially interesting, as are 
also those of woman's work, educational, 
grains and grasses, etc. Probably the most 
unique thing is the poem entitled ' ' The 
Red Man's Rebuke," composed by the last 
chief of the Pottawatomies, and printed on 
birch bark. The exterior of the building is of 
Michigan pine and shingles, the latter stained 
soft red. The general color tone is light-gray. 
Leaving this building the visitor retraces 



After the close of the Fair the group will 
be cast in bronze and placed near the falls in 
Minnehaha Park at Minneapolis. The first 
floor is devoted chiefly to an exhibition-hall, 
where is shown a fine collection of the birds 
and ^ beasts of the State. Here are also 
specimens of her grain, minerals, and other 
products. In the center of the hall is a 
drinking-fountain of Mankato stone; on the 
left is a relief map, 23x25 feet, of Duluth 
and its harbor, and in the rear the superin- 
tendent's room, check-rooms, post office, and 
information bureau. In the mezzanine story 
are sleeping-rooms for the officials and em- 
ployes. One side of the second story con- 
tains the Woman's Auxiliary Board room, 
with reception, reading, and toilet rooms. 




his steps, passes back by those of Washing- 
ton and Colorado, and jnst across the walk 
by which he entered the grounds finds on 
his right the Minnesota Building (B 15). 
Its ground area is 80x90 feet, and its 
height to the main cornice is 41 feet. The 
frame is of wood covered with staff; the 
style of architecture being that of the Italian 
Renaissance. The roof is covered with 
metallic Spanish tiles. On the front portico 
stand statues of Hiawatha and Minnehaha 
executed by Jacob Fjielde and contributed 
by the school children of Minnesota, aided 
by the Woman's Auxiliary Board. 

This beautiful group is inspired by Longfel- 
low's poem,, and finds its motive in the lines: 

Over wide and rushing rivers, 
In his arms he bore the maiden. 



The Michigan State Building, 

In the rear are two guest-chambers. 



On 



the west side is the State Board room, with 
the reception, reading, and toilet rooms. 
The interior is decorated in plain tints, with 
elaborate friezes selected from designs by 
women artists of the State. William 
Channing Whitney was the architect of this 
building. 

Just across the walk from the Minnesota 
Building is found that of Nebraska (B 15). 
It is of the colonial style of architecture. 
Classical size is 60x100 feet. The outside 
of the building is covered with staff, made 
to represent stone. On each side of the 
building is a large portico, with eight large 
massive columns, running the full height of 
both floors, supporting the gables over the 
porticoes. Six large rooms open onto these 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



Eorticoes, giving space for exhibits. On the 
rst floor is found a large exhibit-hall, recep- 
tion, check, waiting, commission, and men's 
toilet rooms. Reaching the second floor 
from this floor, by a large staircase ten feet 



.p^-^o. '- 



Emerging from this stnicture and cross- 
ing the walk, next in order is the Arkansas 
State Building (B 15). The architecture 
resembles the French rococo style, selected 
as appropriate because Arkansas was first 




The Minnesota State Building. 



wide, a large exhibit-room is entered. The 
janitor's and reading rooms are located on 
this floor, as are also waiting, reception, and 
toilet rooms for ladies. The building is 
amply equipped with stand-pipes and other 
apparatus for checking fires, and has every 



settled by the French. Staff constitutes the 
chief material of construction, its cheapness 
making it possible to enrich the facades of 
the structure at a moderate cost, which was 
necessary, as the building was erected en- 
tirely by popular subscription. The build- 




The Nebraska State Building. 



convenience for the comfort of visitors. 
Henry Voss of Omaha is the architect, and 
for the money expended ($15,000) he has 
produced a very creditable building. 



ing proper is 92 feet deep by 66 feet wide. 
The main entrance is through the ornate 
elliptical veranda, the steps leading up to 
which are granite quarried and cut at Little 



STATE BUILDINGS. 



209 



Rock. From this a triple arcade leads into 
the rotunda, 30 X 30 feet, extending the en- 
tire height of the building, rising to a square 
dome thirty feet in diameter. The unique 
feature of the building is the fountain in the 
center of the rotunda, donated by the Ladies' 
Columbian Club of Hot Springs. From the 
center of the basin, which is ten feet in di- 
ameter, rises a granite base bearing the 
figure of a boy holding over his head a pas- 
sion-flower, the floral emblem of the State. 
Around the base is grouped a fine collection 
of Hot Springs crystals, while crushed crys- 
tals cover the petals of the flower. Aquatic 
plants are placed at the corners of the basin. 
When illuminated by electric lights it is ex- 
ceedingly unique and attractive. This feat- 
ure was designed by Mrs. P. H. Ellsworth 
of Hot Springs. The three rooms, 15x15 
feet each, on either side of the rotunda are 
used as ladies' reception and exhibit rooms; 
the large one in the rear, 25 x 65 feet, extends 



tion, and was the only woman occupying a 
similar position. She is a member of the Ar- 
kansas Board of World's Fair Lady Mana- 
gers, and is also a member of the National 
Press Association. 

Having beheld all that is notable in the 
Arkansas State Building, the visitor, cross- 
ing to the west side of the walk, sees before 
him that erected by the State of North 
Dakota (B 15). The style of architecture 
happily named the "colonial" seems ex- 
tremely appropriate to the State buildings, 
since it is dignified, though not severe; home- 
like and hospitable, yet not trivial. In the 
North Dakota edifice the solid structure of 
the front elevation is essentially classic, with 
large exterior colonnades, or porches, carried 
up to cover two stories, a feature which is 
useful and at the same time softens and 
makes attractive the severer lines, rect- 
angles, and arches of the classic ideal. The 
ground-floor colonnade forms the porch and 




The Arkansas State Building, 



the width of the building, and is devoted to 
general exhibits. It is extended through 
triple arches, opposite which is a beautiful 
mantel (twelve feet long) made of Arkansas 
white onyx. In the second story a broad 
gallery encircles the hall, affording entrance 
to six rooms, 15x15 feet each, corresponding 
to similar rooms on the first floor. The two 
large rooms over the exhibit-rooms are used 
as parlors for ladies and gentlemen. Al- 
most the entire first floor is laid in clear rift 
Arkansas pine, donated by the various lum- 
ber companies of the State. Mrs. Frank 
Middleton Douglas, nee Miss Jean Lough- 
borough, the architect, was born in St. Louis, 
Mo. Her father served as a colonel in the 
Confederate army. Mary W. Loughbor- 
ough, his wife, was an author of note. In 
April, 1892, Miss Loughborough submitted 
her design for the Arkansas State Building, 
and was given first prize over all competitors. 
She was made superintendent of its construc- 
14 



the second story a " gallery " (as it is called 
in the South), and the effect is rendered 
doubly attractive by the fine situation of the 
building. The interior offers generous stair- 
ways and hall space, lighting and ventila- 
tion. The whole first floor is thrown into 
one room, 60 x 90 feet, affording ample room 
for display of the State exhibit, which in- 
cludes nearly every product of the soil found 
in the temperate zone — whether from field or 
forest, farm, garden, or orchard. A feature 
of this room is a large fire-place facing its 
main entrance, flanked on either side by stair- 
ways, which meet at a landing and, merging 
into one, give access to the second floor, 
where are found reception, press, and com- 
mittee rooms, and toilet accommodations. 
The decorations of the building, both inte- 
rior and exterior, are conventionalized rep- 
resentations of the natural and agricultural 
products of the State of North Dakota. 
Wheat, corn, grasses of many kinds, etc., 



210 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



are shown in bas-relief on bands, panels, 
and angles; and pedestals are occupied by 
allegorical figures and groups appropriate to 
the time and place. The material used for 
the structure is wood, covered with staff 
except where its position requires that the 
wood shall retain its own aspect. The ex- 
treme dimensions of the building are 40 x 70 
feet and its height is 30 feet. It cost $1 1 ,000. 
On the same side of the walk a little 
farther north is found the Kansas State 
Building (A 15). The "Sunflower State" 
has a building which at once attracts the 
attention of visitors by its unique features 
inside and out. It follows the model of 
those structures which seem to have devel- 
oped, by natural evolution, under a warm 
and sunny sky. The building, cruciform 
in plan, measures 135 feet from north to 
south and 140 feet from east to west, and 



Just north of the Kansas State Building is 
a department of the Public Comfort (A 15). 
There is a park gate here where but one 
class of visitors will be allowed to enter — 
the bicyclers. Here, and at one other en- 
trance, all wheels must be left, and arrange- 
ments are made to accommodate 16,000 
wheelmen daily. Check-rooms, toilet-rooms, 
etc. , have been provided for both male and 
female riders. 

Leaving the ranks of wheels and the 
crowds of riders, the visitor, turning toward 
the east, next reaches the Texas State 
Building (A 15), which was provided en- 
tirely by the women of that State. Plans 
were prepared by J. Riley Gordon of San 
Antonio for a structure of considerable 
architectural grace and beauty. The build- 
ing contains assembly-rooms, 56 feet square 
and 20 feet high, provided with a large 




The North Dakota State Building. 



was one of the first State buildings to be 
completed, and the first to be dedicated. 
The rear of the building was especially 
designed for the valuable natural history 
collection of the State University, which is 
one of the most notable exhibits of the Fair. 
The bas-reliefs in front of the tower rep- 
resent the State as she was when admitted 
into the Union in 1861, armed for her strug- 
gle " ad astra per aspera " (through diffi- 
culties to the stars); and again under her 
present prosperous aspect, crowned with the 
wealth of her endless resources. Seymour 
Davis, architect of the Kansas and Territo- 
rial buildings, is well known west of the 
Mississippi River. He was born in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., in 1863, and here he completed 
his architectural education. He moved to 
Topeka, Kan., in 1883, and has been actively 
engaged in his profession since 1886. 



art -glass skylight in the ceiling, with a 
mosaic Texas star in its center. The ros- 
trum, ante-rooms, etc., are finished in the 
natural woods of Texas. The administra- 
tion wing contains a register and rooms for 
a bureau of information, messengers, tele- 
phone, telegraph, secretary, president, di- 
rectors, Texas Press Association headquar- 
ters, lady secretary, president, and executive 
committee, lobby, historical museum, and 
library; also toilet-rooms, rooms for county 
collective exhibits, etc. The main entrances 
are through vestibules, flanked on either side 
by niches and colonnades. The main vesti- 
bule terminates in a large auditorium, from 
which entrance is afforded to the various 
working departments above mentioned. In 
the treatment of the design the architecture 
has not deflected from the traditions of the 
" Lone Star State," which from the first has 



STATE BUILDINGS. 



211 



been marked by; a Spanish tinge, whose 
architectural feeling and beautiful botanical 
effects lay down a chain of thought far too 
beautiful to forsake for that of this modern 
day. Therefore the architect has designed 



Son of Chicago. J. Riley Gordon, the archi- 
tect of this building, was born at Win- 
chester, Va., in '1863. In 1873 his family 
moved to San Antonio, Tex,, and in 1881 
Mr. Gordon began the study of architecture 




•^■;^' >t- 



The Kansas State Building. 

the building, colonnades, grounds, fount- under W. K. Dodson of Tennessee. Mr. 

ains, foliage, etc., to present a Spanish Gordon is widely known in his adopted 

vista, a bower of beautiful Texas foliage, State, and has a large patronage within its 

comprising the banana, palm, magnolia, borders, 

pomegranate, Spanish dagger, orange, and From the " Lone Star State" to the " Blue 




The Texas State Building, 



many rare tropical plants common to Texas. 
The building cost $40,000, the contract hav- 
ing been awarded to Messrs. W. Harley & 



Grass State " seems quite a long distance, 
but here they are found as near neighbors, 
for across the walk, just south of the former. 



212 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



is seen the Kentucky State Building (B 

1 6). The architect's idea in this structure 
is to typify the Southern colonial style as 
distinguished from that of New England; 
the most striking features of the former being 
the great pillared porch in front. Another 
object is to suggest the better class of the 
old Kentucky homestead, and at the same 
time to give enough variety to meet the de- 
mands of the occasion and furnish an at- 
tractive club-house where Southern hospital- 
ity can be dispensed. The exterior of the 
building is covered with staff — the material 
used on the large national buildings — colored 
a rich cream, trimmed with pure white for 
all columns, cornices, etc. The size of the 
building, exclusive of porches, is 75 x 95 
feet, with the main entrance in the center of 
the principal fa9ade, under the cover of the 
porch. This entrance leads into the large 
central hall, from which open offices, parcel- 
rooms, post offices, etc., and under a wide 
platform just opposite the front door, at the 



er's room, sleeping-rooms, and bath-rooms 
are also on the second floor. When desired, 
the exhibition-rooms can be thrown into one. 
The woodwork throughout is finished in 
white enamel. Mason Maury and W. J. 
Dodd of the firm of Maury & Dodd, Louis- 
ville, Ky., were the architects of this build- 
ing. The former is a native of Louisville; 
the latter was born in Chicago. This firm 
is a noted one, and has a large clientele in 
the " Blue Grass State." 

Just south of and next to this building is 
the interesting structure of Florida (B 15). 
The group of Southern buildings upon the 
grounds of the World's Columbian Exposi- 
tion in Chicago contains several noteworthy 
specimens of work by Southern architects, 
both in the shape of the original designs of 
typical Southern character and in the re- 
production of Southern buildings that claim 
attention because of their historic interest. 
These buildings lack the pretentious propor- 
tions and elegance of some of the structures 




The Florida State Building. 



other end of the hall, is the entrance to the 
dining-room. This platform is midway 
between the two stories, and as the greater 
part of the hall extends upward to the roof, 
with galleries around the second story, it is 
an excellent ' ' coign of vantage " for the ora- 
tors (of which this State produces such an 
abundance) to glorify the past, present, 
and future of the ' ' dark and bloody ground." 
On the left side of the hall, in a recess, is 
the great fire-place, where huge "back- 
logs " will be burned to combat the chill blasts 
of the "Windy City." The ladies' parlors 
are on the left side of the building, off the 
reception-hall, and adjoin the check-room 
and post office. Opposite are the gentle- 
men's parlors, smoking and toilet rooms, 
with side entrance. The dining-room, 20 x 
40 feet, well lighted, and recessed for a fire- 
place opposite the entrance, communicates 
with the kitchen, store-room, etc. Three 
large exhibition-rooms extend across the 
entire front of the building and open out 
onto the wide gallery. The commissioner's 
room, a private hall, the lady commission- 



erected by Northern and Western States, 
but most of their modest size and character 
is largely due to the fact that the provision 
for these Southern buildings was made al- 
most entirely by private subscription, apart 
from legislative aid. This does not in any 
respect detract from their attractiveness or 
value, for in nearly every instance they have 
been planned and constructed to meet a 
specific purpose, either in making provision 
for a particular line of exhibits or to em- 
body Southern characteristics in their archi- 
tecture. In nearly all respects they are dis- 
tinctively Southern, being the embodiment 
of Southern ideas in Southern materials. 

The commonwealth of Florida, for in- 
stance, carrying out this idea, chose a 
unique design for a State building, which is 
as striking as it is original and historic. 
Few of the State buildings on the World's 
Fair grounds have attracted so much atten- 
tion during construction as the reproduction 
of old Fort Marion, St. Augustine's remark- 
able Spanish fortress, which will serve as 
the Florida headquarters during the Expo- 



STATE BUILDINGS. 



213 



sition. This structure probably outranks 
any other building at the Fair in the antiq- 
uity of its historic interest, St. Augustine, 
Fla., and Santa Fe, N. M., are the oldest 
towns in North America, and the history of 
St. Augustine is the history of Fort Marion. 
The old fort has figured in the stirring 
events of three centuries. It was called by 
the Spaniards San Juan de Pinos, San 
Augustin, San Marco, and by the English 
St. Mark, the name of Fort Marion being 
given by the United States Government in 
honor of Gen. Francis Marion, of Revo- 
lutionary fame, in 1825, when the peninsula 
came into the Union. This ancient fortress, 
first used as such in 1565, witnessed the 
struggle between the Spanish and French 
for the possession of the river of dolphins; 
the destruction of the early Spanish settle- 
ment by the English sea-king, Sir Francis 
Drake, in 1589; the bitter warfare with the 



American troops have alternately battled for 
and occupied it, and like a martial barometer 
it has recorded many mutations of national- 
ity, to rest at last calmly and securely under 
the domination of the United States. It did 
not figure in the war between the States, 
but has been used as a place of detention 
for fierce Apache raiders, who, separated 
from their marauding brethren by almost the 
width of this vast continent, have cooled 
their impotent rage and smothered their 
despair within its walls of stone. The re- 
production is faithful; bridge and moat, 
watch-tower, sentry-box, and parapet, cur- 
tain and bastion are exactly as in the origi- 
nal. In the interior in addition to the court 
is a hall and several rooms for the conven- 
ience of guests and others. 

From the " Peninsular State," fraught 
with the glow of summer suns and antique 
reminiscences, the visitor, still going south- 




The Missouri State Building. 



English colonists of South Carolina and 
Georgia, under Governors Moore and Ogle- 
thorpe, and lastly the fierce ravages of the 
Indian foe in the Seminole War. Its walls 
have sheltered half -starved Spanish garri- 
sons, have kept in misery the Indian slave 
and the English prisoner, and have been 
the home of the convict. The fortress is in 
all respects a castle built after the style of 
the Middle Ages. The foundations of the 
fort, as it now stands, were laid in 1620. 
After more than a century of toil by an 
army of troops, bands of Indian captives, 
slaves, convicts, and exiles, the great bas- 
tions were finally completed, tinder the 
name of Fort San Marco, in 1765. It then 
required an armament of 100 guns and a 
garrison of 1,000 men. It is this old for- 
tress, with its historic associations, that 
the Florida Commission has reproduced at 
Jackson Park, and but few of the buildings 
there_ attract so much attention. Indian, 
Spaniard, English buccaneer, French and 



ward, next reaches the Missouri Building(B 
16), which is a massive structure of the com- 
posite order of architecture. A long fa9ade, 
pierced with deeply recessed arches, is two 
stories high, the upper lighted by square 
windows. At the west end is a low square 
tower, with a steep roof running to a point, 
terminating in a flagstaff. At the east end 
is a taller tower, also square, surmounted 
with a lantern, which has a towering flag- 
pole on its summit. At each corner of this 
tower is also a shorter pole, from which flags 
are floating. A beautiful view is obtained 
from the upper story of this tower. The in- 
terior of the building is divided into large 
halls for displays of women's work, curios, 
and historical relics, and there are also nu- 
merous reception -halls, toilet and check 
rooms, parlors for men and women, reading 
and writing rooms, etc. The building, as 
far as was practicable, was built of Missouri 
materials, by Missouri mechanics, and its 
rugs, carpets, curtains, and other furnishings 



214 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



are largely the products of the labor of 
the women of this State — the wool clipped 
from the native sheep having been carded, 
spun, and woven by them. Although the pro- 
ducts of this member of the Sisterhood of 
States are distributed chiefly in their appro- 
priate national buildings, the exhibit here is 
of great interest. Specimens of the fruits of 
the Olden Farm, in Howell County, the 
largest orchard in the world, show what this 
favored section can do in that direction. 
The year 1892 was the poorest fruit year 
in a century, yet South Missouri, judg- 
ing from what is seen here, seems not to 
have realized it. Grains, grasses, and the 
fine cabinets of woods and economic min- 
erals displayed rank this exhibit among 
the best. 



spection. Eleven beautifully carved panels 
designed and executed by women of the 
State form a feature of the exhibit that is 
quite charming. The rice industry, from the 
planting of the grain on through its growth, 
gathering, and final use, is shown, as are also 
the immense sugar industries. Other agri- 
cultural products are not neglected, and the 
display of woods is very fine. Last but not 
least is the Creole kitchen, where gumbo 
soup, puis cafe, cafe noir, and the thousand 
and one delicacies for which the State is 
noted are served. Iberia's Tabasco pep- 
per-sauce contributes its pungency to the 
seasoning, and those who have never eaten 
a real Creole meal now have an opportunity 
to obtain one, cooked and served in ante- 
bellum style by snowily turbaned and 




The Pennsylvania State Building. 



Just west of Missouri, and between that 
State and Minnesota, is found the exhibit of 
the " Pelican State." The Louisiana State 
Building (B 15) is north of and facing the 
western Annex of the Art Galleries. Of its 
eight rooms, one is devoted to the Acadian 
exhibits from the quaint old French col- 
ony in the lovely Bayou Teche country. 
Longfellow in his " Evangeline " has im- 
mortalized both the country and its dwellers, 
and this exhibit will be exceedingly interest- 
ing. Another room is devoted to the relics 
of the French and Spanish days of Louisiana; 
and a third contains the richly carved an- 
tique furniture of Governor Galvez, which is 
usually kept in the museum of the capitol 
at Baton Rouge. A Creole concert com- 
pany and a comprehensive exhibit of the 
schools for negro children are worthy of in- 



aproned colored cooks and waiters, and 
superintended by young ladies of Caucasian 
blood, representing the beauty and hospi- 
tality of that grand commonwealth. 

Turning back from the "Pelican State," 
one finds upon the right-hand side of the 
north and south w^alk, down which he 
came, the stately edifice of Pennsylvania 
(B 16). The style is colonial, reproducing 
the historic clock-tower of Independence 
Hall, in Philadelphia, wdth the old liberty 
bell. The first and second stories are of 
Philadelphia pressed brick, floors of native 
marble and woods, and the walls orna- 
mented with wainscot panelings from Penn- 
sylvania forests. The front entrance opens 
into a central rotunda 30 feet in diame- 
ter and 40 feet high. To the right and 
left are general reception, toilet, and dress- 



STATE BUILDINGS. 



215 



ing rooms. In the rear the exhibition-room 
extends the entire width of the build- 
ing, its walls ornamented with portraits of 
distinguished Pennsylvanians. Many rare 
documents and relics of historical interest 
are displayed, the grandest of which is 
the old Liberty Bell, whose tocsin pro- 
claimed to all the world the birth of the 
Republic. Broad staircases lead to the 
second story, where the waiting-room and 
offices of the executive commissioner are 
located; also a room for the use of press 
correspondents, and another containing 
Pennsylvania newspaper-files. The doors 
and windows of the second floor open upon 
broad verandas, and outside staircases lead 
to the roof-garden. Statues of William 
Penn and Benjamin Franklin, historical 
maps, books, portraits of governors and 
other prominent citizens, and relics are ex- 
hibited. Surmounting the main fa9ade of 
the building are several pieces of statuary — 
the Pennsylvania coat-of-arms; figures of 
William Penn and Benjamin Franklin, 
heroic in size, about twelve feet high, and 
the allegorical groups at the right and left 
angles of the building. The last are indic- 
ative of mines and mining on the one hand, 
and of science, manufactures, and agricul- 
ture on the other; with the central figure, in 
either case, of their sheltering and guiding 
spirits. 

The designer of the building was Mr. 
Thomas P. Lonsdale, a noted Philadelphia 
architect. 

Leaving the building in which these inter- 
esting exhibits are seen, the journey is re- 
sumed, and on the right-hand or east side of 
the walk, opposite the Florida Building, 
stands the Joint Territorial Building (B i6) 
of Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. 



homa, with her grains, grasses, fruits, and 
cattle products; Arizona, with her minerals, 
her sub-tropical fruits, her cacti and other 
flowers, and the handiwork of her Indians — 




Old Libeity Bell. 



such as Navajo blankets, Moqui water-bas- 
kets, and Apache whips and braided work; 
and New Mexico, with her display of gold, 
silver, and mining appliances, her glorious 
fruits and wines, her artistic gold and silver 
filagree work, done by Indian and Mexican 
artists, are certain to attract attention. 




The West Virginia State Building. 



This modest little structure was designed 
by Seymour Davis of Topeka, Kan. Though 
these Territories are yet in their infancy, 
their exhibits are exceedingly fine. Okla- 



Characteristic views of the dwellings, the 
scenery, and the people of these Territories 
are shown. 

Next in order, on the same side of the 



216 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



walk with and north of the Joint Ter- 
ritorial, is that of West Virginia (B i6). 
In this building, as is appropriate for a State 
bearing the Virginia name, the style is 
strictly colonial. It is a wide-spreading 
house, with great hospitable piazzas, re- 
sembling those of Mount Vernon, Monti- 
cello, Harperly, Malvern, and other historic 
houses along the Potomac, the Rappahan- 
nock, the York, and the James. The broad 
veranda makes almost a complete circuit of 
the mansion, and on the northern and south- 
ern fronts forms a semicircular porch. The 
doors and windows are all of generous 
width, and the stairways and halls of simi- 
larly hospitable proportions. The ornamen- 
tation follows the same idea, being carried 
out in classic forms in the way of festoons 
and other graceful armngements of flower 
and l^af . The main entrance is surmounted 
by the arms of the State in bas-relief. On 



shingle roof, the outside being weather- 
boarded and painted. The interior is plas- 
tered, with hardwood finishing, and the 
ceilings are of ornamental ironwork from 
Wheeling, W. Va. In fact all the exterior 
is made of material native to the State. It 
is 58 X 123 feet (including the semicircular 
verandas), and the cost was $20,000. 

Across the walk and due north of this 
structure is that of Utah (A 16). This 
building is situated at the extreme north 
end of the Fair grounds, and is 90 feet 
long by 50 feet wide, with the major axis 
running east and west, the principal front 
facing south, and two stories high. The 
first floor contains an exhibition-hall extend- 
ing up through the second story and form- 
ing a semicircular light-well and gallery at 
the intersection of the second floor; the 
secretary's apartment, the bureau of infor- 
mation, and ladies' reception-rooms, together 




The Utah Building. 



each floor are two fine colonial fire- 
places, with wood mantels elaborately 
carved. The aim in this, as in all examples 
of the style, is a combination of beauty and 
simplicity. As is necessary in this sum- 
mery, almost semi-tropical house, the open- 
ings, both exterior and interior, are broad 
and airy. The main floor is entered through 
a vestibule flanked by committee-rooms, and 
after passing through this the visitor enters 
the large reception-hall, having parlors with 
drawing-room and toilet-rooms. The second 
story contains other committee-rooms, and 
also an assembly-room of generous propor- 
tions, being 76 x 34 feet, and 13 feet high. The 
exhibits from West Virginia being largely 
composed of minerals and things beautiful 
and curious connected with mining and 
metallurgy, preparations have been made 
for their display and safe-keeping in cabi- 
nets of great size, number, and variety. 
The building is of wood, with high-pitched 



with toilet-rooms, etc. On the second floor 
are located the officers' quarters, and a large 
room for special exhibits. The architectural 
style chosen for the exterior of the building 
is Renaissance, this being appropriate for 
small buildings, and at the same time in 
perfect harmony with the larger ones. The 
entrance is reached by a spacious approach 
and broad steps leading to a semicircular 
portico, which forms the principal feature 
of the south front. It is used as a head- 
quarters for Utah people visiting the Fair, 
also as a bureau of information generally, 
where people can get reliable information, 
statistics, and data regarding Utah and its 
people. There are also kept in the building 
some special exhibits — many of which are of 
great interest — and such others as do not 
enter into competition in the general build- 
ings. Dallas & Hedges of Salt Lake City 
are the architects. The cost of the building 
and furniture complete was $18,500. Mr. Dal- 



STATE BUILDINGS. 



217 



las of the firm of Dallas & Hedges, archi- 
tects for the Utah Building at the World's 
Fair, is a native of Utah, born in Salt Lake 
City in 1857. He has designed many of the 
finest buildings in Utah, Nevada, Idaho, 
and Wyoming, and is a member of the 
American Institute of Architects, Salt Lake 
Institute of Architects, and of the Polytech- 
nic Society of Utah. 

Immediately to the west of the Utah 
Building, and on the same side of the walk, 
is seen the Montana State Building (A 
16), designed by Galbraith & Fuller of 
Livingston, Mont. It is one story, in 
Roman style, the dimensions being 62 feet 
10 inches front by 113 feet deep; height of 
story, 16 feet in front and 20 feet in rear, with 
gallery. Its frame is constructed of wood 
and iron, covered with glass and staff, and 
the building contains spacious reception- 



into a spacious vestibule, 24x28 feet, with 
16-foot ceilings, finished in staff, and 
painted and grained in oak. The walls and 
ceilings are paneled; the heavy arches over 
openings supported with molded pilasters. 
The floor is of marble. From this vestibule 
are entrances to the lobby, the ladies' 
reception-rooms and parlors, and men's 
reception-rooms and parlors. In the lobby 
are entrances to ladies' and men's reception- 
rooms and parlors ; also to a rear banquet-hall. 
The lobby is 22 x 22 feet, and is covered 
with a glass dome 38 feet high. Its walls 
contain eight panels of Georgia pine, re- 
cording historical events of the State. To 
the right and left are entrances to two 
reception-rooms, parlor for ladies, 20x22, 
and smoking-rooms. These are finished in 
Georgia pine, having 16-foot ceiling, and 
heavy wood cornices painted in oil tints. 




rooms for men and women. The main 
entrance, through the vestibule, leads to the 
lobby, reception-hall, with gallery, smoking 
and toilet rooms, ladies' parlors and toilet- 
rooms, and office, baggage-room, kitchen, 
and two janitors' rooms. The exterior of 
the building is ornamented with heavy 
molded and fluted pilasters, Roman caps 
and bases. The two side wings in front, 
with main entrance, are ornamented with 
heavy pediments representing clusters of 
fruit. The main entrance between these 
wings is 28 feet wide and 16 feet high, 
with a large Roman arch supported with 
columns, molded caps and bases, and 
balustrades between. On either side of 
this arch are two panels containing the seal 
of the State and the date in Roman figures. 
These are 4x5 feet, and solid sheet gold. 
Above the arch is a pedestal supporting 
a miniature mountain-peak, upon which 
stands an elk nine feet high, the antlers 
measuring ten feet from tip to tip. Enter- 
ing the building, you pass through the arch 



The Montana State Building. 

From the lobby to the banquet-hall, 52x40 
feet, we pass through a large arch in the 



front, on either side of which are located 
two offices, 12x12 feet; also entrances to 
lavatories. The stairs at either side reach a 
gallery 40X 52 feet, surmounted with a glass 
dome, 32x32 feet, used for special exhibits 
of the State. On the first floor, on either 
side of the rear entrance, are baggage-rooms 
and offices, 14x16 feet; also a kitchen with 
pantry. All are ceiled with pine painted in 
oil tints. There are ladies' and men's lava- 
tories, toilet and reception rooms, with recess 
drinking-fountains. The interior is lighted 
with 128 clusters of electric lights. The cost 
of the building was $15,125. 

Still moving eastward, the next point of 
interest is the Idaho Building (A 17), on 
the same side of the walk. This young 
State, though traversed by many beautiful 
and fertile valle^^s, is in the main a mount- 
ainous region, its mean elevation being 
4,700 feet above the sea-level. Its Indian 
name, a word of the Shoshone tongue signi- 



218 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



fying "light," or "gem of the mountains," 
is indicative of its glorious beauty. Its 
many streams are bordered by dense forests 
of valuable timber and its mountains are 
massive treasure-houses of the precious 



cedar-logs, stained to present the weather- 
beaten appearance of age. Swiss bal- 
conies hang about it, and it is roofed with 
"shakes" held in place by rocks. The 
chimneys are large and roughly stuccoed to 




The Idaho State Building. 



metals. Though its progress toward refine- 
ment and riches has been, and is, rapid, yet 
the log-cabin of the pioneer is still a famil- 
iar sight, and the forests and hills abound 
with game. These have given to the 
architect his motive in creating a struct- 
ure which should truly typify the spirit 
and conditions of young Idaho. Hence 



imitate the chimneys of actual pioneer days. 
An arched stone entrance opens into a large 
hall, at the end of which is a stone fire-place 
with log mantel. The remainder of this 
floor is divided into ofiices, sleeping and 
toilet rooms. By stairways on either side of 
the fire-place, an upper hall is reached, the 
windows of which are glazed with Idaho 




The Maryland State Building. 

this structure, which is three stories high, mica. In front of this hall is the women's 

with a foundation of lava and basaltic reception -hall, representing a miner's cabin, 

rock, is made to resemble a three-story its fire-place of metalliferous rock, and and- 

log-cabin. The timbers used are stripped irons, door-latches, etc., made in imitation of 



STATE BUILDINGS. 



21& 



miners' tools. At the rear of the hall the 
men's reception-room, an imitation of a 
hunter's and trapper's cabin, has a fire-place 
of Idaho lava, the andirons made of bear- 
traps and fish-spears; the other hardware 
therein representing arrows and other Indian 
weapons, etc. The entire third floor is one 
large hall for exhibits, receptions, etc. 

From the rugged but beautiful edifice of 
this State the visitor crosses the walk and 
due south finds the Maryland Building 
(B 17), which is 78 feet deep and 142 
feet wide. The architecture is of the so- 
called free classic Corinthian order, the style 
from which the colonial work of the last 
century developed. The building is three 
stories high. The main entrance is through 



the right of the main hall is another exhibi- 
tion-hall, 25x26 feet, used for the women's, 
exhibit, and adjoining it is a ladies' parlor and 
toilet-room. In either corner of the hall is 
an office, bureau of information, and pas- 
senger elevator. The second floor contains, 
three parlors on the front, and on the end 
an office, reading, smoking, and toilet rooms. 
On the third floor are the janitor's rooms 
and those of the commissioners in charge. 
The building was designed and executed 
under the direction of Baldwin & Penning- 
ton, architects, of Baltimore, Md., whose 
fame is not limited to the boundaries of 
their own State. 

Adjoining and south of Maryland is her 
sister State, Delaware. The State Building 







The Delaware State Building. 



a Corinthian portico two stories high. At 
each end of the building are smaller ones. 
A spacious piazza extends the full length of 
the building, its top having a deck roof. A 
similar roof covers the two wings of the 
building, from which a view of the entire 
park may be had. The building is of frame, 
with iron supports, finished exteriorly with 
staff or plaster work. The interior is fin- 
ished in wood and plaster, carrying out the 
old colonial style as it appears in early 
Maryland country-seats. The front entrance 
leads into a reception-hall, 38x40 feet, from 
the center of which a main stairway, branch- 
ing from a landing into two lesser stairways, 
leads to the second floor. To the left of the 
hall is the principal exhibition-hall, 36x26 
feet, extending upward through two stories, 
with a gallery at the second floor level. To 



of Delaware (B 17), like the State itself, is 
small, though it is handsomely built. It is 
of the Southern colonial style of architecture, 
and is wholly constructed of Delaware ma- 
terial. The building is 60 x 58 feet and cost 
$7,500. It has arched and pillared entrances 
and ornamental balustraded cornices, and a 
very handsome portico on the west end, 
with fluted columns reaching the full height 
of the building. This State was among 
the first to make a World's Fair appropria- 
tion, and her building one of the first to be 
completed. In the interior are seen models 
of many interesting structures in the State — 
some of them built during the seventeenth 
century— and many other objects worthy of 
attention. 

The building immediately to the south of 
this one presents quite a contrast in size» 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



being that of the " Empire State," as New 
York (C 17) is called. The Board of Gen- 
eral Managers of the State of New York, 
consisting of Chauncey M. Depew, Gorton 
W. Allen, John Boyd Thacher, Louis Mere- 
dith Rowland, Walter L. Sessions, and 
Charles A. Sweet, desired to have the State 
Building a fitting monument to the people 
of the State. The idea of adopting any ex- 
isting structure was abandoned, and the 
unique opportunity of erecting a summer 
palace has been made the most of by the ar- 
chitects, McKim, Meade & White. The build- 
ing fronts the Art Building, and is flanked 
on one side by the Pennsylvania Building 
and on the other by that of Massachusetts, 
Delaware's house being immediately in the 
rear. It may be said without invidious dis- 



dras. On either side of the main entrance, 
in the niches outside the building, are placed 
the busts of George Clinton and Roswell P. 
Flower, the first and present governors of 
the State. In the other niches inthefa9ade 
of the second story are two heroic-sized 
figures of Henry Hudson and Christopher 
Columbus — the four works of art being the 
production of Olin Warner. The exterior 
of the building is lit by electricity, the belt 
course marking the second story being wired 
for incandescent lights around the sides of 
the building at short intervals. Above the 
arched entrance is the great seal of New 
York (ten feet high), illuminated by myriads 
of tiny lamps, set close together. The main 
cornice and the cornice of the upper deck 
are also defined by incandescent lamps. 




The New York State Building. 



tinction that New York's building is the 
only one of the State structures that has 
been designed in the palatial form. It ex- 
tends over an area of 14,538 feet, exclusive 
of terraces, porticoes, or exedras, which cover 
an additional area of 3,676 feet. The build- 
ing is 214 feet in length, 142 feet in depth, 
and in height, from grade to apex of tower, 
96 feet. The approach is from the south, 
by a flight of fourteen steps, forty-six feet 
wide, giving access to a terrace 15 x 80 feet, 
from which the loggia, 46x17.6 feet, is 
reached. At the entrances to the building 
are casts of the celebrated Barberini lions, 
and the four pedestal lamps lighting the ter- 
race are reproductions of the best unique ex- 
amples in the Museum of Naples. The por- 
ticoes east and west of the building have a 
diameter of fifty feet, the open portion of 
which is covered, in the Italian fashion, by 
a colored sail, stretched flat above the line of 
■caps of the columns, as in the Greek exe- 



The main floor of the building consists 
of a vestibule, 17.6 x 46 x 33.10 feet. On 
either side of this vestibule are three niches 
in mosaic, and it is the most elaborate and 
beautiful work of the kind that has ever 
been done in this country. The entrance- 
hall, 46 x 84 feet, and 20 feet high, is 
light in color, the main mural decorations 
being on the grand-staircase hall, 37x46 
feet; the dome ceiling being 46 feet high. 
These paintings are adapted from Pom- 
peian designs not previously used by any 
artist. In the well of the staircase is a 
room, 36 X 46 feet, in which is placed the 
relief map of the State, on a scale of an inch 
to the mile. On the west of the entrance- 
hall are the women's State apartments, 
consisting of three rooms, 28.7x32.8 feet, 
and 20 feet .high. The walls of the suite of 
rooms are covered by a light silk of Renais- 
sance pattern, the floors of hard oak covered 
by Indian rugs. On the east of the entrance- 



STATE BUILDINGS. 



hall is a similar suite of rooms, designed for 
the use of men, papered and furnished ac- 
cording to the general design. On the same 
floor are the lavatories, coat-rooms, post 



an allegorical subject. On the west of this 
hall is the women managers' board room, 
32. 8 X 56. 7 feet, and 15 feet high; off which is a 
room, 17.6x18 feet, communicating with a 




The Massachusetts State Building. 



office, telegraph and telephone offices, and the 
bureau of information. An elevator is pro- 
vided to enable the visitor to reach the roof. 
The second floor consists of a staircase-hall, 
giving access through three double doorways 
to the reception-hall, 84x46 feet, and 45 feet 



retiring-room, 22.6 x 28.7 feet, leading into 
the ladies' lavatory and toilet-rooms. This 
suite of rooms is very attractive, the paper- 
ing being of a large Watteau design, and the 
furniture especially adapted to the use of 
ladies. In the eastern wing is the museum, 




The Rhode Island State Building. 

high. The hall is the main feature of the 32.8x56.7, and 15 feet high, which is filled 

interior. The general scheme of decoration with historical relics and documents relating 

is white and gold. The panel in the center, to the history of the country and State. Ad- 

the work of Frank D. Millet, represents joiningis the general manager's board room, 



322 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



22.6 X 28.7 feet. Two other rooms, 18 x 21 
feet, complete the space on this floor. On 
the third floor are the service-rooms and a 
model kitchen. The roof -garden is com- 
posed of the space on the east and west por- 
ticoes, 375 feet each; the main roof, 9,840; 
belvederes, 256 feet each; connecting deck 
between the belvederes, 704 feet — the whole 
forming a triple terrace garden enriched by- 
terra cotta pots, decorated with palms, bay- 
trees, and flowering shrubs, and furnished 
with awnings, arbors, tables, and chairs, 
and lighted at night by electricity. 

The visitor now crosses the walk east- 
ward and finds himself at the Massachu- 
setts Building (B 17), which is an exem- 
plification of the Northern colonial style of 
architecture, and is really a reproduction of 
the historic residence of John Hancock, 
which stood on Beacon Hill, Boston, Mass., 



general reception-room. Its fittings are 
unique. The floor is of marble, the 
walls covered with tiles, the beams and 
rafters bare, and the mantel high, as in the 
old Dutch houses of New York and Penn- 
sylvania, as well as of Western Massachu- 
setts. On the left of the hall are two 
large parlors, forming a room 80x25 feet ^ 
when thrown together. The front parlor is ■ 
furnished by the Essex Institute, an old his- ■ 
torical society. The second-floor rooms, * 
furnished with antique cedar chairs, etc., 
are given over to the women's use. Pea- 
body & Stearns of Boston are the archi- 
tects. The cost was $50,000. 

Next to the ' ' Bay State " Building and 
north of it, on the same side of the walk, the 
visitor reaches that of Rhode Island (B 17), 
built by Messrs. Stone, Carpenter & Wilson, 
architects, Providence, R. I, This building 




The New Jersey State Building. 



near the State capitol. It is three stories 
high, surrounded in the center by a cupola, 
the exterior finished in staff in imitation of 
cut granite. Above the cupola is a flag- 
staff with a gilded codfish for a weather- 
vane, and a liberty-pole, eighty-five feet 
high, stands in the front court. The house, 
like its original, which it strikingly resembles, 
is surrounded by a raised terrace, filled in 
front and one side with old-fashioned flow- 
ers and foliage. Two flights of steps, one 
from the street to the terrace, the other 
from the court to the house, reach the build- 
ing. The main entrance opens into a spa- 
cious hall, with a tiled floor, and facing it is 
a broad colonial stairway leading to the 
second floor. This stairway is lighted by 
an old-fashioned bull's-eye window. On 
the right of the hall is a large room used 
as a registration -room, post office, and 



is in the style of a Greek mansion, and is in 
plan a parallelogram, 39 x 34 feet, with a 
semicircular porch, 12 x 22 feet, on the 
west front toward the avenue which marks 
the front entrance ; and is flanked by a north 
and south porch, about eight feet deep, the 
full width of the building. The building is 
amphiprostyle, the two porches being of the 
full width of the building and having four 
fluted Ionic columns, 24 inches in diame- 
ter and 21 feet high; while the rear 
entrance is between fluted Ionic pilas- 
ters of the same size and height. The 
front entrance is through three semicircular 
arched openings between the pilasters of 
the semicircular porch. The columns and 
pilasters are surmounted by enriched Ionic 
entablature with decorated moldings, mo- 
dillions, and dentils, and above the entab- 
lature the building is finished with a balus- 



STATE BUILDINGS. 



trade surrounding the four sides of tlie roof, 
with ornamental urns over each pedestal in 
the balustrade. The main hallway, running 
the whole depth of the house from front 
to rear entrance, is i8 feet wide and 30 
feet long. In the center of the hall is a fire- 
place and marble mantel taken from the 
old colonial mansion in which was formed 
the plan for the destruction of the British 
schooner " Gaspee," by citizens of Provi- 
dence, June 9, 1792; which plan was duly 
carried out by the capture and burning 
of the vessel in the early morning of the 
next day. From the hall on the right opens 
the women's parlor, 12 x 24 feet, and on the 
left is the office of the secretary, 11 x 13.6 
feet; behind which is the grand staircase 



the north with that of the secretary. The 
janitor's room is in the southeast corner of 
this story. In the rear of the building, and 
directly on a line with its axial line through 
the front and rear entrances, is located a 
vine-covered arbor, and the grounds are 
planted with old-fashioned flowers and 
shrubs in keeping with the surroundings. 

From " Little Rhody," as this one of the 
sisterhood is called, there lies next to it on the 
north, and still on the east side of the walk, 
an edifice full of historic interest. It is the 
New Jersey Building (B 17), designed in 
the colonial style, and is on the lines of the 
historical building in Morristown, N. J., 
which was occupied by General Washington 
as his headquarters during the winter of 




The Virginia State Building. 



leading to the second story. On this story 
are placed toilet-rooms for men and women, 
and the whole floor is fitted with comfort- 
able antique furniture and its walls hung 
with portraits and pictures of historic value. 
The staircase to the second story is broad, 
easy, and graceful, and leads to a landing 
the whole width of the hall, and from which 
by equally easy flights the second story is 
reached. The hall in this story is of the 
same width as in the first, with a large 
balustrade-protected opening in the center, 
commanding, as does the stair-landing, a 
fine view of the lower hall. Opening from 
the hall in the front of the building is the 
governor's private room, which is a com- 
plete circle in plan, eighteen feet in diame- 
ter, with windows looking to the west, north, 
and south. This room communicates on the 
south with the commissioner's room and on 



1779 and 1780. This building, on account of 
the part it played in Revolutionary times, 
was selected by the New Jersey commis- 
sioners as a model for their headquarters at 
the World's Fair. It is said that it has 
sheltered more people celebrated in the 
colonial times than any building in Amer- 
ica. Among those who have been beneath 
its roof are Alexander Hamilton, Generals 
Greene, Knox, Lafayette, Steuben, Kosci- 
usko, Schuyler, " Light Horse " Harry Lee, 
"Mad Anthony" Wayne, Israel Putnam, 
and Benedict Arnold. The original design 
has been modified by the addition of another 
wing and more piazzas front and rear. The 
building is not intended for exhibition pur- 
poses, but will have more the nature of a 
club-house for the use and convenience of 
visitors at the Fair from New Jersey. The 
entrance is into a large general assembly- 



224 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



hall two stories high, with balconies at the 
second story. This hall contains a large 
fire-place, also the coat-room and a liberal 
staircase leading to the second story. In 
the right wing of the building are placed 
the rooms set apart especially for ladies, 
and which consist of a meeting-room for the 
Board of Lady Managers and several par- 
lors for general use. In the right-hand wing 
are located the secretary's office and the 
offices of the State commissioners and presi- 
dent. The third story is given over to the 
apartments of the care-taker, and storeroom. 
So far as possible the material for the build- 
ing has been brought from New Jersey. 
The general contractor was James W. Lan- 
ning of Trenton, N. J.; the architect, 
Charles Ailing Gifford of Newark, N.J. 

The next building represents, in all that 
goes to the making of American history, the 
grandest of the grand links in the chain of 
the Union. It furnished the immortal 



back from each wing of the building to the 
rear, about 20 feet long, gj^ feet wide, and 
II feet high, connecting each with a lyi- 
story structure, 40x20 feet. These were 
called the dependencies. Altogether there 
are twenty-five rooms in the structure. On 
the first and second floors of the main 
building are eleven rooms; in the attic, six; 
and in each of the dependencies, four. The 
largest in the building is the banquet-hall, 
31 X 23 feet; the library, 16x19 feet; the main 
hall, Washington's chamber — in which he 
died; and Mrs. Washington's chamber — in 
the attic — to which she removed after her 
husband's death, and which she occupied 
during the remainder of her life on account 
of its being the only room in the house that 
looked out upon his tomb. The apartments 
average upon the first floor 17x17 feet; 
upon the second, 17 x 13. The height of the 
first story is 10 feet 9 inches; of the second, 
7 feet II inches; of the attic, 6 feet 9 




Washington, Patrick Henry, Jefferson, Mad- 
ison, and many others of the foremost men 
of the Republic, and is endeared to the 
American people by its familiar name, the 
" Mother of Presidents." It lies northwest 
of and across the walk from the building 
of New Jersey. The Virginia Building 
(A 17) is the exact representation of the 
Mount Vernon mansion (in Fairfax County, 
Va., near Washington City), the building 
in which George Washington lived and died. 
It was a present from his brother, Lawrence 
Washington, and was built in the early part 
of the last century by the father of the lat- 
ter. The main building is 94x32 feet, with 
two stories and an attic, and a two-story por- 
tico, with large columns extending along the 
whole front, being 94 feet long, 18 feet high, 
and 14 feet wide. The portico extends up to 
the cornice of the roof, with an ornamental 
railing around the top, and is furnished 
with settees along the whole length next the 
wall. There are two colonnades running 



inches; the distance from the ground to 
the top of the cupola is 50 feet. In the 
main hall is a large staircase, four feet 
wide, ascending by platforms to the floor 
above. On the first platform of the stair- 
way is an old Washington family clock, a 
very interesting historical relic. This hall 
is furnished with antique sofas and pictures 
of the last century. The rooms upon the 
first floor are ornamented by heavily carved 
and molded wood trimmings, and hand- 
some mantels, very antique. This Virginia 
building is not only an exact representation 
in every particular of the old Mount Vernon 
structure, but everything within is of the 
same character. Nothing modern is seen in 
it except the people and the library of books 
by Virginia authors. As far as could be 
done the building was furnished with arti- 
cles which were collected from all over the 
State — the heirlooms of old Virginia families; 
and with portraits of the same character. 
The building is presided over by the lady 



STATE BUILDINGS. 



225 



assistant of the Virginia board, Mrs. Lucy 
Preston Beale, a daughter of Hon. Ballard 
Preston, and granddaughter of General 
Preston, a former governor of Virginia. 
She has for attendants in the building old 
Virginia negroes, and undertakes to repre- 
sent in every particular an old home of the 
colonial period. There is a rare collection 
of relics of colonial times and of the Revo- 
lutionary War, and other antiquities, among 
which is the original will of George Wash- 
ington. The library is furnished entirely 
with books written by Virginians, or relat- 
ing to Virginia, and ornamented with old 
Virginia portraits, views, and other relics 
of the colonial period and of the last century. 
Somewhat saddened by his visit to the 
home of the "father of his country," whom 
even the cynic Byron characterized as the 
*' Cincinnatus of the West," and whom 



make as few alterations as possible in this 
building, and yet produce harmony in the 
whole when completed, the design of the 
new part was subordinated to that of the 
older portion, and something of the same 
style of architecture adopted. On the two 
principal dormers and capitals is to be seen 
the emblematic bird of the ' ' Hawkeye 
State." In the spandrels of the porch-arches 
are the State, National, and Territorial seals. 
Various industries are portrayed in low re- 
lief in the columns, and on the main walls 
under the porch are authentic relief portraits 
of the Indian chiefs Black Hawk and Keo- 
kuk. On the high friezes of the towers are 
various dates of important events in the 
history of the Territory and State, with the 
names of the largest cities. The ' ' Shelter," 
which is one large room, is used for an ex- 
hibition of the natural products of the State. 










The Connecticut State Building. 



Frederick the Great pronounced the ' ' great- 
est of generals," the visitor again resumes his 
journey, and turning back toward the east 
and passing the already examined building 
of New Jersey on his right, he goes on 
under the elevated rail way -tracks, and on 
the left of the walk, overlooking Lake Michi- 
gan, he sees the State Building of Iowa 
(A 1 8), standing immediatel}^ upon the 
lake shore at the northeast corner of the 
park. This structure is made up of the per- 
manent building known as the " Shelter" 
and several additions and alterations. The 
permanent portion is built of brick and stone, 
with the interior open to the roof, and broad 
projecting eaves. The newer portions are 
60 X 140 feet, two stories high. The " Shel- 
ter " is to be restored to its former condition 
at the close of the Exposition. In order to 
15 



The decoration and display are unique and 
well worthy of a visit. On the first floor of 
the new part are parlors and other apart- 
ments for the accommodation of visitors and 
of the Commission, while upstairs is a large 
hall with an exhibit of art-work, rooms for 
the press, and small rooms for the use of those 
in charge of the building. 

Turning now toward the southwest and 
passing under the elevated railway-tracks, 
southeast of and adjoining the New Jersey 
Building is the Connecticut Building (B iS). 
This is intended to type the prominent 
features of the high-grade residences of this 
State, with the addition of circular windows 
in the north and south and a circular piazza 
in the rear. Its ground area is 72 x 73 feet, 
including the piazza, and is two stories high. 
The exterior is weather-boarded and painted 



226 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



white. The roof has five dormer windows, 
and is decked on top, the deck surmounted 
with a balustrade, and from its center rises 
a flagstaff. The main entrance is through 
a square porch, covered by the projecting 
pediment, which is supported by heavy 
square columns. A balcony runs along the 
entire front of the second story, its columns 
being square, but of smaller dimensions 
than those of the two-storied porch. The 
interior is finished in the Northern colonial 
style, with tiled floors, paneled walls, and 
Dutch mantels. On the first floor is a recep- 
tion-hall, 21 X 48 feet, lighted by a well in 
the center above. In the rear of the hall is 
a stairway with a landing half-way up, reach- 
ing the second floor. Flanking the hall are 
parlors for men and women. The second 
floor is divided into several living-rooms, and 



The second story and gables are covered 
with heavy molded sidings, or clap-boards, 
of hard pine, oiled, and left in the natural 
wood color. The plan is that of a rectangle 
with a large central hall, 22 x 35 feet, ex- 
tending through both stories to the roof, 
lighted by a large skylight, and windows in 
the first and second stories. The roof 
trusses are shown in the ceiling. The hall 
is surrounded by a wide balcony on the 
second story, and has two large fire-places. 
There are smaller fire-places in several of 
the rooms. Upon the right of the hall you 
enter the commissioner's room, 14 x 17 feet; 
the men's parlor, 14 x 16 feet; postofiice, and 
rear vestibule. On the left is the ladies' par- 
lor, 14 X 20 feet, and back of this are the 
lavatories. In the second story are the fol- 
lowing rooms: The general reception-room 




The New Hampshire State Building. 



will be occupied by the Connecticut com- 
missioner and his family during the Fair. 
There are many interesting relics to be seen 
in this building, among them a lately dis- 
covered shaving-mug of George Washing- 
ton, a copy of a New York paper of Octo- 
ber 8, 1789, and various others. 

Having exhausted the curiosities of the 
"Nutmeg State" Building, southeast of 
it is found the New Hampshire Building 
(B 18), which is in imitation of the heavily 
bracketed and balconied chalets of the Swiss 
villages, symbolizing the "Switzerland of 
America," as New Hampshire is so often 
called. It has one of the best locations on 
the grounds, facing directly upon Lake 
Michigan. The building is comparatively 
low, with low-pitched roof and overhanging 
eaves and verge-boards. The first story is 
of plaster-work, with quoins to the doors 
and windows of various kinds of New Hamp- 
shire granite arranged in perfect harmony. 



over the front entrance, and forming a loggia 
opening into the two-storied hall; reading- 
rooms for ladies and gentlemen ; a retiring- 
room for ladies; smoking, secretary's, and 
janitor's rooms. There is an L, forming an 
annex, used as a gallery for New Hamp- 
shire views, in the center of which is a large 
map of the State. A second-story gallery, 
surrounding the room, extends from a broad 
landing in the main staircase. The color- 
ing of the building is in the burnt sienna 
and black tones of the Tyrolese peasant 
chalets. Stone walls compose the first story. 
The cost is about $12,000. Geo. B. Howe, 
architect of this building, was born in Con- 
cord, N. H., in 1867. He attended the 
public schools and Fulton College, and 
took the course of architecture at the 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 
In 1890 he entered the office of Walker 
& Kimball of Boston and Omaha, and is 
still with them. He secured the award 



STATE BUILDINGS. 



227 



for the New Hampshire Building in an open 
contest. 

The pilgrimage of the State buildings is 
rapidly nearing its end, and next to the last 
the " Granite State " appears. It lies south 
of the New Hampshire edifice, and, like it, 
looks upon the lake. The Maine Building 
(B i8) is the most eastern of the New 
England group, on an angular corner lot, 
the shape of which, so its architect says, 
determined the style and architecture of the 
building. It is in shape a regular octagon, 
65 feet in diameter and two stories high, 



vestibule through the arcade of polished 
columns, an octagonal rotunda two stories 
high is reached, upon which open the par- 
lor, committee, reception, toilet, and smok- 
mg rooms. One of the sides of the rotunda 
contains a large fire-place, above which 
hangs a painting of Poland Springs and 
vicinity. Opposite, the main staircase leads 
to a balcony extending around the central 
rotunda, giving access to the various offices 
and small exhibit-rooms of the second story. 
Besides serving as a State headquarters, 
the building contains maps, profiles, and 




The Maine State Building. 



With a high dome surmounted by a lantern, 
the floor of which is 64 feet above the 
ground, and the point of its roof 20 feet 
higher. The first story is of granite taken 
from many of the State quarries, showing 
the various textures and colors. These speci- 
mens have received various treatments, as 
rock-face, carved, and polished surfaces, 
etc. The second-story exterior consists of 
tour balconies, separated by round bays 
projecting over the granite below, finished 
m wood and plaster panels, covered by a 
large expanse and varied outline of roof to 
exhibit the excellent slate of the Monson 
quarries, showing large plain surfaces, 
tapering cones, and, what is unusual, the 
double slating of the hips. Entering the 



paintings illustrating the scenic beauty of 
Maine, and many historic curios. The cost 
of the building was $20,000. Charles S. 
Frost, the architect, was born in Lewiston, 
Me., May 31, 1856, and was educated in 
the public schools. After several years' 
training in a local architect's office he 
went to Boston and entered the Institute 
of Technology, taking a special architect- 
ural course. The next three 3-ears were 
spent in prominent Boston offices. In 
1882 he opened an office in Chicago in 
partnership with Mr. Henry I. Cobb. The 
partnership was dissolved by mutual 
agreement in 1889, since which time Mr. 
Frost has continued the successful practice 
of his profession alone. 



338 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



One more edifice and the State structures 
are exhausted. The "Green Mountain" 
Building is yet to be seen, and it is the last. 
It lies west and back of the Maine Building 
and next to it. The Vermont Building (B 
1 8) is unique and attractive. It was the 
desire of the commissioners to expend 
their appropriation as far as possible in 
aiding exhibitors of the natural resources of 
the State, which are chiefly agricultural. 
They therefore obtained a special subscrip- 
tion in the nature of a guarantee fund, to 
which loo gentlemen signed $ioo each, and 
the $10,000 thus assured became the starting 
point for the construction of the building, 
which cost, however, in the neighborhood 
of $1 5 ,000. After examining tentative plans, 
submitted by various architects, the one out- 
lined by Jarvis Hunt of Weathersfield, Vt. , 
was preferred, and he was instructed to 



gatherings. The material of the walls and 
of most of the ornamentation is staff, but 
considerable marble is employed in the in- 
ternal finish and decoration. The structure 
as a whole presents an adaptation of classic 
forms to modern uses in a manner sure to 
command the attention of all intelligent 
observers. 

If the visitor has conscientiously fol- 
lowed out the itinerary suggested, he will 
not be disinclined to a trip on the lagoons, 
which will give a welcomed rest to his some- 
what fatigued muscles, and offer to his gaze 
a feast such as he may rarely enjoy. There 
is a sensuousness about this lagoon trip, if 
the launch be not overcrowded, that will 
long be remembered, and in many future 
dreams, both of the day and the night, the 
visitor will again drift on through the golden 
glow reflected from the glorious skies and 




The Vermont State Building. 



prepare final drawings. Vermont's assign- 
ment is a narrow lot facing to the south, be- 
tween the imposing structures of Massa- 
chusetts and Maine. The limitation of 
means and of space compelled a building of 
small dimensions, one of the smallest on the 
grounds. At the same time the most care- 
ful and intelligent work was insisted upon, 
and the result is universally pronounced an 
artistic gem. The general idea is that of a 
Pompeian residence, suggested by the 
adaptation of the leading industrial product 
of Vermont (white marble) to classic forms 
of architecture. Passing through a vesti- 
bule, between pillars surmounted by em- 
blematic figures, the visitor enters an open 
court, having in the center a white marble 
fountain. This court is flanked by small 
rooms, affording space for committees and 
other necessary conveniences, while beyond, 
an entrance opens to a semicircular recep- 
tion-hall of considerable height, and occupy- 
ing the rear half of the building, which 
gives ample room for social and business 



many-tinted buildings, past isles and 
bridges, by flowery parterres and groups of 
statuary, recalling the magnificence of 
ancient Greece and Rome. To reach the 
landing he must leave the Vermont Build- 
ing and go east along the walk in its front 
until he comes to the elevated railroad. 
Here the walk turns to the right (south); fol- 
low this, keeping on its right side until the 
Art Galleries are reached, and continue on 
around them until in their front. Here are 
steps leading down to the launch-landings, 
and getting aboard, the tour of the lagoons 
is begun. Looking backward, the beautiful 
front of the Art Galleries is seen from the 
water; on the right the Illinois State Build- 
ing is again in view, while upon the left the 
Fisheries Building looms up, a beautiful 
sight. On the right again is the Woman's 
Building, grouped with the smaller but 
beautiful Puck and Children's buildings, 
and then comes the exquisite Horticultural 
Building, its terraces a mass of bloom and 
its interior rich with the rarest plants and 



I 



STA TE B UILDING£. 



229 



flowers. The Choral Building (also known 
as Festival Hall) next comes to view, followed 
closel}^ by the " Golden Door " of the Trans- 
portation Building. All of this while the 
visitor has had the Wooded Island, with its 
picturesque Japanese structures, upon his 
left; but now, curving a little north of east, 
his boat glides under a Venetian bridge, 
with the Mines and Electricity buildings on 
his right, and Hunter's Island, with its 
Davy Crocket's Cabin and Australian Hut, 
on his left. Once through the bridge, a 
curve to the north is made, the launch skirt- 
ing the right bank of the Wooded Island 
and passing near its upper end and into the 
eastern arm of the lagoon between the 
Fisheries and Government buildings. A 
number of minor buildings are also seen, 
and a glimpse under another graceful bridge 
reveals the blue waters of Lake Michigan. 
The sturdy little craft, turning upon its 
course, dashes swiftly southward past the 
immense front of the Manufactures and 
Liberal Arts Building, and gliding under a 
bridge enters the North Canal, fronted its en- 
tire length by the Electricity Building on its 
right and the Manufactures and Liberal Arts 
Building on its left. Another bridge passed 
and the beautiful Basin is reached, showing 
on its right bank glorious fountains and the 
Administration Building. Beneath another 



bridge glides the launch, and is in the South 
Canal, the Machinery Building to the right 
and the Agricultural Building to the left, 
while straight in front towers an Egyptian 
obelisk, and beyond it are seen the Colon- 
nade and Stock Pavilion. Another turn, the 
bridge repassed, and sweeping off to the 
right, between the front of the Agricultural 
Building (on the right) and the south end of 
the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building 
(on the left), the boat plows its way to the 
end of the Basin, where from its clear water 
rises French's beautiful " Statue of the Re- 
public" (or " America," for it is known by 
both names), and disembarks its passengers. 
Pausing to study his surroundings, the vis- 
itor beholds immediately in his front the 
graceful Peristyle, while to the south is the 
Casino and to the north Music Hall. In the 
angle of these buildings are two graceful 
pavilions, erected by private parties for the 
sale of their products. Passing between 
the tall columns and under the heroic stat- 
ues of the Peristyle, the visitor emerges onto 
the main pier, and after making a round 
trip on the sidewalk, which furnishes the 
means of locomotion instead of the pedes- 
trian doing so, he embarks on one of the 
steamers lying at the pier, and returns to 
Chicago by the water route on Lake Mich- 
igan, landing at the VanBuren Street wharf. 



CHAPTER VIII. 



THE SIXTH DAY AT THE FAIR. 




HE tourist's last 
day at the 
great Exposi- 
tion dawns, 
and in many- 
respects it will 
be more re- 
markable than the 
^others. Hitherto 
he has seen the 
monumental edi- 
fices of American 
architectural skill 
and exhibits of the production and manu- 
factures of the entire world; now he turns 
to the interesting reproductions of noted for- 
eign buildings, of classic Old World towns, 
and huge panoramas of entrancing scenery. 
Never since construction-work ceased on 
the Tower of Babel has such a confusion of 
tongues been brought together as in the 
locality he is now about to explore. With- 
out quitting the sandy shores of Lake Mich- 
igan the visitor can inspect the Temple of 
Luxor, which stood by "hundred-gated 
Thebes' " historic walls; haggle for a curio 
with a swart follower of Mahomet, as if he 
were on the banks of the " Golden Horn"; 
watch the war-dance of Dahomey's dusky 
Amazonian belles; breathe the rare air and 
drink in the entrancing scenery of the 
Bernese Oberland; stand awe-struck in 
Kilauea's stupendous crater, or sip his 
Hof-brau in " Der Graben," or medieval 
Deutschland, with a dozen or more of other 
attractions, and all on the Midway Plai- 
sance. To proceed systematically, let the 
visitor board the cable-cars of the Cottage 
Grove Avenue line (taking those marked 
"Seventy-first Street, Oakwoods "), and 
alight at the Fifty-ninth Street entrance to 
the Midway Plaisance. The route has 
already been described (ante p. 39). Passing 
through one of the turnstiles, after paying the 
regular entrance fee of 50 cents (which per- 
mits him also to pass into the Exposition 
grounds proper without further fee), the 
visitor finds himself in the Midway Plai- 
sance, a tract lying between Fifty-ninth and 
Sixtieth streets, extending east and west — 
the eastern end being beside the Woman's 
Building. The Midway Plaisance is 600 
feet wide and approximates one mile in 
length. It forms the connecting-link be- 
tween Jackson and Washington parks. On 
each side runs a twenty-five-foot passage- 
way, for fire and police use, and also for 
supplying the various villages, etc., with 
supplies during the night. In the center is 
a broad walk for visitors. 

( 



The first attraction the traveler encounters 
is on the right-hand side and the extreme 
southern edge, where runs what is known as 
the Barre Sliding Railway (G i). It is 
a French invention, and was first given a 
practical demonstration before the public 
during the Paris Exposition of 1889. It is 
an elevated road, the cars having no wheels. 
The rail is eight inches wide, the substitute 
for the wheel being a shoe which sets over 
the side of the rail, and is practically water- 
tight. Immediately behind each shoe is a 
pipe connection, in which is water under a 
pressure of about one hundred and fifty 
pounds. This water is forced under the 
shoe and produces a film which raises the 
entire train about one-sixteenth of an inch 
from the rail. Connected with every second 
car is a turbine motor, which gets its water- 
power from the same source as does the 
pipe connecting with the shoe. The power 
is delivered from a main pipe extending the 
extreme length of the road, and lying under 
the track in sections of fifty feet; that is, the 
application power is changed at every inter- 
val of that distance. The speed claimed 
by the inventors is 120 to 160 miles per hour. 
A speed of about one hundred miles an 
hour has been demonstrated on a track less 
than one-third of a mile long. 

Then on either side of the central walk is 
found the Nursery Exhibit (G 2), which 
extends on both sides of the center walk, and 
contains about five acres, devoted chiefly to 
flowers, fine shrubbery, ornamental plants, 
etc. We here find masses of gorgeous color- 
ing and scents that rival those which must 
have blessed the senses. of our primal ances- 
tors, " the grand old gardener and his wife," 
in the Garden of Eden. The gaudy poppy 
and sensuous jasmine stand side by side 
with their more delicate sisters the pansy 
and the violet. The rose, queen of all 
flowers, is represented in all of its types and 
varieties, and attractive orchids are to be 
seen on every side. Smilax and orange 
blossoms, so dear to maidens' hearts, are 
here, and also their funereal sisters the 
myrtle and the cypress; sensuous tuberoses 
load the air with their heavy perfumes, and 
seem to shame their soulless companions. 
There are fruit trees of every kind, including 
an orange grove in bearing. This exhibit is 
rarely beautiful. Well may one recall amid 
this sweet profusion of blossom, scent, and 
bloom Cowley's truism that " God the 
first garden made, and the first city Cain." 
In a corner is a cranberry-bog, where this 
acid and useful berry is cultivated for the 
fall crop. On the left or northerly side of 



230) 



MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 



231 



the Plaisance the next attraction is the 
Blue Grotto of Capri (F 2), contained in 
a rough rock mass 175 feet long, 100 feet 
wide, and 150 feet high, broken and gashed 
with cliffs and rents, which strikes the 
eye of the beholder rather unfavorably- 
after gazing upon the flowers. On enter- 
ing the mass through a jagged rent in its 
side, a scene at once novel and beauti- 
ful is before us. A lovely grotto, copied 
accurately from but of course on a smaller 
scale than the original, with a pool of crystal 
water in its center, charms the spectator by 
the intensity of its deep-blue tint. This water 
is kept in continual agitation by mechanical 
means, and thus resembles the waves of the 
in-dashing sea, which ebb and flow into the 
original cavern in the Island of Capri. 
Around the pool, whose waters are made to 
glow with the most perfect cerulean hues, is 
a smooth, pebbly beach, circling which are 
ornamental cases containing shells, corals, 



native costumes and modes of life of the dif- 
ferent nationalities which compose this em- 
pire are shown. Slav, Saxon, Vend, Croat, 
and other tribes, arrayed in appropriate 
garb, sing the songs and go through the 
picturesque dances of their countries. The 
roof -garden, decorated with palms and ever- 
greens, is filled with chairs and tables where 
meals, lunches, etc. , are served. The guests 
are waited upon by seventy-five Hungarian 
maidens, dressed in their rich national cos- 
tumes; and at intervals Hazay Natzy's fa- 
mous Hungarian band discourses choice 
music. There is also a gypsy band under 
the leadership of Paul Olah, a distinguished 
Hungarian musician, who is said to be the 
only one of that wonderful race of born 
musicians who has ever received a scientific 
musical education and training. 

Next to the Hungarian Orpheum, on the 
same side of the walk, is the Lapland Village 
(G 3), in which may be seen thirty-seven 




The Dahomey Village. 



cameos, breastpins, fruits, and other produc- 
tions of the island. These are sold as me- 
mentos of the Fair to visitors. Historical 
relics, photographs, street scenes of daily life 
in Capri, pictures of the twelve ruined palaces 
where the Roman emperor Tiberius reveled 
in vice and debauchery, and other curios are 
to be seen. The quaint old towns of Capri 
and Anacapri, the one-storied houses of 
stone and plaster, the streets filled with 
donkeys, and heavily laden women, who 
seem to be there considered as beasts of 
burden, can not but interest all. 

Let us cross to the southward, whence the 
inspiring strains of the " Rakocksy March " 
appeal to us, and enter the Hungarian Or- 
pheum (G 2). The exhibit consists of a cafe 
and concert pavilion, contained in a building 
75 X 195 feet, with a covered garden on the 
roof. The theater is in the lower part, and 
concerts are given every half -hour. The per- 
formers are Hungarian artists, brought direct 
from Budapest , Hungary's capital city. The 



native Laplanders — twelve of whom are 
women and six children. Six of the females 
are artists, musicians, hair- workers, etc., 
and there is in the number one Lap nurse. 
Within , the village confines are twenty- five 
reindeer and a number of sledges. The 
natives have their peculiar costumes, and 
they exhibit quite a number of curios, me- 
chanical products, etc. , in their native huts. 
The exhibit of this northern nation is a curi- 
ous one, and will interest many. 

Next to this exhibit, still on the same side 
of the central walk, is the Dahomey Village 
(G 4), which consists of three houses — one of 
them fitted up for a museum — a group of 
huts for the women, and others for the men. 
In addition there are four open sheds used 
for cooking. The rustic front of the exhibit 
is constructed of wood brought from Daho- 
mey, and on platforms on each side of the 
gates are seated two sentinel warriors of 
that country attired in their native costumes. 
These grounds are divided into two parts. 



233 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR, 



one for the women's huts, the other for the 
men's. Of the latter there are sixty persons ; 
of the former, forty. The various dances 
and other ceremonials peculiar to these peo- 
ple are exhibited, and their songs, chants, 
and war-cries given. They also sell unique 
products of their mechanical skill, such as 
quaint hand-carved objects, domestic and 
warlike utensils, etc. 

Crossing the walk one finds, on the oppo- 
site or north side, the park containing the 
Captive Balloon (F 4), which is the next feat- 
ure. The grounds inside this building are 



side as the Captive Balloon Park, and is 
next to it. It consists of a theater, joss- 
house, bazaar, restaurant, and tea-garden. 
The best dramatic talent and richest cos- 
tumes, etc., have been secured direct from 
China for the theater, while the burning 
candles, fragrant incense, and grotesque 
idols in the joss-house will be recognized by 
the disciples of Kung-fu-tse (whom we out- 
side barbarians miscall Confucius) as genu- 
ine Chinese theological appurtenances. The 
restaurant is conducted upon both the Amer- 
ican and Mongolian plans, and fried chicken, 




Captive Bal 

fitted up as a miniature park, with fountains, 
rustic seats, flower-beds, etc. The balloon 
is a fac-simile of the one used at the Paris 
Exposition in 1889. Its car accommodates 
sixteen to twenty people, and three ascents 
per hour are made, in good weather, to a 
height of 1,493 feet; its flights last year 
having been confined to 1,492 feet in honor 




In the Austrian Village. 

of the Columbian discovery anniversary 
year. A magnificent view of the grounds, 
the lake, and the surrounding country is 
afforded by this ascent. In the balloon 
park we find the Grand Plaisance Restau- 
rant, the seating capacity of which is 3,000. 
Admission to this park is 25 cents; for bal- 
loon ascension a charge of $2 is made. 
The Chinese Village (F 4) is on the same 



loon Park. 

ham sandwiches, etc., will alternate with 
Chinese fruits, preserves, shark's fins, bird's- 
nest soup, and similar delicacies. The tea- 
garden shows a fine collection of teas, some 
priced at $100 per pound, and requiring but 
a few leaves to make a full pot of tea. The 
bazaar has a fine collection of rich silks and 
embroideries, elaborately decorated table 
and toilet wares, and other curiosities. 

Crossing to the south side of the walk, the 
Austrian Village (G 4) is found, adjoining 
that of Dahomey. " Old Vienna " is one of 
the interesting sights of the Plaisance. It 
is a reproduction of " Der Graben," a por- 
tion of Vienna as it existed about 150 years 
ago. It covers a space of 195 x 590 feet, the 
greater part of which is a court, or plaza, 
around which the buildings circle. There 
are thirty-six buildings in all, by far the 
largest of which is the rathhaus, or city 
hall. Then there is a church where services 
are held according to the Austrian custom, 
and thirty-four shops and dwelling-houses. 
In these shops are sold all sorts of Viennese 
wares of the present and early days. One 
of the buildings is fitted up as a grand res- 
taurant, with seats for 1,000 people. Here 
fifty or more young Viennese women serve 
coffee, Vienna bread, and other delicacies 
from a Viennese bill of fare. There are 
about 500 Austrians employed in the village. 
Arnold Weissberger, of the Imperial and 
Royal Bank of Austria, has established a 
branch of the bank in the " Old Vienna " 
settlement. A national bank holds the ex- 
clusive privilege for banking accommoda- 
tion at the Fair, but it has granted per- 
mission to Mr. Weissberger to establish a 
branch on the grounds. This is in the 
nature of an exhibit, showing the working 
of banking affairs as conducted in the Aus- 



J 



MID WA V PLAISANCE. 



233 



trian Empire, and is designed mainly for 
the accommodation of the Austrian firms 
exhibiting at the Fair. 

Opposite the eastern end of the Austrian 
Village, across the walk, is the Cyclorama of 
the Volcano of Kilauea (F 5), which stands 
on Midway Plaisance about directly south 
of the University of Chicago. The building 
is polygonal in shape, 140 feet in diameter 
and 60 feet high. Circling the walls hangs 
a canvas 54 feet high and 412 feet long, upon 
whose 22,248 square feet of surface the 
artist has depicted the weird sublimity of 
the world's greatest volcano, the "Inferno 
of the Pacific," in the Island of Hawaii. 
The actual crater is a huge depression, or 
pit, about three miles long and two miles 
broad. The walls are mostly precipitous, 
though quite irregular, and the floor is some 
three hundred feet below the surface of the 
island at that point. 

In the reproduction, the point of view 
selected for the visitor is the center of the 
crater, and to this point he is transported 
for the time being, and gazes upward and 
around him upon bubbling and seething 
pools and lakes of fire; tall, jagged crags; 
toppling masses of rocks; outpourings of 
lava— some flowing along in hissing, smok- 
ing streams, and some cooled into every 
fantastic shape imaginable. Great fathom- 
less pits yawn below him, huge puffs of 
smoke arise from the bowels of the earth, 
and from innumerable rents and fissures in 
the ragged edges of the crater fierce flames 
and sulphurous gases escape, intermingled 
with the froth and spume of the infernal 
regions, among which he sees the long, 
glassy threads which the natives call 
" Pele's hair," after the dread goddess of 
the crater. At one point he beholds an 
inky lake of molten lava slowly pulsing and 
throbbing, through whose Stygian waves 
ever and anon burst forth jets of many-col- 
ored flames. Beyond this he looks down 
into a perfect sea of fire — the great, active 
crater — and the sight is absolutely indescrib- 
able. In its center are seen the flames act- 
ive in their fury, white or golden yellow, 
tinged with phosphorescent hues of crimson 
and green, fading out toward the edges 
into a dull, sullen red, still more terrible; 
while over all there hangs a pall of smoke 
like an infernal curtain about to be dropped 
upon the awe-inspiring scene. To add to 
its terrors dull rumblings, as of distant 
thunder, and an occasional deafening explo- 
sion, break on the ear, which is continually 
assailed by the hissings and growlings of 
the vexed waves ; while beneath the feet the 
huge earth shakes and labors. Of all this 
the cyclorama gives a vivid representation, 
with its built-up foreground, which blends 
imperceptibly into the painting on the can- 
vas, aided by skillful pyrotechnic displays, 
colored electric lights, and other mechan- 
ical means, so that we have in miniature 
every feature of this grand crater, whose cir- 
cumference is fully nine miles. It is the only 
volcano whose terrific fires never die out. 



and which is ceaseless in its awful activity. 
In the background one sees the snow- 
capped peaks of Mauna Loa and Mauna 
Kea, each of which is about 15,000 feet high. 
Opposite them are the vast reaches of the 
mighty Pacific, its waves lighted by a full 
moon and its surface glittering like a sheet of 
silver. Over the entrance portal of the build- 
ing, and fifty-five feet above the ground, 
stands the figure of Hawaii's goddess of 
fire, Pele. It is built of wood, covered with 
staff to represent stone, and is the work of 
Mrs. Ellen Rankin Copp of Chicago. In 
size it is probably next to the largest at the 




The Goddess of Fire, Pele. 

Exposition. The pose of this awful divinity 
was suggested by an island legend which 
tells of a race between the goddess and a 
native prince. Winning at the first trial, he 
taunted her to try again, and looking back 
beholds her seated on a wave of molten lava 
in fierce pursuit, her hands bearing fire- 
brands and hot lava, which she hurls after 
him as he takes refuge in the sea. 

Leaving this exhibit the visitor will find on 
the same side of the walk a typical Indian 
Bazaar (F 5), where the natives of the Orient 
vend their unique, characteristic wares; 
and opposite is a Fire and Guard Station 
(G 5), for the protection of the Plaisance. 
Back of the Indian Bazaar may be seen the 
Algerian and Tunisian Village (F 5), which 
occupies an area 165 x 2S0 feet, and consists 
— in addition to the large Algerian concert 
hall, with a seating capacity of 1,000 people — 
of a Moorish caf^, Kabyle house, an Arab 



234 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



tent-village, desert tents, etc. The main 
building has a Moorish dome, towers, and 
minarets, and its exterior is covered with 
the richly colored and glazed tiles of Tunis 
and Algiers, as are indeed most of the build- 
ings. The L-shaped building in the center 
shows the street in Algiers; that immedi- 
ately to its right a Tunisian street. Next 
to the concert hall, half -hidden by the cafe, 
is one of the curious Kabyle Arab houses. 
The Arabs, Kabyles, and negroes are seen 
about their daily labors and amusements, 
and palms and fountains add an oriental air 
to the scene. Connected with the theater 
are fifty people — native musicians, jugglers, 
dancing-girls, etc. Jewelry, embroideries, 
and other North African wares are sold. 
No charge is made for entrance to the vil- 
lage, and but a small entrance fee to con- 
certs. 



and upon an exact scale, the original struct- 
ure of the Renaissance, the most magnifi- 
cent monument in the world. This model 
was begun in the sixteenth century from 
the original plans and drawings of Bra- 
^ mante, Sangallo, Michael Angelo, and other 
famous artists and architects, and is of 
carved wood, coated with a substance which 
perfectly imitates marble, reproducing the 
exact color of the original structure, and 
being, undoubtedly, one of the most extraor- 
dinary pieces of workmanship ever exe- 
cuted. The minutest details of the bas-relief 
of the fa9ade, the stucco, statues, and in- 
scriptions are faithfully reproduced on a 
scale of one-sixteenth of the original cathe- 
dral, measuring about 30 feet in length by 
15 feet in width, and 15 feet in height. 
After having been in possession of several 
popes and noble Roman families, the model 




Vienna Cafe. 



Having exhausted the sights here, the 
visitor will next enter the Vienna Cafe (F 5), 
a very ornamental structure, the lower floor 
devoted to regular meals and the upper to 
cold lunches and wine and beer tables. 
The rooms are decorated with Japanese 
screens, etc., and a fine orchestra is em- 
ployed. The site of the cafe is in the middle 
of the central walk, at the west end of the 
Ferris wheel. 

Just south of the Vienna Cafe is the 
French Cider-Press (G 5). This is near 
the Fire and Guard Station — already men- 
tioned — in an open pavilion, where cider is 
made from apples, in a typical French press, 
by French peasants, and served to visitors 
by French country maidens in Normandy 
caps and short skirts. 

East of and joining this exhibit is the 
Model of St. Peter's Cathedral at Rome 
(G 5). This wonderful masterpiece of work- 
manship represents, in its minutest details 



has now become the property of Mr. Spiri- 
don. The interior of the building in which 
it is exhibited is rendered still more inter- 
esting by an array of rare portraits of several 
popes, together with a number of papal 
coats-of-arms of large dimensions. Arranged 
in the corners are four small ancient models 
of religious and medieval monuments in 
Italy, as follows: 

The Cathedral of Milan, in carved wood, 
made by De Simoni, measuring 31^x271^ 
x 8;^ inches. The Piombino Palace, Idc- 
longing to the family of Boncompagno, of 
which Pope Gregorio XIII . was a member. 
This was erected in 1572, and the model is 
in carved wood. St. Ahnese Church, rep- 
resented in both its interior and exterior 
aspects, is made of different colored marbles. 
This church was erected by Pope Inniocenze 
X. , of the Doria Panfili, and by his command 
this model was made, measuring, as it does, 
16 X 16 x 24 inches. The last is a unique 



MID WA V PLAISANCE. 



235 



model, in carved wood, representing the 
Roman Pantheon of Agrippa, in its interior 
and exterior. 

In order to enhance the attraction of this 
unique exhibit the persons in attendance are 
dressed in the exact uniforms of the Vatican 
Guard, and armed accordingly. 

After visiting this reproduction of 
some of the world's architectural mas- 
terpieces, the visitor turns south and 
enters the Ice Railway (G 6), an ex- 
hibit partaking of the nature of a 
skating-rink and a toboggan-slide. 
By means of ice-making machin- 
ery a surface is kept contin- 
ually coated with ' a layer of 
ice, and thus is realized the 
small boy's idea of a perfect 




Company. Six cars can be loaded or un- 
loaded at the same time. The time required 
for what we may truly call a round trip is 
twenty minutes. The motors which revolve 
the wheel are two reversible, link-motion 
engines of 2,000 horse-power, one of them 
being held in reserve in case of an 
accident. 

From this exhibit the visitor will next 
walk toward the northern boundary of 
the Plaisance, where he will find The 
Street in Cairo (F 7), which pre- 
sents to the visitor a view, or rather 
a series of views, in that mystic 
land whose civilization ante- 
■-^ dates all authentic history, 
and whose works and wonders 
hold us enchained by an irre- 

1!" 




Model of St Peter's Cathedral, Rome. 



amusement, viz. , the ability to slide on the 
ice in the summer-time, minus coat and 
shoes. From this exhibit we can not but 
think that the time is not far distant when 
all of our skating, snow-balling, etc., may 
be performed in midsummer. 

The next point of interest lies to the 
north, and consists of a Glass-spinning 
exhibit (G 6), just west of the Moorish 
Palace, where all of the curious processes of 
spinning this delicate and fragile material 
into products which will bear considerable 
rough handling may be viewed. 

North of the glass-spinning booth may 
be seen one of the most curious structures 
erected at the Exposition grounds. It 
stands in the center of the walk about mid- 
way of the Plaisance, and is the next object 
to be visited by the tourist. It is the 
Ferris Wheel (F 6). This is a novelty in 
amusement structures, and is built entirely 
of steel, somewhat resembling a huge 
bicycle wheel hung between two towers. 
The wheel is 264 feet high, and consists of 
two skeleton wheels 28^ feet apart, and 
held together by strong steel shafts and 
ties. Between the outer rims, or crowns, of 
this gigantic wheel-frame are suspended 
thirty-six passenger coaches, balanced upon 
great steel trunnion pins. These coaches 
are larger than ordinary passenger cars 
on railroads and accommodate sixty passen- 
gers each, or a total of 2,160 when all are 
loaded. The two steel towers upon which 
the axle rests and revolves are 137 feet 
high, 5 feet square at the top, and 40x50 
feet at the bottom, and rest upon solid 
masses of concrete masonry over eighteen 
feet deep. The axle is the largest steel 
forging ever made, being 33 inches in diam- 
eter, 45I feet long, weighing fifty-six 
tons. It was made by the Bethlehem Iron 



sistible fascination. Here we find on the 
Midway Plaisance a street in the city of the 
Khalifs, as accurately reproduced as if it 
had been lifted bodily from the ground there 
and set dowm in its present location. 




In addition to the oriental nature of its 
architecture and decorations, the resem- 
blance is carried still farther by peopling 
the street with the identical types of per- 
sons and animals one sees in grand Cairo. 
Here are Egyptians, Arabs, SoudanCvSe, 
Africans, Kabyles, camels, donkeys, donkey- 
boys, etc., and the visitor can easily fancy 



236 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



the 



himself transported for the while to 
banks of that mystic river, the Nile. 

Entering at the eastern portal, we catch a 
view of houses, mosques, and booths, such 
as recall, to those who have seen it, the old 
street " Beinel Kasrein." The first typical 
building to the right is a wide hall with 
deep projecting roof and five fine archways 
to the street, here used as a cafe. Looking 
on beyond, the vista presents houses dec- 
orated with gorgeous colors and subdued 
tints, and with projecting bays, stone brack- 
ets, and overhanging second stories. 




STREET IN CAIRO. 

To the left is a fine mosque with tall, 
graceful minaret, girdled with three airy 
balconies, from the uppermost of which 
the muezzin calls the faithful to prayer. 
Both mosque and minaret are reproduc- 
tions of fifteenth -century architecture. 
Across the street from this building is one 
representing the dwelling of a wealthy mer- 
chant of the seventeenth century; its in- 
terior walls decorated with marble mosaics, 
and its ceilings richly gilded. 

Still farther on, standing to the left of the 
street, is a faithful reproduction of the 
" Okala," the public warehouse before the 
advent of railroads and steamers. The 
theater next engages our attention. Its in- 
terior is richly decorated with fine cloth 
hangings and pendent lanterns, and its 



aspect is decidedly oriental. The fine re- 
production of a beautiful small mosque 
turns out, on inspection of its interior, to be 
a cafe where fragrant Mocha coffee is to be 
had. Upon the plaza are Egyptians, Arabs, 
and persons of all the various nationalities 
who throng the streets of this wondrous city. 
Here, too, are tents and temples, and the 
shrill cries of the donkey-boy urging on his' 
lazy steed mingle with the voices of people 
of all the nations of the world. 

In the marts of "The Street" are toj 
be found oriental wares of every kind — 
priceless jewels, damascened 
scimiters and daggers, fine 
wood -carvings, embroideries, 
silks, shawls, bangles, pipes 
— in short, everything found 
in the bazaars of the w^ondrous 
East are here offered for sale. 

We have tried to describe the 
architecture. It is true to the 
original. But the pains taken in 
bringing the very wood-carving 
(meshrabieh) and ivory inlaid 
doors, which have served for cen- 
turies in Egyptian buildings, and 
the manner of their decorations, 
the tradesmen employed with 
their primitive tools and appli- 
ances at their various crafts, the 
dancing-girls in the famous 
" danse du ventre," the musi- 
cians and conjurers, the repre- 
sentations of wedding proces- 
j sions, and " mouled," typical 
M^ I street scenes, are indescribable. 

^^ I They must be seen to be appre- 

ciated. 

Leaving this representation of 
the world's most ancient civili- 
zation, the visitor next finds a 
curious contrast, a model of that 
singular but almost entirely use- 
less structure, the Eiffel Tower 
(F 6), which was one of the 
features of the last Paris Exposi- 
tion. This model is a perfect 
reproduction, one-fiftieth the 
size of the original. It is twenty 
feet high, and every feature of 
the original has been accurately 
reproduced, even to the rivets and 
bolts w^hich hold the structure together. 
Eight elevators work at the same speed as 
those that ran in the original tower, and a 
miniature light-house looks just as the big 
one did at Paris. At regular intervals the 
tower bursts into a blaze of light — hundreds 
of little lamps taking the places of the ones 
used on the original. Gardens, lawns, flower- 
gardens, two little lakes with swans gliding 
idly across the water, and all the bronze 
statuary are reproduced with accuracy. A 
charge of 25 cents per person is made for 
admittance to the booth containing this 
exhibit. 

Next to the tower, on the same side of the 
walk, is the Persian Concession (F 7). Here 
the disciples of Zarathustra (or, as we have 



I 



MID WA Y PLAISANCE. 



237 



corrupted the name, Zoroaster), the earhest 
of the pure morahsts, may be seen. They 
may not seek to convert you to the worship 
of fire, as "the pure element," but they are 




Zoopraxographical Hall 

ready to sell you Persian rugs, damascened 
scimiters, curious daggers, and others of the 
wares for which their artisans are famous. 
Next to the east, and still on the north 
side of the walk, is the Lecture Hall, or the 
Zoopraxiscopic exhibit (F 7), which will 
prove of vast interest to artists and scientists. 
Animal locomotion is a new stud}r, pursued 
chiefly by electro-photographic investiga- 
tion; and instantaneous photographs, taken 
with the aid of the electric shutter, 
show all preconceived opinions as 
to the method of representing ani- 
mals in action (as a dog running, a 
horse leaping, etc.) to be utterly 
false, and the art of picture making 
and painting may be partially or 
entirely revolutionized by those 
later revelations. Lectures on 
' ' animal locomotion " in its rela- 
tion to " design in art" are given 
at this hall. The exhibit— con- 
sisting of illustrations of the move- 
ments of men, women, and chil- 
dren; boxing, dancing, and jump- 
ing; horses leaping, etc. — will not 
prove uninteresting even to the 
non-artistic or non-scientific spec- 
tator. Across the walk from the 
three last-described exhibits is the 
Moorish Palace (G 7). The build- 
ing is a fine one, in the elaborate 
style of Moorish architecture, sur- 
mounted by an airy dome; and the 
slender pillars of its interior, with 
their graceful stems and richly 
carved capitals — vastly multiplied 
in number by an ingenious ar- 
rangement of mirrors — suggest 
that marvel of Moorish art, the Alhambra. 
The walls and ceilings are decorated with fine 
paintings. Grottoes and fountains illumin- 
ated by colored electric lights abound, and 
Arab attendants, in native costume, wait 



upon the charmed visitor. Objects of art, 
bronzes, rugs, tiles, and other curios are sold 
in the bazaar in this structure. One of the 
most curious exhibits is the " Fountain of 
Youth," represent- 
ing aged females 
entering a pool, 
and emerging from 
it ravishingly beau- 
tiful and fresh in 
their teens. Alas 
that this should be 
a delusion, and the 
fountain of youth, 
long sought for by 
Ponce de Leon, be 
but an idle myth. 
Southeast of this 
palace is a station 
of theBarre Slid- 
ing Railway. East- 
ward, across Wood- 

lawn Avenue, but 

on the same side of 
the Plaisance cen- 
tral walk, is the 
Turkish Village (G 8), which lies on the 
south side of the Plaisance, opposite the 
German Village, and consists of a street in 
imitation of one of the qjd streets in Con- 
stantinople. A pavilion said to represent 
the Bagdad Kiosk is a fine specimen of 
early Turkish architecture, and the effect of 
the street is quite oriental. An immense 
tent, formerly belonging to the Shah of 
Persia, and a silver bed weighing two tons. 




Scene in the Turkish Village. 

and once the property of a Turkish sultan, 
are among the curiosities shown. Turkish, 
Smyrna, and other oriental wares abound. 
There are about two hundred of the natives 
in this village, whose spiritual needs are 



238 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



looked after by one of their priests, and the 
call of the muezzin to prayer may be daily 
heard from the lofty minaret of the mosque. 
On the north side of the Plaisance, just 
across from this village, is the German 
Village (F 8). It faces on Midway Plai- 
sance from Woodlawn Avenue eastwardly 



the visitor for the time being to fancy himself 
in some portion of Deutschland. Twenty- 
five cents is the charge for admission to 
concerts. 

Facing the German Village, on the oppo- 
site side of the walk, is a picturesque build- 
ing in the Swiss style of architecture, con- 




Moorish 
for 780 feet. It covers a space 223 x 780 
feet, and consists of a restaurant and wine- 
hall built in the style of a German castle, and 
there is also an open-air garden. There are 
exact representations of houses of the Bava- 
rian Mountains, of the Black Forest, and of 
Westphalia. The domiciles of the Silesian 
peasants and those of the middle Germans 
stand side by side with those of lower Sax- 
ony, and others from Spreewald and Nieder- 



Palace. 

taining the Panorama of the Bernese Alps 

(G 9), which is the work of Messrs. Dur- 
mand, Furet, and Brand-Bovy, three well- 
known Swiss artists, and is of huge propor- 
tions, being 65 feet high and over 500 feet 
long. All the characteristics of an Alpine 
tableau stretch before us, and so perfect is 
the representation that it is difficult to be- 
lieve that these ' ' Alps on Alps arising " 
are but creations of. the painter's art. 




German Village. 



deutsche. Every feature is purely German. 
Wines from the Rhine, various German 
beers, cheese, and other eatables peculiar to 
the Vaterland, served by German waiters, 
and cheered by German music discoursed 
by German musicians, are sufficient to cause 



Along the horizon are seen sparkling 
glaciers, great fields of snow, rugged moss- 
covered rocks jutting out into the air, 
pastures dotted with Swiss chalets, herds of 
cows and goats peacefully grazing in the 
deep valleys — in short, everything that 



MID WA V PLAISANCE. 



239 



makes Alpine scenery fascinating and beau- 
tiful, and, above all, grand. 

Here at the World's Columbian Exposi- 
tion the myriad beauties of the marvelous 
Alps are brought to our very doors. 

The Natatorium (G 9) is situated on the 
south side of Midway Plaisance, next east 
of the Panorama of the Bernese Alps, and 
opposite the east end of the German Village. 
This large building is divided into three 
sections— the first devoted to the baths, swim- 
ming-pools, etc., where many species of 
bathing may be enjoyed; the second, 50 x 200 
feet, is a bakery, adjoining which is a lunch- 
room 50 X 120 feet; the third is a caf6, 
100 X 200 feet in size. There is also a dining- 
room, 100x400 feet. There are one large 
and many small dining-rooms. Just outside 
the cafe is space to be used in pleasant 
weather as an open-air dining-room, where 
1,000 persons may be seated. Meals or 
lunches of any kind may be obtained. 

Continuing his journey eastward, the vis- 
itor next enters the Dutch Settlement, occupy- 
ing large spaces on each side of the walk. 

The exhibit known as the Dutch Settle- 
ment (G 10) is really a collection of South Sea 
Island villages. It occupies a space of 200,- 
000 square feet, contains eighty dwellings, 
and a caf 6 built after the fashion of Dutch 
dwelling-houses in these islands, and is peo- 
pled with 300 natives from the islands of 
Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Jehore, Samoa, Fiji, 
New Zealand, and the Sandwich group. 
There are two theaters in the settlement; 
one erected by the Hawaiians, the other by 
the Javanese, who largely outnumber the 
other nationalities. At the latter theater is 
the Javanese gamelung, or band, which be- 
longs to the Sultan of Jokjerkata, as do also 
the dancing-girls who accompany it. These 
dancers are young, lithe, beautifully formed, 
and consequently extremely graceful. Their 
dancing is an hereditary talent, derived 
from long lines of dancing ancestresses, for 
there is a caste in the island devoted to 
this occupation. These dances consist 
chiefly of beautiful poses and swayings, 
greatly resembling the Delsarte exercises, 
and are charming in their rhythmic grace. 
The music to which they dance is made by 
an orchestra whose instruments are chiefly 
gongs, differing in size and tone. The 
Samoan ballet corps gives a different style 
of dance, with more shouting and vigor, and 
less 'grace. 

Their brilliant red ballet-skirts are semi- 
transparent, and are made of the fibers of a 
certain kind of tree-bark. The Singhalese, 
Malays, and other South Sea nations have 
their jugglers, medicine-men, acrobats, and 
dancers, who also give exhibitions of their 
skill; and some of their performances are 
really wonderful. 

Having examined whatever is curious and 
attractive in the Dutch Settlement, the 
visitor, crossing Madison Avenue where it 
intersects the central walk, finds first on his 
left hand the Japanese Bazaar (F 1 1). Here 
one sees the characteristic exhibits of this 



ingenious and artistic people, consisting of 
screens, fans, lacquered wares, steel, iron, 
and brass-work, etc. All of the articles 
exhibited are for sale. 

Crossing the walk to where a large and 




C2^ s=i$5::f- 

Farm-house in German Village. 

handsome building is visible the tourist will 
find 

Hagenbeck's Trained Animals (G 11). — 
This exhibition is on Midway Plaisance near 
the point where Madison Avenue crosses 
this part of the World's Columbian Exposi- 
tion. A large and beautiful building has 
been erected, which serves to house Mr. 
Hagenbeck's menagerie, and which has in 
its center a large arena surrounded by an 
auditorium with a capacity of 4,500 seats. 
The front of the building is taken up by 
restaurants and caf^s, and the upper floor 
contains a collective exhibit of German 
win e-growers, 
which is in itself 
a highly inter- 
esting agricult- 
ural feature of 
the World's Co- 
lumbian Expo- 
sition. Mr. Carl 
Hagenbeck is 
renowned the 
world over as 
the most suc- 
cessful of ani- 
mal trainers, 
and also as the 
largest dealer 
in wild animals, 
he having con- 
tracts to supply 
all the zoolog- 
ical gardens of 
the world. He 
has achieved 
wonderful suc- 
cess in training 
and taming the 
most ferocious 
animals knowm to man. 

The menagerie shows to visitors a large 
collection of lions of all sizes and ages to the 
number of twenty, two large, beautiful 
Bengal tigers, one polar bear, two black 
bears, a collection of the finest boar-hounds 
which has ever been brought to this coun- 




Panorama of Bernese Alps. 



240 



yl WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



try, a large number of young panthers, 
leopards, tigers, monkeys, and parrots. Be- 
sides this there is a very creditable ethno- 
logical exhibit, comprising New Caledonia, 
British Columbia, the South Sea Islands, 
Africa, and the Indies, containing a vast 
number of implements, hunting trophies, 
skins, etc. There is also to be seen an 
imitation of an aquarium representing the 
Indian Ocean, with all the wonderful plants, 
fishes, etc., in their proper places. 

The arena serves the purpose of showing 
the wonderful training which Mr. Hagen- 
beck's animals possess, and the complete 
control he has over them, and no visitor to 
the Fair should fail to witness their wonder- 
ful performances, of which there are three 
exhibitions every day. The most prominent 



Another of the prominent features of the 
performance is Mr. Darling with his five 
lions, which have been trained by their 
owner to the greatest perfection. 

Every visitor to this exhibition will highly 
appreciate these performances, and will 
leave fully satisfied that he has seen feats 
which have never been before accomplished. 

The Venice-Murano Glass exhibit (G ii) 
is contained in a building in the Italian- 
Gothic style, richly decorated with glass 
enamel, and surmounted by the winged lion 
of St. Mark, the emblem of Venice. Here 
thirty Venetian artists produce the blown- 
glass wares for which their factory is fa- 
mous. Elegant vases, copies in glass of art 
treasures contained in various European 
museums, etchings, mosaics in Roman, 




-^1 








Hagenbeck's Trained Animal Pavilion. 



features of these performances are; The 
trained lion on horseback, the trained pigs 
performing the most wonderful evolutions, 
and the greatest zoological wonder of the 
present time, the dwarf elephant "Lilly," 
which is the smallest elephant of which the 
records give any account. She is only thirty- 
five inches high, four and a half feet long, 
and weighs 155 pounds. 

Mr. Hagenbeck's greatest strength is in 
bringing together the most heterogeneous 
animals, which mingle and play with each 
other in perfect peace and harmony. This 
is especially shown in the last part of the 
performance, where a group of twenty 
animals, lions, tigers, leopards, bears, and 
dogs, are brought into the ring at the same 
time, made to gravely take their appointed 
seats, and afterward put through different 
performances, one by one and in groups. 



Byzantine, Middle Age, and modern styles, 
are to be seen, and the exhibit is well 
worthy of a visit. 

Back of this exhibit is another railway 
station, and north and a little to the west, 
across the walk (on the north side), is the 
Irish Village (F 11), which occupies the posi- 
tion between the Libbey Glass Works and 
the Japanese Bazaar. As the visitor passes 
down the Midway Plaisance he sees the 
gray towers of a medieval gateway, a 
faithful reproduction of the St. Lawrence 
Gate at Drogheda, which was built in the 
year 1200. This is now the picturesque 
approach to a pleasant street illustrative of* 
Irish industrial life in the country districts. 
At the end of the street, immediately facing 
the gate, are the beautiful ruins and ban- 
queting-hall of Donegal Castle, beyond 
which is seen a tall round tower, and in its 



MIDWA Y PLAISANCE. 



241 



middle is a fine carved Celtic market-cross. 
The interiors as well as the exteriors of the 
houses are reproductions of those of Irish 
cottages, and the workers are genuine Celts, 
brought from Ireland expressly. In the first 




Antrim Round Tower. 

cottage on the left a man is seen weaving 
the " Kells Art Linens," which are famous; 
they were introduced by Mrs. Hart for the 
" Kells Art Embroideries," for which she 
was awarded the gold medal at the Inven- 
tions Exhibition in London in 1885. A girl 
in the same cottage is embroidering linens, 
in polished flax- threads, from designs adapt- 
ed from ancient Celtic ^< 
MSS. of the seventh ^ ^.. 
century, specimens of 
which are seen in the 
banqueting-hall. In the 
next cottage are two 
women employed in 
lace -making — one, a 
very skillful worker, is 
making Limerick lace 
in a tambour frame, and 
the other making 
" Kells " lace on a pil- 
low. In the third cot- 
tage is found work of 
another description , 
namely, wood-carving 
and drawing designs for 
the marble-carvers, who will be found at the 
end of the court-yard. 

Passing into the banqueting-hall of Done- 
gal Castle, built from measurements of the 
original, the ancient seat of the O'Donnells, 
the princes of Tyrconnell,we see embroidered 
hangings and coverlets; unequaled home- 
16 



spuns, spun, woven, and plant-dyed by 
peasants, trained in the most remote dis- 
tricts in County Donegal; iridescent and 
colored linens, Irish and "Kells" laces, 
daintily stitched and embroidered ladies' 
underwear, among which, are replicas of 
articles made by order of the Princess of 
Wales for the trousseau of the Duchess of 
Fife; ecclesiastical vestments, wood-carv- 
ings, hammered iron — the artistic work of 
" The Village Blacksmith " outside — knitted 
hosiery, sprigged and veined handkerchiefs, 
and house linen, all the work of Irish hands. 
Besides these there is a fine collection of 
Irish marbles, bog-oak carvings, jewelry, 
blackthorn sticks, 
photographs of scen- 
ery, etc. 

Among the art 
works is the great 
statue of Mr. Glad- 
stone by Bruce Joy, 
the Irish sculptor, 
who also shows re- 
plicas of his Man- 
chester statue of John 
Bright and of his 
charming bust of 
Mary Anderson. 
Here also is a gallery of portraits of great 
Irishmen, taken from engravings in the Brit- 
ish museum ; paintings by Irish artists, and of 
Irish scenery and history; replicas of the 
old Celtic illuminations; engravings of the 
Irish carved crosses, and reproductions of 
the ancient Celtic metal- work and jewelry. 
The picture by Begg of " Gladstone Bring- 
ing in the Home-rule Bill " will appeal to all 
Irishmen. The exhibition is illustrative of 
Irish art from the earliest to the present 
time, and is such as has never before been 
seen in this country. We pass through 
the concert and lecture hall into the court- 
yard, which is one of great interest to the 
student of Irish history and art. From the 




Mrs. Ernest Hart. 




Entrance Gate to the Irish Village. 

center of the court-yard springs, to the height 
of 120 feet, a round tower, a replica of one 
of the eighty still standing in Ireland. In 
the court-yard of the tower are found faith- 
ful reproductions of Ogham, Bullen, and 
Hole stones; of cromlechs and crosses; chief 
among the latter is a cross twenty-seven; 



342 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



feet high, splendidly carved, in interlaced 
Celtic design, in Irish limestone. The size 
and proportions are exactly the same as 
those of the great cross of Monasterboice. 



exhibition, was designed and carried out by 
Mrs. Ernest Hart, 

East of and adjoining this village, on the 
north side of the walk, is the beautiful 




Libbey Glass 

At the end of the court-yard is found a spot 
appealing to the heart of every Irishman, 
viz., the Wishing Chair of the Giant's Cause- 
way, standing on real Irish soil. When the 
soil was peeled from the mountain-side it 
was covered with a carpet of shamrocks, and 
every effort has been made to keep them 
green and fresh. Passing through the 
archway of the ruined keep of Donegal 
Castle, we pay a visit to the village smithy, 
where the village blacksmith is making 
' ' things of beauty " out of iron rods. In the 
next cottage is seen the whole process of 



Co.'s Exhibit. 

building of the Libbey Glass Company 

(F 12). 

One of the most interesting of the exhibits 
of the Fair is the complete cut-glass manu- 
factory of the Libbey Glass Co. of Toledo, 
Ohio, on Midway Plaisance. Here the 
many processes of glass-making, from the 
mixing of the sand with oxide of lead, lime, 
and alkalies to the latest and most approved 
methods of cutting, polishing, and finishing, 
are displayed. The most prominent and 
attractive feature is the glass-blowing de- 
partment, where the waxy molten masses 




homespun-making, as taught and carried out 
under the auspices of the Donegal Indus- 
trial Fund. 

This village, with its street of cottages, 
its castle, Roman tower, art and industrial 



and Beauty Show 

of the material are drawn from the white- 
hot furnaces by boys armed with long iron 
rods, and turned over to the skilled work- 
man, who blows it into shape. In the glass- 
cutting department forty men are continu- 



MID IV A Y PLAISANCE. 



243 



ously engaged in cutting upon this fragile 
ware the most deUcate and intricate pat- 
terns. Still another department is that 
where facile artisans are employed in paint- 
ing upon glass, which is afterward trans- 
ferred to kilns and fired, to fix the designs 
indelibly. Glass spinning and weaving is 
likewise exhibited. The wheels used for 
spinning are six feet in diameter, and draw 
out threads of glass almost as thin as gos- 
samer, which are then woven into beautiful 
fabrics for dresses, napkins, lamp-shades, 



highly attractive souvenir of the Exposition, 
resembling the cut at page 17 of this guide. 
The Electric Scenic Theater (F 12) is 
erected on the north side of the walk, just 
east of the Libbey Glass Co. 's pavilion and 
directly opposite the New England Log 
Cabin, on the Midway Plaisance. It con- 
sists of a display of scenery shown by the 
latest electric methods of scenic effects by 
electricity. The scenery was executed in 
Germany, and is considered a triumph of art. 
The seating capacity of this pavilion is 




Muckross Abbey as Reproduced at the Irish Industrial 
Village. 



bonnets, etc. Goods of the highest Ameri- 
can standard and of every grade and kind 
are manufactured here. This building 
accommodates 5,000 visitors at a time, and 
there is no charge for admission to any part 
of it. 

The artists of this company blow in glass, 
before the visitor, the bust of personified 
Chicago, familiarly known as " the I WILL 
girl , ' ' from the improved pattern of the same , 
and also make a placque from a similar face. 
The glass used is made from peculiar mate- 
rials imported from Scotland, and looks 
like silver, thus making a beautiful and 



about 350, and a charge of 25 cents is made 
for each person. 

Across the central walk from this theater 
is the Log Cabin (G 12). In this cabin, 
erected on the Midway Plaisance just east 
of the Venice-Murano Glass Co., is shown 
New England life of one hundred years ago. 
This cabin is furnished in old-tmie style, 
and the inmates are attired in the costumes 
of that day. Back of the cabin is the 
dining-hall, where old-fashioned dinners, 
consisting of pork and beans, pumpkin pie, 
etc. , are served at the rate ot 50 cents per 
meal. 



244 



A WEEK AT THE FAIR. 



Crossing to the north side of the walk and 
making his way toward the east, the tourist 
encounters an exhibit that is somewhat of a 
novelty. He has probably attended bench 
shows, horse shows, and baby shows, and 
now has a chance to attend a woman show, 
for such is really the exhibit of the Interna- 
tional Dress and Costume Company (F 13). 
The forty -five or more beauties who display 
their charms of form and face, and their 
striking national costumes, at this point, 
are of many different countries, and were 
selected from France, England, Austria, 
Japan, etc., by the managers. 

East of the Beauty Show is the Phila- 
delphia Model Workingman's Home (F 14). 
The ground-plan of this model structure 
covers a space 16x43 feet, and the exterior 
is plain and unpretentious; the front com- 
posed of Bedford rock and pressed brick. 
On the first floor are a parlor, 18 feet 7 
inches by 9 feet i inch; a dining-room, 10 
feet I inch by 12 feet 2 inches; and a kitchen, 
9 feet 6 inches by 7 feet 4 inches. The hall- 
way is 5 feet wide, and a narrow staircase 
leads to the second story, which has a front 
bedroom, 14 feet 3 inches by 11 feet 10 
inches, with walnut mantel and corniced 
ceiling. A second bedroom is 11 feet i 
inch by 9 feet i inch; and next is a bath- 
room, 6 feet by 6 feet 3^ inches. A back 
sitting-room has an overhanging bay-win- 
dow 4 feet deep. There is a basement the 
full length of the house. The cost is $2,500. 
At the end of the Plaisance, on this side 
of the walk, is the booth of the Diamond 
Match Company (F 14), which here dis- 
plays its wares, the materials from which 
they are made, and the processes by which 
the raw material is converted into the 
finished product. Across the walk, on the 
south side of the Plaisance, opposite the 
Beauty Show, is the Adams Express Com- 
pany's Office (G 13), with facilities for trans- 
acting their usual business. 

East of this office, on the same side of the 
Plaisance, is the Irish Industries Exhibit 
(G 14), in charge of Lady Aberdeen. 
The Irish Industrial Village (G 14), the 
exhibit of the Irish 
Industries Associa- 
tion, is located on 
the right-hand or 
south side of Mid- 
way Plaisance, at 
its eastern end, oc- 
cupying the south- 
east portion of that 
part of the grounds. 
This exhibit is un- 
der the presidency 
of the Countess of 
Aberdeen, the wife 
of the Earl of Aber- 
deen, formerly Viceroy of Ireland, and 
newly appointed Governor-General of Can- 
ada. While in Ireland, Lady Aberdeen 
founded the Irish Industries Association, 
the members and supporters of which 
society include the most prominent persons 




Countess of Aberdeen. 



in Ireland of all classes, creeds, and political 
opinions, and which has for its object the 
development and organization of cottage 
or home industries throughout Ireland, 
thus providing for the peasantry a perma- 
nent means of subsistence other than that 
of agriculture alone. Bad seasons and un- 
fruitful land often reduce the people to the 
verge of starvation; but when another way 
of earning money is open to them, such as 
the making of underclothing, lace, embroid- 
ery, knitting, hand-loom weaving, and the 
like, their prospects are greatly bettered. 
The Irish Industries Association has already 
been able to do much in making the work 
of the Irish poor known in Great Britain, 
and in finding a market for it, and they now 
seek, through this Irish village at the 
World's Fair, to demonstrate the expertness 




Uonaghmore Crosi^ \ 

of the workers, and to find a market for 
their goods on this side of the Atlantic; also 
to get together capital wherewith further to 
improve and develop these industries. 

The gateway of the village on the Plai- 
sance is modeled after the entrance to King 
Cormac's chapel. Rock of Cashel, and is of 
itself enough to arouse the pride of the 
patriotic Irishman. Just beyond the en- 
trance is a replica of the cloister from Muck- 
ross Abbey, exact in every detail, as a repro- 
duction, save the giant yew which occupies 
the center of the original. The visitor 
passes from the cloisters through a succes- 
sion of cottages, in each of which a home 
industry is exhibited in course of production; 
such as the methods of making the different 
kinds of lace produced in different parts of 
Ireland, embroidery, hand-loom weaving, 



MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 



245 



spinning, knitting, a model dairy — in which 
dairy-maids of the Munster Dairy School 
show both old and new ways of making the 
best of butter. Bog-oak and wood carving 
are also represented, and a most beautiful 
selection of oak and Galway marble goods 
are exhibited for sale under the care of Miss 



Irishman may once more stand on true Irish 
turf, and carry away a piece of it or a native 
blackthorn as a memento, A beautiful 
specimen of an old Irish cross, made at 
Messrs. CoUes' Marble Works, at Kilkenny, 
stands in the village square. A village con- 
cert hall, a museum, a village store, and a 



mm 




Lady Aberdeen's Cottage at the Irish Industries Village. 



Goggin of Dublin. Then, too, there is 
another cottage devoted to a show of jewelry 
in characteristic design. The special designs 
are replicas of the Tara brooch, the 
Fingal pin, initials from the Book of Kells, 
the old Celtic traceries — all being made by 
Irish workmen in the village. 
Besides these attractions the patriotic 



public house are also prominent features, 
clustering around the historic Castle of 
Blarney, from the top of which it is true to 
say that " all Ireland may be viewed," and 
the more adventurous may gain eloquence 
by kissing the Blarney Stone. 

ISHBEL ABERDEEN, 
President of Irish Industries Association. 



OUTSIDE ATTRACTIONS. 



Naturally many kinds of entertainments 
have been attracted to Chicago to remain 
during the term of the Exposition. In addi- 
tion to those mentioned in the earlier part of 
this book, among others, the following are 
selected as especially likely to afford instruc- 
tion or amusement to visitors. 

Buffalo Bill's world-renowned Wild West 






/^y;^: 



Show occupies fifty acres between Sixty- 
second and Sixty-third streets, close to the 
Exposition entrances on those streets. It is 
an easily accessible location, being reached 
by cable, electric, elevated, and steam cars. 
Colonel Cody has outdone himself in his 
efforts to make the exhibition outshine all its 
previous brilliant successes. England, Italy, 
France, Spain, Austria, and many other 
countries have been visited by him and con- 
quered, but he feels that success is not com- 
plete until Chicago is subdued. The covered 
grand-stand has a seating capacity of 18,000, 
and the open arena covers seven acres, which 
is not too large an area when it is remem- 
bered that 450 persons take part in the per- 
formance. Gauchos from South America, 
Indians from the Far West, Cossacks from 
darkest Asia, and Cowboys from Texas com- 
bine in friendly rivalry to make a show of 
unique interest and unending variety. Feats 
of horsemanship, miraculous skill in the use 
of fire-arms, battle, murder, and sudden 
death, civilization and barbarism in kalei- 
doscopic intermixture, viewed from a com- 
fortable seat, will prove to World's Fair visit- 
ors, as they have to princes and peasants in 
far-off lands, sources of unbounded diversion. 

Not far off, between Fifty-seventh and 
Fifty -ninth streets, stands a building erected 
for a very different purpose, and known as 
the Moody and Sankey Home. Here Mr. 
Moody, aided by other eminent divines, will 
hold constant services, and strive to win the 
erring from their ways, and spur on the 
virtuous to further works of righteousness. 

Near by, on Stony Island Boulevard, 
stands the Model Sunday-school, the plans 
for which were accepted, after much severe 
competition, as being the best possible for 



Sunday-school purposes. Here will be held 
Sunday-school conferences, and other gath- 
erings of a like character. The building 
contains a complete exhibit of Sunday- 
school appliances, and will proVe a place of 
deep interest to all those interested in the 
religious instruction of the young. 

It may be news to many visitors to hear 
that Chicago has been invaded by a foreign 
army. Nevertheless, Tommy Atkins is here 
three hundred strong; cavalry, artillery, and 
infantry have come, and captured, by their 
skill and pluck, the hearts of their American 
cousins. Located at Tattersall's, Sixteenth 
and Dearborn streets, is the Military Tour- 
nament, where may be nightly seen, and on 
Saturday during the daytime, in that mam- 
moth and luxurious hall, an unsurpassed dis- 
play of skill in the use of arms, feats of dar- 
ing horsemanship such as have made English 
cavalry famous the world over, charges and 
counter-charges, attacks and repulses, san- 
guinary battles that are almost too terribly 
realistic, keen combats between bayonet and 
sword, sword and lance, wrestling on horse- 
back, tent-pegging, and charming musical 
rides, where the perfectly trained horses rival 
their riders in knowledge of the intricate 
movements, and in the pride they take in 
performing the complicated evolutions with 
unerring accuracy. 

The brigade consists of detachments from 
the First Life Guards, Grenadier Guards, 
Royal Horse Artillery, Fifth Royal Irish 
Lancers, Eleventh Hussars, the Black 
Watch, and Connaught Rangers — all regi- 
ments with records which have made them 
the theme of poets' songs. They do not 
forget their glorious past, and under the 
able command of Gen. Digby Willoughby, 
an officer of long and gallant service, are 




The Model Sunday-School. 



daily adding fresh, albeit peaceful, num- 
bers to their long list of warlike conquests. 
Other attractions of nearly or as great 
interest as these exist in great numbers. 
For instance, between Sixty and Sixty- 
first streets, the Serpentine & Cavern 
Railway and Paine's Fireworks will afford 
abundant amusement; and near by, at 
Washington Park, the lover of sport can 
have the satisfaction of seeing the great 
American Derby run for a prize of $60,000, 
on June 24th, and on the following thirty 
days be entertained by daily races, for sums 
that will attract the best horses. 



(246) 




fticriveiil/ Si.lci\.m i UeasoiTN Y U j . 



Fifth fivEKUs P^owel 



MADISON SQUARE, NEW YORK 



THE LARGEST, BEST APPOINTED, AND MOST LIBERALLY 

^ MANAGED HOTEL IN THE CITY, WITH THE 

MOST CENTRAL AND DELIGHTEUL LOCATION 



A. B. DARLING 

CHARLES N. VILAS 
E. A. DARLING 

HIRAM HITCHCOCK 



HITCHCOCK, DARLING &. CO. 



I-H arson, I each /sj- ( o. 

BANKERS 



116 DEARBORN Street, CHICAGO 

2 Wall Street, NEW YORK 



State, County, Town, Street Railroad and Water 
Bonds Bought and Sold 

LISTS MAILED ON APPLICATION 



Headquarters on Exposition Grounds in the Administration 
Building in connection with the Chemical National Bank. 



247 




THE AUDITORIUM 



THE GRAND MONUMENTAL STRUCTURE OF CHICAGO 

SITUATE 0^i 

CONGRESS ST., and WABASH and MICHIGAN AVES. 



From its Observatory, 260 feet high, is obtained a view of the City, 
Lake, and World's Fair Buildings unequaled by that 
from any other structure in the city. 



ELEVATORS TO 17TH FLOOR. 



OPEN DAILY, 



DAY AND EVENING. 



The Virginia 



CHICAGO 




Absolutely Fire-Proof 



A Perfect Uotel 



FOR TRT^NSIENT OR . 



The open courts facing South insure 
sunlight and perfect ventilation 



CONDUCTED ON THE AMERICAN PLAN 



Book of Photographic Interior Views, and Rates Mailed on Application 

248 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Adams Express Co.'s Office. 244 

Administration Building 67 

Agricultural Building.. 120 

Algerian and Tunisian Village 233 

Amusement, Places of.. — .. 24 

Allis& Co., E. P.. 2 

American Straw Board Co. i 

American Radiator Co 4 

American Casualty & Security Co 10 

Anthropological Building _ 104 

Andrews & Johnson Co _ _ . . 92 

Appropriations for World's Fair 30 

Arkansas State Building . 208 

Art Building 170 

Auditorium _ 248 

Australia House, The 187 

Australian Squatter's Hut _ 161 

Austrian Village 232 

Baggage and Baggage-Checking 19 

Baker's Cocoa and Chocolate Pavilion.. 130 

Banking Facilities at the Fair 72 

Barre Sliding Railway... 230 

Barber Asphalt Paving Co. ^ 63 

Baths. . 23 

Baur's Sphinx _ 161 

Beauty Show _ 244 

Bernese Alps, Panorama 238 

Bethlehem Iron Works 49 

Blooker 's Dutch Cocoa Exhibit 100 

Blue Grotto of Capri 231 

Boarding-houses 23 

Boats to the Fair 38 

Bogue & Co 2d page cover 

Brazilian Building 195 

British Building 185 

Buildings and Grounds, area and dimen- 
sions 36 

Buildings of the Exposition 31 

Bureau of Construction. 30 

Bureau of Public Comfort 23 

Cab Fares .. 19 

Cable-cars to the Fair 39 

Cafede Marine 167 

Calendar _.• 14, 15 

California Building . 204 

Canadian Building 187 

Captive Balloon 232 

Carpenter Co., Geo. B 253 

Caravels of Columbus 115 

Car-shops 104 

Case, J. I., Plow Co... ._ 3 

Casino , •_ ._ 120 

Central Terminal Exposition Depot 65 

Ceylon Court 198 

Children's Building 1 54 

Chicago Cottage Organ Co 262 

Chinese Village 232 

Chop-houses and Restaurants .,_ 23 

Claim Checks 19 

Clay, Robinson & Co. 5 

Clam Bake Building 186 

Clife Dwellers' Exhibit 102 

Colorado Building 203 

Colombia Buildings 192 

Columbia Coach Co 40 

Columbia Navigation Co. 38 

Columbian Fountain 78 

Columbian Guards... 131 



PAGE 

Consuls, Foreign 24 

Connecticut Building. 225 

Construction Begun . . 26 

Continental National Bank 265 

Convent of Santa Maria de la Rabida.. iii 

Cosmo Buttermilk Soap Co 267 

Costa Rica Building. 197 

Crown Pen Co 93 

Dahomey Village 231 

Daily Columbian 94 

Dairy Barns 104 

Dairy Buildings 104 

Dayton, Poole & Brown 5 

Deering & Co. , Wm 6, 126 

Delaware Building 219 

Dernburg, Glick & Horner. 16 

Depots . 17 

Diamond Match Co 244 

Dibblee Co., Henry 252 

Dimensions of Buildings 36 

Dodge Manufacturing Co 92 

Driving to the Fair 39 

Ducker Hospital 154 

Duplicate Baggage Checks 19 

Dutch Settlement 239 

East Indies .' 191 

Eiffel Tower 236 

Electricity Building. .. 80 

Electric Launches 183 

Electric Scenic Theater 243 

Engle Garbage Furnace 104 

Enterprise Carriage Mfg. Co 

See Kauffmann Buggy Co. 

Entrances to the Exposition / 40 

Esquimau Village 202 

Ethnographical Exhibit 106 

Explanation of References 8 

Exposition, How to Reach 37 

Exposition Station 42 

Fargo & Co., C. H 12 

Fairbanks, Morse & Co 263 

Fair Grounds, How to Reach 37 

Farson, Leach &Co.. 247 

Ferris Wheel 235 

Festival Hall 160 

Fifth Avenue Hotel. ... . 247 

Fire and Guard Station 233 

Fire Queen, The .... 182 

Fish Bros. Wagon Co 52 

Fisheries Building 162 

Florida Building. __.. 212 

Foreign Consuls 24 

' ' Forest King " Restaurant. 102 

Forestry Building 107 

French Bakery Exhibit 99 

French Cider-Press 234 

French Colonies. 100 

French Government Building... 198 

Furnished Rooms. 23 

Gage Bros. & Co 252 

Garbage Furnace, Engle , 104 

Gane Bros. & Co , 252 

Gate Facilities . 41 

Gardner Sash Balance 256 

German Government Building 188 

German Village 238 

Glass Spinning Exhibit ._ 235 

Gondola Co. 183 



(349) 



250 



GENERAL INDEX. 



PAGE 

Grand View Tower and Roof Prome- 
nade 144 

Great Central Court and Basin 199 

Great White Horse Inn_. .99, 3d page cover 

Greenhouses 160 

Gridley & Hopkins. 5 

Guatemala Building 196 

Hagenbeck's Trained Animals. 239 

Haiti Building, The 190 

Hardy Subterranean Scenery Co 255 

Hay ward's Restaurant 65 

Hercules Iron Works of Chicago 42 

History of the World's Columbian Ex- 
position 26 

Hitchcock, Darling & Co 247 

Homeopathic Headquarters 182 

Hoo-den, or Phoenix Palace. 162 

Horticultural Building 155 

Hotels ... 19-23 

How to Reach the Exposition 37 

How to See the State Buildings 201 

Hungarian Orpheum 231 

Hunter's Island... — 160 

Hygeia Mineral Springs Co 42 

Ice Railway 235 

Idaho Building 217 

Illinois Building 204 

" Illinois," Man-of-War 152 

Indiana Building 204 

Indian Bazaar _ 233 

Indian School Exhibit iii 

Information, How to Obtain 19 

International Dress & Costume Co 244 

Intramural Elevated Railroad 42,116 

Iowa Building 225 

Irish Industries Exhibit (Lady Aber- 
deen's) 244 

Irish Village (Mrs. Hart's) 240 

Isabella Booth 145 

Izaak Walton, Home of 168 

[apan Buildings 162 

[apanese Bazaar 239 

fapanese Tea House 168 

[oint Territorial Building 215 

Kansas Building 210 

Kauff mann Buggy Co 266 

Kentucky Building 212 

Keyless Lock Co 266 

Krupp's Exhibit iii 

Lagoon Trip 228 

Lapland Village 231 

La Rabida, Convent of Santa Maria de iii 

Leather Exhibit no 

Lecture Hall. .237 

Libbey Glass Co 242 

Libby, McNeill & Libby 268 

Live Stock Exhibit 97 

Log Cabin (Bernheim's) loi 

Log Cabin, New England 243 

Loggers' Camp 97 

Louisiana Building. 214 

Lowney Pavilion 130 

Machinery Hall 87 

Machinery, Outside Exhibit 94 

MacMonnies Fountain 78 

Main Columbian Pier 118 

Maine Building. 227 

Manufactures and Liberal Arts Build- 
ing 132 

Map of World's Pair Grounds 13 



PAGE 

Maryland Building _ 219 

Massachusetts Building 222 

Merchant Tailors' Building 167 

Merck Building _ 177 

Michigan Building 206 

Midway Plaisance 230 

Military Tournament 146 

Mines and Mining Building 56, 57 

Minnesota Building 207 

Missouri Building 213 

Model Workingman's Home loi 

Monarch Cycle Co. .. 267 

Montana Building 217 

Moorish Palace 237 

Movable Sidewalk 118 

Munson Typewriter 144 

Music Hall 129 

Natatorium 239 

National Typewriters' Exchange 267 

Nebraska Building 207 

New Hampshire Building _ 226 

New Jersey Building 223 

New York Building 220 

North Dakota 209 

Norway 197 

Nursery Exhibit 230 

Ohio Building 205 

Oil Industries _ 97 

Oil Tank Vault 104 

Old Times Distillery Co 102 

Omnibus Fares 19 

Ore Mining Co 42 

Oyster Saloons 23 

Panorama of Bernese Alps 238 

Panorama of Kilauea 233 

Parmelee's Omnibus & Baggage Trans- 
fer Co 19 

Pennsylvania Building 214 

Pennsylvania Railroad Co.'s Exhibit.. 42 

Perkins Windmill Co. . 264 

Persian Concession 236 

Philadelphia Model Workingman's 

Home 244 

Phoenix Palace 162 

Photographer's Building 1 60 

Piers , Launches , and Steamers 1 99 

Places of Amusement 17 

Policemen, Ask Information of 19 

Police Patrol Wagons 131 

PoHsh Caf6 168 

Potter, C, Jr., & Co 

Power House . 104 

Preface 9 

" Progress," Old Whaling Bark in 

Public Comfort Building.. 177 

Public Service Building 160 

Puck Building 154 

Pumping House 104 

Pumping Works 93 

Purchasing List 257, 261 

Quadriga Statuary 129 

Railroads 17, 18 

Restaurants 23 

Rhode Island Building.. 222 

Rolling Chair Around the Grounds 131 

Rooms, Furnished 23 

Rooms with Board 23 

Rose Garden 161 

Sears Co. , Henry. 253 

Sewage Cleansing Works. . . ' .- 104 



GENERAL INDEX. 



351: 



Siamese Government Pavilion 191 

Sibley& Ware 267 

Silurian Mineral Water Co 5 

Simonds Manufacturing Co 4 

Site of the World's Fair. ..., 27 

South Dakota Building _ 202 

South Sea Island Villages 239 

Spanish Building 188 

St. Peter's at Rome, Model of 234 

Statuary of Main Basin _ 94 

Statue of Columbus 72 

Statue of the Republic. 128 

Steamer Landings 41 

Steamers to the Fair Grounds 38 

Stokes Manufacturing Co. , The Chas. F. 254 

Street-car Fares 19 

Street in Cairo 235 

Swedish Building 193 

Swedish Restaurant 168 

Table of Contents 11 

Texas Building... 210 

Theaters 24 

Tickets, Where to Purchase 41 

Transfer Co 19 

Transportation Building 43 

Trip to the Fair 42 

Turkish Building 195 

Turkish Village 237 

United States Government Building 55, 146 

United States Life-saving Station 151 

United States Model Army Hospital. ._ 146 

United States Naval Exhibit .. 152 

United States Naval Observatory. . ... 152 
United States Wind-Engine & Pump Co. 42 



Utah Building 216 

Vanderbilt Railroad Exhibit 42 

Van Houten & Zoon's Exhibit 145 

Van Rensselaer's (Mrs. Schuyler) Article 73 

Venezuela Building 195 

Venice-Murano Glass Exhibit 240 

Vermont Building . 228 

Victoria House. 185 

Vienna Cafe 234 

Viking Ship 116 

Virginia Building J 224 

Virginia Hotel . 248 

Vosburgh Manufacturing Co., W. C 251 

Volcano of Kilauea 233 

Wagner Palace Car Co. Exhibit 42 

Washington State Building 202 

Weather Bureau, The 151 

Western Wheel Works. 54 

West Virginia Building 216 

Whaling Bark, The Old iii 

White Star Steamship Co... 155 

Wild West Show 146. 

Windmill Exhibit _ 99 

Wisconsin Building 204 

Wolf &Co.,F. W I 

Woman's Building 177 

Wooded Island 160. 

World's Congress Auxiliary 21 

World's Fair Location 29 

World's Fairs 27 

World's Inn 10 

World's Fair Steam Launch Co 199 

Yucatan, Ruins of 105 

Zoopraxiscopic Exhibit 237 



THIS WEEK CALL ON 



W. C. Vosburgh Mi^g C^- 




LIMITED. 



DESIGNERS AND MAKERS OF 



GlAS AND 

ELECTRIC 

FIXTURES. 

WESTERN DEPOT 

184-186 WABASH AVENUE 



CHICAGO 



FACTORY 

BROOKLYN, N;Y. 



FREDERICK BODE. Pres. 
SETH GAGE, Vice-Pres. 
C. C. WETHERELL, Sec. 
GEO. EBELING, Treas. 



HT^TS. ORNT^TM^ENTS. L-KCES 



I=LOiniERS, I=EKTHERS 




INCORPORATED 



1VIILLINERY , RIBBONS 
VELVETS, CREPES 



Xte anb X2n ^aba&H Sivenne 

, . , VDhiGogo 



I I I 



GANE BROTHERS, NEW YORK. 



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LEATHER MANUFACTURERS 

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NO. 179 MONROE STREET, 

CHICAGO. 



T. F. GANE. 

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ANSON S. HOPKINS, President and Gen-l Manager. 
B. E. SUNNY, Vice-President. J. G. SANBORN, Sec-y & Treas, 

THE HENRY DIBBLEE COMPANY, 

Established ENGLISH CERAMIC MOSAICS, '""VgPgg^*"^ 

IVlantels, Q rates, and X''^^^ 

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Sole Chicago Representatives, Maw & Co. (Limited), Shropshire, England. 

Fine Bank and Office Interiors, from our own or Architects' 
Designs. 

Salesrooms AND ivianufactory, g-^ 14 i g^ i\ r^ r\ 
149 AND 150 MICHIGAN Avenue. ^nil_//\OU. 



Inspection of our display in Section N, near East Middle Entrance 
Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, invited. 



BAND, McNALLY & CO.'S SKETCH BOOK 

AN ILLUSTRATED AND DESCRIPTIVE ALBUM OF THE 
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION AT CHICAGO, 

Containing an artistic, accurate, and extensive bird's-eye view of tlie vast World's Fair Grounds (indexed for 
visitors' ready reference). Complete, elegant, and authentic half-tone engravings of all the principal Exposi- 
tion Buildings; oflRcial statistics as to dimensions and location ; valuable and most authentic details of the 
World's Greatest Exposition; the whole forming 

An Ideal Illustrated and Descriptive Album of the Great World's Fair. 

Handsomely bound in fine cloth, and gold stamped, it forms the finest possible souvenir or presentation book. 
Forty-eight pages, size, 6>4 x 854, each put up in heavy mailing envelope; price, 50 cents, sent prepaid on receipt 
of price. 

RAND, McNALLY & CO., CHICAGO. 

252 



Geo. B. Carpenter & Co. 

MANILA ROPE, BEST QUALITY, 

TENTS, FLAGS, and 

AWNINGS, 




HOSE, BELTING, AND PACKING. 



COTTON DUCK, ALL WIDTHS AND WEIGHTS, 



202-208 South Water St., sthAvenue. CHICAGO, 

MANUFACTURERS IMPORTERS 



^^t HENRY SE^B.. 




^0> ^^^HiP^^ \ ^^ 

^^RY AND BIC^^^ 

WHOLESALE RETAIL 

2o3 



"STERLING" 

BICYCLES 




During youi^ '^WegI^ ab bbe 
pair" Wg ip^ibe you^ inspeGbiop 
of our line o\[ 

"Sterling/' "Union/' and 
Medium Grade Bicycles 

Wg qi^g bIpG largGsb gxgIusi^g BigljgIg pousG ip bIpG 
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Our Exhibit is in the Transportation Building 

Our General Offices and Salesrooms, 293 Wabash Avenue 

Factory, 236-24-0 Carroll Avenue 

Stokes Mfg. Co. 



DENVER 



CHICAGO 

254 



MILWAUKEE 




THE HARDY SUBTERRANEAN THEATER. 



The Hardy Subterranean Theater 

Is located on Wabash Avenue, south of Sixteenth Street. Here sight-seers are given 
an opportunity to see the marvels hidden underground, by means of an elevator which 
apparently descends to great depths. 

Though the elevator car (a miniature theatrical hall in itself, accommodating comfort- 
ably one hundred people) only moves up and down in a shaft about fifteen to twenty feet 
deep, the illusion is made perfect by a combination of mechanical devices, and the effect 
produced is a real descent about i,ooo to 1,200 feet under the surface of the earth. 

The elevator car moves into the center of a circular platform, carrying different stages 
arranged with appropriate scenery and living actors. The platform turns on rails, and is 
made to revolve and bring successively each scene in sight of the elevator car at the 
different stops made by the car in its descent. 

Entrance to the subterranean scenery is obtained through a hall, decorated to resemble 
a chamber of stalactites, having a stage at one end, where variety performances are given 
every afternoon and evening. Admission to the Hardy Theater, 50 cents. 




THE GROTTO. 
255 




Will H. Decker 

ARCHITECT 



The Most Magnificent Building in Philadelphia 

In a building of this character only the best materials 
are used. Hence the adoption of the Gardner System 
of hanging windows with Aluminum Ribbons. No 
other can compare with it. Send for catalogue of half- 
tone etchings of one hundred of the finest buildings in 
the world, all using the Gardner Ribbon; sent free 
if you enclose four cents in stamps for postage and men- 
tion "Week at the Fair." 

GARDNER SASH BALANCE COMPANY 

164- Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois 



Rand, McNally & Co/s 






Bird's-Eye Views 
and Guide to Chicago 



320 PAGES. POCKET FORM. EACH PAGE 5x7 INCHES IN SIZE. 



Nothing that would prove of interest to the visitor has been omitted. The following 
synopsis of a few chapters shows its completeness in detail. 

Historical Facts. — First settlement, growth, etc. 

Arrival in Chicago. — How to reach any hotel or part of the city from boat or from any 
of the nine great railroad depots. 

Hotels. — How conducted, whether American or European plan, rates, etc., with special 
map showing locations of reliable houses. 

Restaurants and Cafes. — With special map showing locations. 

Transportation. — Rates for all classes of conveyances, with directions how to reach any 
point in the city at the least expense. 

Notable Buildings. — Why a necessity and how constructed. Illustrated by architectural 
drawings which are so plain that any one can readily understand the construction of a 
modern steel building. 

Separate Chapters on Amusements, Churches, Educational Institutions, Beautiful 
Lights at Night, Municipal Affairs, etc., etc. 

Tours of the City. — Over loo pages are devoted to drives about the city. How to 
reach the park's and what to see. Description of residence districts, with the names of 
prominent residents and location of their houses by number. 

In addition to being a complete Visitor's Guide to the Chicago of to-day, it is illustrated 
with 38 full-page Bird's-eye Views, or Graphic Maps. 

These graphic maps give a bird's-eye view of several blocks, and are so accurately 
drawn that all buildings can be readily recognized, their locations as to streets seen at a 
glance, and with these views before him a stranger can find any desired location without 
seeking further information. Each district included in these graphic maps is fully 
described, and the kind of information as to the size, construction, and occupants of the 
buildings in that district is fully shown in the reading matter. 

Accompanying the Bird's-eye Guide is: 

1st. An indexed map of the entire city of Chicago, 21x28 inches in size. 

2d. A map of the business district giving the numbers of houses at all street corners. 

3d. A map showing all transportation lines to and from the World's Fair Grounds. 
Price, Flexible Morocco, Gilt Edges, Rounded Corners, by mail, $1.50. 
Bound in Cloth, $1.00. Bound in Paper, 50 cents. 

Sent prepaid on receipt of price. 

Rand, McNally & Co., 

CHICAGO AND NEW YORK. 

256 



RAND, McNALLY & CO.'S 

Index and Purchasing L<st. 



Where and What to Buy. 



Published for the Benefit of Visitors to the World's Columbian Exposition. 



AMUSEMENTS. 



it 



TATTERSALL'S," 

i6th, 17th, and Dearborn Streets. 

THE MILITARY TOURNAMENT 

Direct from London, England. 

Every evening at 8. Sundays at 2 and 8 

Admission, 50 cents. 



ADDRESSING AND DIS- 
TRIBUTING. 

Trade Circular Addressing Co., 125 S. Clark. 

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 

Deering, Wm., & Co., 16 FuUerton Ave. 

ANILINE COLORS AND DYE 
STUFFS. 

Pickhardt, Wm., & Kutroff, 207 and 209 
Michigan. 

ASPHALT PAVEMENTS. 

Barber, The, Asphalt Paving Co., 922 and 
924 Opera House Bldg. 

ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. 

Lyons, Jas. I., 78 5th Ave. 

BADGES AND MEDALS. 

Christy, F. C, & Co., 32 to 40 S. Jefferson. 
Hanson, C. H., 44 S. Clark. 

BANKS AND BANKERS. 

Continental National Bank, cor. Adams and 

La Salle. 
Parson, Leach & Co., 115 Dearborn. 
BARBERS* SUPPLIES. 
Knecht, Gust., Mfg. Co., 38 E. Randolph. 
BICYCLES. 

cor. Van Buren and 



no and 112 Wabash 



Monarch Cycle Co., 

Wabash Ave. 
Sears, Henry & Co. 

Ave. 
Stokes, Chas. F., Mfg. Co., Wabash Ave. 
Western Wheel Works, Wells, Schiller, and 

Siegel. 



BILLIARD AND POOL TABLES 

(Mfrs.). 
The Garden City Billiard Table Co., I79 to 
183 Illinois. 

BOILERS (Water Tube Type). 

New York Safety Steam Power Co., 58 and 
60 S. Canal. 

BOLTS AND NUTS. 

American Bridge Works, Fortieth and Stew- 
art Ave. 

BOOKSELLER AND IMPORTER. 



WILLIAM R. HILL, 

Bookseller and Importer, 

5 and 7 Monroe Street (one door west of Michigan 
Avenue), CHICAGO, IIiL. 

Old and rare books. 

Standard sets in fine bindings a specialty. 



BOOKBINDERS' MACHINERY. 



Established 1835. 

T. W. & C. B. SHERIDAN, 

Manufacttirers of v 

Paper Cutters' and Bookbinders' 
Machinery. 

Chicago office, 413 Dearborn St., 136 Plymouth Place. 
Exhibit, Machinery ECall, Section 34, Column P. 35. 



BOOTS AND SHOES (Mfrs.). 

Fargo, C. H., & Co., 196, 198, 200 Market, 
cor. Qnincy. 

BOTTLERS (Lager Beer). 

Anheuser-Busch Brewing Association, F. 
Sontag, Mgr, 



Telephone Main 4383 for 

PABST BREWING COMPANY'S 

Celebrated Bottled Beer. 

Put up in quart and pint bottles for family use. 
Main office, cor. Indiana and Desplaines Sts. 
Try it. 



(257) 



RAND, McNALLY & CO.'S PURCHASING LIST-Continued. 



BOX DIES. 

Christy, F. C, & Co., 32 to 40 S. Jefferson. 
BREWERS (Beer). 

Anheuser-Busch Brewing Association, F. 

Sontag, Mgr. 
Pabst Brewing Co. , Indiana and Desplaines. 

BRIDGE BUILDERS. 

American Bridge Works, Fortieth and Stew- 
art Ave. 

BUGGIES AND CARRIAGES. 

Enterprise, The, Carriage Mfg. Co., Harri- 
son and Wai)ash Ave. 

Kaufman, The, Buggy Co., Harrison and 
Wabash Ave. 

BUSINESS COLLEGES. 



RAILROAD FARE PAID 

And position, free to any youngr man 
or -woman taking a 

Short-hand or Business Course 
JONES' BUSINESS COLLEGES, 

582 W. Madison Street, 
"Write for particulars. CKICAGK), ILIi. 

CANNED MEATS. 

Libby, McNeill & Libby, Union Stock Yards. 
CHAIRS (Wholesale to Dealers Only). 

Johnson, Ford, J. S., & Co., 302 and 304 
Wabash Ave. 

CHILDREN'S CARRIAGES. 

Western Wheel Works, Wells, Schiller, and 
Siegel. 

CHURCH FURNITURE. 

Fotdke, Wm. H., & Co., 10 East Van Buren. 

CLOCKS (Mfrs. and Wholesale 
Dealers). 

Ansonia Clock Co., 133 Wabash Ave. 
Waterbury Clock Co., 134 and 136 Wabash 
Ave. 

CLUB HOUSE. 

Great White Horse Inn, World's Fair 
Grounds. 

CONDUCTOR PIPE AND 
GUTTERS. 

Miller, James A., & Bro., 129 S. Clinton. 

CORNICES (Galvanized Iron). 

Miller, James A., & Bro., 129 S. Clinton. 



COSTUMERS (Masquerade, Etc.). 
Hegemann, Mrs. L., 147 E. Randolph. 

CUTLERY. 

Sears, Henry, & Co., no and 112 Wabash 
Ave. 

CUTLERY AND TOOLS. 

Orr & Lockett Hardware Co. , 50 State and 
71 Randolph. 

DECORATORS. 



J. B. Sullivan, 
M. J. Sullivan. 



Establishea 1855. 
Telephone 3101. 



J. B. SULLIVAN A, BRO., 

Painting, Decorating in 
Fresco, and Paper Hangings. 

Dealers in "WaU Paper and Decorations. 

266 and 268 N. Clark St., and Room 15. 159 and 

161 La Salle St.. CHI CAGO. 

DESKS. 




Desks&S^'^ 

A.Hj!idpm«Co,2?5Taf^h%. 



DRILLING MACHINERY. 

Sibley & Ware,, South Bend, Itid. 

DRUGGISTS (Wholesale). 

Lord, Owen & Co., 72 & 74 Wabash Ave. 

DRY GOODS (Retail). 
The Leader, State and Adams. 

ELECTRO-PLATERS. 



RAPPLEYE PLATING & MFG. CO. 

16 Custom House Place, Chicago. Telephone Main 795. 

ELECTRO-PLATERS OF GOLD, SILVER, BRASS, 
BRONZE. COPPER, NICKEL. 

Manufacturers and finishers of builders' hard- 
ware and architectural iron work. Special facilities 
for reproducing works of art in any metal and 
finish. All kinds of galvano plastic work made to 
order. Estimates furnished. N. B. Rappleye, 
Manager; P. W. Zingsem, Superintendent. 



ENGINE BUILDERS. 

Allis, E. P., & Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
ENGINES AND BOILERS. 

New York Safety Steam Power Co., 58 and 

60 S. Canal. 
Rice & Whitacre Manufacturing Co., 47 

and 49 S. Canal. 

ENGINES (Electric Light). 

New York Safety Steam Power Co., 58 and 
60 S. Canal. 

ENGINEERS' AND MILL 
SUPPLIES. 

The Adkins & Chapin Supply Co., 65 S. 

Canal. 
ENGRAVERS AND DIE-SINKERS. 

Christy, F. C, & Co., 32 to 40 S. Jefferson. 



(258) 



RAND, McNALLY & CO/S PURCHASING LIST-Continued. 



ENGRAVERS AND DESIGNERS. 



Edward Flemming, 

Engrsiver, Die- Sinker, 
and Designer. 

Book-Cover Plates, Rolls, Hand Stamps, Dies, etc. 

415 DEARBORN STREET. CHICAGO, ILL. 



EXTRACT OF BEEF. 

Libby, McNeill & Libby, Union Stock Yards. 

FEATHERS (Bedding Purposes). 
Emmerich, Chas., Co., 175 to 181 S. Canal, 
cor. Jackson. 

FOLDING-BEDS. 




Weightless"Gem"Be(is 

Piano and Typewrlt«rs*Chalrs 
Office Desks. Mfrs. 

lA.H.AnilrBws&Go.!"cS;SA-^" 



\ 



FOUNTAIN PENS. 

Crown Pen Co., 78 State. 

FRICTION CLUTCHES. 

Dodge Mfg. Co., 166-174 S. Clinton. 

GAS FIXTURES AND ELEC- 
TROLIERS. 

Vosburgh, W. C, & Co., 184 and 186 Wabash 
Ave. 

GAS MACHINES. 

Globe Light and Heat Co., 52 and 54 Lake. 

GOLD, SILVER, AND NICKEL 
PLATERS. 

Rappleye Plating and Manufacturing Co., 
16 Custom House Place. 

GOLD PENS AND GOLD PEN 
MACHINERY. 

Crown Pen Co., 78 State. 

HANGERS AND SHAFTING. 

Dodge Mfg. Co., 166-174 S. Clinton. 

HARDWARE (Builders and General). 

Orr & Lockett Hardware Co. , 50 State and 
71 Randolph. 

HARDWOOD FLOORS. 



J. DUNFEE & CO., 

PARQUETRY AND WOOD CARPETS 

From }^ inch to 3 inches in thickness. 
104 AND 106 FRANKLIN STREET, 

Send for Catalogue. 



HEATERS (Steam and Hot Water). 

Rice & Whitacre Manufacturing Co. , 47 and 
49 S. Canal. 

HOTELS. 

Auditorium, Wabash Ave., Congress, and 

Michigan Ave. 
Fifth Avenue Hotel, New York City. 
North Entrance Hotel, Fifty-seventh and 

Jefferson Ave. , 670 feet from Fair gates. 
Virginia, Rush and Ohio. 
World's Inn, entrance to World's Fair. 

ICE MACHINES (Mfrs.). 

Hercules Iron Co. , Owings Building. 
Wolf, Fred W., 560 N. Halsted. 

INVALID CHAIRS. 

Western Wheel Works, Wells, Schiller, and 
Siegel. 

JEWELERS. 

Spaulding & Co. , cor. Jackson and State. 
JEWELERS' CASES AND TRAYS. 



W.S.d^J. B.WILKINSON, 

Slanufacturers of and Dealers in 

Jewelry Trays and Cases, 

Cards, Tagrs, Twines, Tissue Paper, 

Chamois Skin, Chamois Bags, Paper Boxes, 

Jewelers' Cotton, Bubber Bands, Envelopes, etc. 

9 Madison Street, Chicago. 

LAW BOOKS. 

Myers, E. B., & Co., 147 Monroe. 

LAMPS AND GLASSWARE. 

Bohner, The Geo,, Co., 83 and 85 Wabash 
Ave. 

LAUNDRIES. 

Munger's Laundry Co., 1347 Wabash Ave. 

LIVE-STOCK COMMISSION. 



CLAY, ROBINSON 
&CO., 

Union Stock Yards, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 

WOOD BROS., 

Union Stock Yards, 
CHICAGO, ILL. 



(259) 



RAND, McNALLY & CO.'S PURCHASING LIST-Continued. 



LOCKS (Mfrs.). 
Keyless Lock Co., 197 S. Canal. 
LUMBER DEALERS (Hardwood). 

Geo. E.White & Co. 

Dealers in Ash, BassAvood, Beech, Birch, 

Butternut, Cherry, Chestnut, Cottonwood, Elm, 

Gum, Hickory, Maple, Oak, Poplar, 

Sycamore, and "WTiitewood. 

Axles, Balusters, Bolsters, Table Legs, Tongues, and 
Quarter-sawed Lumber of all Kinds. 

Oflace, Ijake and Elizabeth Streets, Chicago, 111. 



MACHINE SCREWS (Mfrs.). 

The Illinois Screw Co. , 50 and 52 S. Canal. 
MANTELS, GRATES. TILES. 

The Henry Dibblee Co., 149 and 150 Michi- 
gan Ave. 
MILLINERY GOODS (Wholesale). 

Gage Bros. & Co., 118 and 120 Wabash Ave. 
MINERAL WATERS. 

Silurian Mineral Spring Co., 157 Wabash 
Ave. 

MOVEMENT CURE AND ELECTRIC 

THERAPEUTIC CABINET BATHS. 

Trine, J. G., M. D., 45 E. Randolph. 

PACKERS. 



Swift & Company, 

Packers, 

Union Stock Yards, 
CHICAGO. 



PAINTING AND PAPER HANGING. 



J. B. Sullivan, 
M. J. Sullivan. 



Established 1855. 
Telephone 3101. 



J. B. SULLIVAN & BRO., 

Painting, Decorating in 
Fresco, and Paper Hangings. 

Dealers in "Wall Paper and Decorations. 

866 and 268 N. Clark St., and Room 15, 159 and 

161 L a Salle St., CHI CAGO. 

PAPER DEALERS (Wholesale). 

Gane Bros. & Co., 179 Monroe, R. 22. 
PATENTS (Solicitors). 

Gridley & Hopkins, 89 Madison. 
Dayton, Poole & Brown, 215 Dearborn. 

PAVEMENTS. 

Barber, The, Asphalt Paving Co., 922 and 
924 Opera House Bldg 
PENS. 

Crown Pen Co. , 78 State. 

PIANOS AND ORGANS. 

Chicago Cottage Organ Co., 215 Wabash 
Ave. 

PILLOW BLOCKS. 

Dodge INIfg. Co., 166-174 S. Clinton. 



POWER TRANSMISSION. 

Dodge Mfg. Co., 166-174 S. Clinton. 
PLANING-MACHINE KNIVES. 

Simonds Manufacturing Co., 21 S. Canal. 

PLOWS. _ 

Case, J. I., Plow Works, Racine, Wis. fl| 

PUMPS (Mfrs.). ■ 

Wheeler & Tappan Co., 12 and 14 S. Jef- 
ferson. 

RADIATORS (Steam). 
American Radiator Co., iii Lake. 

RAILROAD SUPPLIES. 

Crane Company, 10 N. Jefferson. 

RAWHIDE GOODS (Mfrs.). 



Established 1878. Incorporated 1879. 

The only manufacturers of Rawhide Belting in the country, 

THE CHICAGO RAWHIDE MFG. CO.. 

Manufacturers of 

Rawhide Belting, Lace Leather, 

Rope, Ijariats, Fly Nets, Mabbs' Hydraulic Rawhide 

Packingr; Picker Leather, Stock and Farm "Whips, 

"Washers, Hame Straps, Hame Strings, Halters, 

and other Rawhide Goods of all kinds, 

BY KRUEGERS PATENT. 

75 and 77 Ohio St., near Market St., CHICAGO. 

Telephone North 403. 



REAL ESTATE. 

Bogue & Co. , 59 Dedrborn. 

ROOFING (Slate and Tin). 

Miller, James A., & Bro., 129 S. Clinton. 
ROOFING (Iron, Corrusrated, Etc.;. 
Miller, James A., & Bro., 129 S. Clinton. 

ROOFING (Tile). 
Miller, James A., & Bro., 129 S. Clinton. 

ROPE TRANSMISSION. 

Dodge Mfg. Co., 166-174 S. Clinton. 

SADDLERY (Wholesale Dealers 
and Mfrs.). 

Ortmayer, A., & Son, 116 and 118 Illinois. 

SASH BALANCES. 
Gardner Sash Balance Co., 164 Dearborn. 

SAWS (Mfrs.). 
Simonds Manufacturing Co., 21 S. Canal. 

SCALES. 

Fairbanks, Morse & Co. , Lake and La Salle. 

SHIP CHANDLERS, AWNINGS. 

ETC. 

Carpenter, Geo B. , 202 S. "Water. 

SIDEWALKS (Granolithic Stone). 

Barber, The, Asphalt Paving Co., 922 and 
924 Opera House Bldg. 

SKYLIGHTS (Sheet Metal). 

Miller, James A., & Bro., 129 S. Clinton. 

SOAPS (Mfrs.). 
Cosmos Buttermilk Soap Co. , 84 Adams. 
SOAP MOLDS AND PRESSES. 

Christy, F. C, & Co., 32 to 40 S. Jefferson. 



(260) 



RAND, McNALLY & CO/S PURCHASING LIST-Continued. 



STEAMER LINES. 

Goodrich Transportation Co. , foot of Michi- 
gan Ave. 

STEAM PUMPS AND HEATERS. 

Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Lake and La Salle. 
Stillwell-Bierce & Smith Vaile Co., The, 63 
S. Canal. 

STEAM PUMPS (Mfrs.). 

Wheeler & Tappan Co., 12 and 14 S. Jeffer- 
son. 

STRAW BOARD (Mfrs.). 
American Straw Board Co., Pullman Bldg. 
STREET LIGHTING (By Contract). 

Globe Light and Heat Co., 52 and 54 Lake. 
STRUCTURAL IRON. 

American Bridge Works, Fortieth and 
Stewart Ave. 

STYLOGRAPHIC PENS. 

Crown Pen Co. , 78 State. 

SURETY COMPANIES. 

American Casualty Insurance and Surety 
Co., 184 La Salle. 

TIN PLATE AND METALS. 

Taylor, N. & G., Co., 59 and 61 Lake. 

TRUSSES AND ELASTIC STOCK- 
INGS (Mfrs.). 
Common Sense Truss Co., 58 State. 

TURN-TABLES. 

American Bridge Works, Fortieth and 
Stewart Ave. 



TYPE-WRITERS. 

Munson Type-writers, 164 La Salle. 
National Type- writers' Exchange, 200 La 
Salle. 

UNDERTAKERS. 
Jordan, C. H., & Co., 16 Madison. 

VALVES (Steam). 

Scott Valve Co. , 32 N. Canal. 

VARNISH (Mfrs.). 



CHICAGO VARNISH CO., 

Manufacturers of 

Varnish and Japans, 

41 and 43 Dearborn Ave., 

CHICAGO, NEW YORK, PHIIiADELPHIA, 

BOSTON. 



VAULT AND FIRE DOORS. 

Harris, S. H., 48 to 52 N. Clinton. 
WALL PAPER. 

Sullivan, J. B., & Bro., 266 and 268 N. Clark. 

WINDMILLS. 

Fairbanks, Morse & Co. , Lake and La Salle. 
Perkins Windmill Co. , Mishawaka, Ind. 

WOOD PULLEYS. 

Dodge Mfg. Co., 166-174 S. Clinton. 
WROUGHT-IRON PIPE. 

Crane Company, 10 N. Jefferson. 



(261) 



4 POINTS OF SUPERIORITY 



OF THE 



Celebrated 



a 



Conover 



f? 



Pianos 

PURITY and SWEETNESS of TONE 
Sir SCIENTIFIC CONSTRUCTION 
iiroURABILITY 
ftiTBEAUTY 

Chicago Cottage Organ Co. 

SOLE FACTORS. 

The Largest Dealers in Pianos and Organs in the World 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL WAREROOMS, 

(SECOND PLooR.) 215 ^Wabash Ave. 

CHICAGO. 



(THE ONLY STRICTLY 
HIGH GRADE PIANO 
MANUFACTURED 
IN CHICAGO.) 




FAIRBANKS' 




Established 



The World's Standard 



MADE WITH ALL THE LATEST IMPROVEMENTS. 



The Eclipse 
Wind Mill 

Is the Original Solid Wheel and 
Self-Regulating Wind Mill; 
Strong, Simple, Durable, and 
The Most Reliable 

THE ECLIPSE WIND MILL FACTORY 

IS THE LARGEST IN THE WORLD 




mmim^' 



THE FAIRBANKS, MORSE & CO. 




IMPROVED 






Duplex 
Steam 
Pumps 

FOR ALL SERVICES. 



These Pumps are from New and Improved Designs. 

Steam Engines and Boilers. Boiler Feeders. Feed Water Heaters. 

iyAT£/l WORKS ENGINEERS AND CONTRACTORS. 



FAIRBANKS, MORSE & CO., CHICAGO. 



St. Louis. Cincinnati. 

Cleveland. Louisville. 

Indianapolis. 



Kansas City. Minneapolis. 

Denver. St. Paul. 

Omaha. 



263 



WONDERFUL! WONDERFUL! 



This is an exclamation that will be heard 
many times this summer by visitors to the 
World's Fair, and it is an expression often heard 
F^KiNS I when the record of the 

PERKINS 
WIND MILL 

is the subject under discussion. 

Over 24 YEARS' experience in the 
manufacture of Wind Mills. 

HUNDREDS that have been in con- 
stant use for more than 20 YEARS, and never 
cost the owners ONE CENT for repairs. 

Our Mills are fitted with GRAPHITE 
BEARINGS that absolutely need no oiling; 
Think of it! no climbing towers, no use for any 
flimsy tilting tower. 

GALVANIZED STEEL MILLS AND TOWERS. 

STRONGEST, NEATEST, AND BEST; 
THIS IS THE VERDICT OF ALL. 

The Steel Tower is made with four corner- 
posts of Angle Steel; the bands and braces of 
Channel Steel; all parts being fitted with punches 
and dies by templit, so that they fit exact. All 
Steel Mills and Towers WARRANTED 
against any defects as to workmanship or mate- 
rial, and against any storm, tornado, cyclone or 
lightning for the period of one year, and we 
agree to furnish parts to repair any mill or tower 
disabled as above. Free on Board Cars at Misha- 
waka, Ind. 

We do not have an exhibit at the 
World*S Fair as our factory is running to its 
utmost capacity, and we would rather use in 
making improvements what we would otherwise 
use at the Fair, thus giving our customers the 

benefit. It will, however, afford us great pleasure to show all World's Fair visitors 

in our community through our factory. 

We want Good, Wide Awake, Responsible Agents in all unoccupied territory. 




AGENTS FIND READY SALE FOR ALL OUR GOODS. SEND FOR CATALOGUE AND PRICES. 



PERKINS WIND MILL AND AX CO., MISHAWAKA, INDIANA. 



264 



Continental National Bank, 



La Salle Street, corner of Adams, 
CHICAGO. 



CAPITAL AND SURPLUS, $2,400,000 



A GENERAL FOREIGN EXCHANGE 
BUSINESS TRANSACTED 



officers: 



JOHN C. BLACK, president. 

rSAAC N. PERRY, vice-president. 

IRA P. BOWEN. ASST CASHIER. 

ALVA V. SHOEMAKER, asst cashiei 



directors: 



WILLIAM G. HIBBARO, 

GEORGE H. WHEELER. 

HENRY BOTSFORD. 

J. OGDEN ARMOUR, 

JOHN C. BLACK, 



CALVIN T. WHEELER, 
RICHARD T. CRANE, 

HENRY C. DURAND, 
JAMES H. DOLE, 

ISAAC N. PERRY. 




CONTINENTAL 
NATIONAL BANK BUILDING. 



Read . . . . 



Marah Ellis Ryan's 



. . . . Books, 






(< 



ic 



(( 



SQUAW ELOUISE." 

A PAGAN OF THE ALLEGHANIES." 

TOLD IN THE HILLS." 

IN LOVE'S DOMAINS. " 
MERZE." 



For Sale at All Booksellers. 



265 



LOST! A BUNCH OF KEYS! 

YOU HAVE NO KEYS TO LOSE IP YOU USE 

T^her^raig /\^^i" j)^^^ r,ombination I ocks 



NO KEYS to forget or lose. 

NO DIAL; operated quicker than a key lock, day or night. 

SECURE as a safe lock. 

COST no more than a key lock. 



OUR NIGHT LATCH for house or office doors. 
OUR CHEST LOCK, OUR DRA WER or LOCKER and 
OUR STORE DOOR LOCK are the best and safest locks 
on the market. 



Ask your dealer for THE CRAIG LOCKS, there are no others "just as good," or 
write to us and we will see that you get them. 

KEYLESS LOCK CO., (97 S. CANAL STREET, CHICAGO, ILL. 

Our exhibit can be seen at this address, where visitors are always welcome. 



RHND, TVTcNML.L.V St OO.'S 

Art Folio of the World's Columbian Exposition, 

CHICAGO 

AN EDITION DE LUXE OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Consists of an elaborate, ornate, and very artistic portfolio, most suitable for library or reception-room 
tables, containing thirteen superb India Prints of the principal edifices of the Exposition, on Japanese paper, 
and a Bird's-eye View of the entire grounds and buildings, each 10 x 12 inches. 

A veritable edition de luxe, each picture being on super-enameled and embossed card, suitable for 
framing. 

The Art Folio is put up in a neat box, 11 x 13 inches, ready for mailing. Price, S2.50. Sent prepaid on 
receipt of price. 



RAND. McNALLY &c CO., CMcago 



J. M. VAN NEST, manager. 



FACTORIES. MIAMISBURG, OHIO 



The Kauffman Buggy Co., 




AND THE 



Enterprise 
Carriage 
Mfg Co.'s 



Chicago Repository 



TELEPHONE 
MAIN 4032. 



363 AND 365 Wabash Avenue 



266 



KiNCi or 



THF /POAD 



Don't Make a Mistake 

BUY THE BEST 



GET A 




.MONARCH. 



VISIT OUR 



'^yii.vn:iAzm 



RETAIL STORE, 280 WABASH AVENUE (corner Van 

THE FINEST BICYCLE SALESROOM IN AMERICA. 



Buren). 



TYPEWRITERS 



AT HALF PRICE 






We have a large stock of writing machines of every variety at very low prices. 
We buy, sell, or rent them anywhere in the United States. Everything guaranteed. 
Send for illustrated catalogue and prices. We send on approval anywhere. 

NATIONAL TYPEWRITER EXCHANGE 

200 La Salle Street, CHICAGO. 



Sibley 6l Ware 

W e make a specialty of 

DRILLING MACHINES 






-53 


They embody 
features that will 


4= 


GREATLY 


1 


REDUCE 




THE COST 


ki 


OF 






i DRILLING. 





CORRESPONDENCE 
SOLICITED 



SOUTH BEND, 

INDIANA, U. S. A. 



BnTTMIlS TOMT SOAP 

Over 5,000,000 people Avho have used it pronounce 
it the BEST SOAP IN THE WORLD 

FOR THE COMPLEXION 




-53 



Makes the skin clear and soft, and leaves a soothiner* 

beneficial feeling. Excels any 25 cent soap. 

Ask your dealer for it. Full size 

sample, 12 cents. 

COSMO BUTTERMILK SOAP CO., 
84 ADAMS ST., CHICAGO. ILL. 



267 



Libby's Specialties 




"EXTRACT OF BEEF FLUID BEEF 

FRESH BOILED BEEF LUNCH TONGUES 

PRIME ROAST BEEF COOKED OX TONGUES 

COMPRESSED COOKED CORN BEEF CONDENSED MINCE MEAT 

W/^e were awarded Gold and Silver Medals over others 

AT THE 

CENTENNIAL, PHILADELPHIA, 1876 AMERICAN INSTITUTE, NEW YORK, 1876 

PARIS EXPOSITION, 1878 VIENNA INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITION, 1877 

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL, ENGLAND, 1879 EXPOSITION OF SCIENCE, PARIS, 1879 

INTERNATIONAL HEALTH, LONDON, 1884 



LiBBY, McNeill & Libby 



PACKERS AND PRESERVERS OF 



Meats 



Union stock Yards 

Chicago, U. S. A 



aas 




THE "GREAT WHITE HORSE" INN. 



The Columbian Pickwick Club 



:(INCORPORATED) 



Headquarters 



The Great 
White Horse'' Inn 



SOUTH OF AGRICULTURAL BUILDING, 

World's Columbian Exposition Grounds, 



CITY OFFICE : 

921 **The Temple" (^^^"on^r^ll^/l^et^s"^), Chicago, III. 

TMii ■^-, ^p..^^.- MAIN 3490. 



officers: 

J. W. LAUD, President. EDGAR B. GILES, Secretary. 

J. MARSHALL WEIR, Vice-President. J. S. RALSTON, Treasurer and Mgr. 

directors: 
wm. feniiviore cooper. j. w. laud, 

edgar b. giles. e. j. nelson, 

j. s. ralston. j. marshall weir. 




3 



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FFIOM CHICAGO 



VARIABLE 
ROUTE 

TOURIST 

TICKETS, 

Allowing privileges never 
before accorded, can be 
obtained, together with full 
information, upon applica- 
tion to any Ticket Agent, 
or by writing the 

GENERAL PASSENGER and 
TICKET AGENT, 
CHICAGO. 



All meals served in 
Dining Cars. 

Palace Drawing- 
Room Sleeping cars 

AND T ourist Sleepers 

■;: ~" w^ — 

^e run through to 

San Francisco 

without change 

leaving Chicago 

daily via the 



NORTH-WESTERN LINE 

CHICAGO & NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY. 

RD -1 6.6. 









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° -^ ^ " ''^®at"ient Date: Oct. 2003 

\>'^ . . "V f,'??ervationTechnologJes 

C A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRPccow^'^f 



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PAPER PRESERVATION 

1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive 
Cranberry Township. PA 16066 




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